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INTRODUCTION TO
BRIDGES
V B SOOD
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Bridge Numbering Shall be done sequentially from one side
In the direction of increasing kilometers
Section wise e.g. Bridge No 275, VR-ST Can be numbered separately for each kilometer
e.g. Bridge No 190/1, CSTM-Pune.
If more bridges are constructed later on, shall
be numbered with suffix A, B etc e.g. BridgeNo 32A, BRC-GDA
Separate bridges for multiple line bridgeidentified by lines e.g. Bridge No 317 UP,
RTM-NAD
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A1A2 P1P2P3
R1
R2
R3
R4
Numbering of Parts of BridgeINCREASING KILOMETERS
Similarly, G1, G2 and W1, W2 etc
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DECK AND TRACK
PIER
RETURN WALL
ABUTMENT
BED BLOCK
GIRDER
WATERWAY
WING WALL
PROTECTION WORK
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Protection Work: Guide Bund
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GUIDE
BUND
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Protection Work: Flooring
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Toe Wall &
Pitching
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Spurs
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SAUSAGE CRATE
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Launching Apron
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MAIN ELEMENTS OF
BRIDGE1) Superstructure
Track Structure
Girder Bearing
2) Substructure
Bed Block
Pier/Abutment
Wing Wall/ Return Wall
Foundations
Training & Protective Works
Monolithic Bridge Like Pipe Culvert, Box Culvert and Arch
Act like one unit.
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CLASSIFICATION OF
BRIDGES
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ACCORDING TO SPAN OR OPENING
1) Minor Bridge Individual span < 12 m & Total Lineal Waterway12 M or Total Lineal Waterway>18 M
3) Important Bridges
Total Lineal waterway 300 M OR Total Waterway 1000M2 OR
Those classified as IMPORTANT BY CE/CBE due to
their depth of W.Way, Extent of River Training Works
& Past History Maintenance Problem.
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No of bridges on Indian
Railways* Total: 130776
Important: 670
Major: 10724
Minor: 119382
Bridges more than 100 years old: 36731
(28%)
* Ref: Letter No 2008/CE-I/BR/CBEs
Conf./Mar08/Pt. dtd 28.05.09
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ACCORDING TO FUNCTION
1)Track Bridge (for rail vehicle) Over water bodies i.e River/ Nallah /Canal
Over Valley (viaduct)
Over Railway (Fly-over)
Over Road (RUB)
2) Road Bridge (For Road Vehicle) Over Railway (ROB)
CONTD..
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ACCORDING TO FUNCTION3) Rail cum road bridge
Over river
4) Foot over Bridge (For pedestrian)
Over Railway (On platform for public)
5) Pipe Line Bridge- Over Railway
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Foot Over Bridge
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Road Over Bridge
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Road Under Bridge
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ACCORDING TO MATERIAL OF
CONSTRUCTION OF SUPER STRUCTURE
1) Timber Bridge (Not used in India)
2) Stone Top
3) Masonry Arch Stone & Brick
In lime Mortar & Cement Mortar respectively
4) Steel Bridge
Riveted Fabrication Welded Fabrication
5) Concrete Bridge: PSC and RCC
6) Composite (Steel & Concrete) Bridge
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ACCORDING TO LEVEL OF DECKING
WITH REFERENCE TO HFL
1) High Level bridge
2) Causeway or Irish Bridge
3) Siphon Bridge
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ACCORDING TO RAILWAY
GAUGE1) Broad Gauge (BG 1676 MM)
2) Meter Gauge (MG 1000 MM)
3) Narrow Gauge (NG 762 MM)
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ACCORDING TO LOADING
STANDARDBroad Gauge
BGML (Main Line)
BGBL (Branch Line) RBG 1975 (Revised
Broad Gauge)
MBG 1987 (Modified Broad Gauge)
HM Loading (Heavy Mineral) 25 T - 2005
DFC (Dedicated Freight Corridor) - 2005
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More classifications
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ACCORDING TO TYPE OF SUB -
STRUCTURE
1) Gravity Type
a) Plain Concrete
b) RCC
c) Masonary
2) Framed
3) Cellular Type
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Gravity type Piers
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Gravity Pier
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RCC Framed Pier
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RCC Pier
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Cellular Pier
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ACCORDING TO TYPE OF
FOUNDATION
1) Open Foundation
Raft Foundation
2) Pile Foundation
3) Well Foundation
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Open Foundation
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Well Foundation
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Well Foundation
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Pile Foundation
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Pile Foundation
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Pile Foundation
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More classifications
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ACCORDING TO FORM OR TYPE
OF SUPERSTRUCTURE
1. Pipe Culvert
2. RCC Slab
3. Rail Cluster (Only on branch line)
4. Arch Bridge
5. RCC Box Culvert
6. Steel Plate Girder
7. Steel Open Web Girder
CONTD..
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Stone Top
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3-Rail Cluster
25 mm dia
Bolt (orclamp maybe used)
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RCC BOX
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RCC BOX
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Arch Bridge
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Arches
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Bow string Arch
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Bowstring Arch
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More classifications
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ACCORDING TO LEVEL OF
FLOOR SYSTEMS1) Deck Type (Track Structure on Top
Flange or Chord)
2) Through Type (Track structure Floor
System Connected to Bottom Chord
Panel)
3) Semi Through Type (Track Structure FloorSystem Connected to Web and no top
Bracings)
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Semi Through
Throu h
Deck Type
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Steel Girders
Plate girders
Open Web Girders
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Plate Girder
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Parallel Flange Girder
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Plate Girder-duplicated
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Fish bellied plate girder
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Semi Through Plate Girder
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Semi Through Plate Girder
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CROSS
GIRDERSTRINGER
BOTTOM
LATERAL
BRACING
TOP
LATERAL
BRACING
PORTAL
BRACINGSWAY
BRACING
END
RAKER
Open Web Through Type Girder
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OPEN WEB THROUGH SPAN
ELEVATION
L0
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
L6
21U U 43U U 5U
TOP CHORD
BOTTOM CHORD
VERTICALSDIAGONALS
END RACKER
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TOPPLAN
KNEE PORTALTOP LATERAL BRACING
PORTAL
SWAY BRACINGS
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PLAN AT FLOOR LAVEL
0L
21L L
43L L
65LL
0L' L'1 L'2 L'3 L'4 L'L'5 6
MAIN GIRDERCROSS GIRDER BOTTOM LATERAL BRACINGSTRINGERS
STRINGER BRACINGS
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Through Type Bridge
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Through Girder (K-Truss )
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Underslung Bridge
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Deck Type Girder
(Warren Truss)
Semi Through Open Web
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Semi Through Open Web
Girder
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ACCORDING TO FORM OR TYPE
OF SUPERSTRUCTURE9. RCC/PSC T or I Beam Bridge
10.RCC/PSC Box Girder
11.Composite Girders
12.Suspension Bridge
13.Cable Stayed Bridge
C t B id
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Concrete Bridges
Post-tensioned Prestressed Girder
I section, BOX Section
Pre-tensioned Prestressed Girder
Slabs
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I Section PSC girders
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Fish bellied PSC girder
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PSC BOX type girder
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Slab bridge
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Composite Girder
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Composite Girder: Shear
Connectors
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Cable stayed bridge
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Cable Stayed Bridge
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Suspension Bridge: Forces
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Suspension Bridge: Forces
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Suspension Bridge
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Suspension Bridge
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO
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CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO
STRUCTURAL ACTION OF
SUPERSTRUCTURE1. Simply supported
2. Continuous
3. Cantilever
4. Balanced Cantilever
5. Rigid Frame.
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Rigid Frame
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Moveable bridges
Swing Bridge
Bascule Bridge
Lifting Bridge
Bascule Bridges
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Bascule Bridges
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Bascule bridges
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Bascule bridges
S i B id
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Swing Bridges
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Swing Bridges
Lifting bridges
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Lifting bridges
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Temporary Bridges
Callender-Hamilton Bridge (Open web)
Restricted Head (RH) Girder (Plate
Girder)
Pantoon Bridge
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Pontoon Bridges
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Anchor span
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Anchor spanLocated at the outermost end, it
counterbalances the arm of span extending inthe opposite direction from a major point ofsupport. Often attached to an abutment
ButtressA wall projecting perpendicularly from anotherwall which prevents its outward movement.Usually wider at its base and tapering towardthe top.
Camber
A positive, upward curve built into a beamwhich compensates for some of the verticalload and anticipated deflection.
Castellated girder
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A steel beam fabricated by making a zig-zag
cut along its web, then welding the two sides
together at their peaks. This creates a beam
which has increased depth and therefore
greater strength, but is not increased in
weight.
Centering
Temporary structure or falsework supporting
an arch during construction.
FalseworkTemporary structure used as support during
construction. Falsework for arch construction
is called "centering."
Corbelled arch
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Corbelled arch
Masonry built over an opening by progressively
overlapping the courses from each side untilthey meet at the top center. Not a true arch as
the structure relies on strictly vertical
compression, not axial compression.
KeystoneThe uppermost wedge-shaped voussoir at the
crown of an arch which locks the other
voussoirs into place.
Parapet
A low wall along the outside edge of a bridge
deck used to protect vehicles and pedestrians.
Portal
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Portal
The opening at the ends of a through truss
with forms the entrance. Also the openentrance of a tunnel.
Springer
The first voussoir resting on the impost of an
arch.
Spring line
The place where an arch rises from its
support; a line drawn from the impost
Stringer
A beam aligned with the length of a span
which supports the deck.
Voussoir
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Voussoir
Any one of the wedge shaped block used to
form an arch. Wing walls
Extensions of a retaining wall as part of an
abutment; used to contain the fill of an
approach embankment
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