Proteins
ProteinsThey perform
many functions
within living organisms.
ProteinsMade up ofamino acid monomers joined by a
peptide bond
Amino AcidSide
Group
Amino Group Carboxyl Group
aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6
peptide bonds
Polypeptide Chain
Polypeptide Chain
(Primary Structure)
Sheet and Helix(Secondary Structure)
Tertiary Structure
Quaternary Structure
Proteins
Functionscopy DNA
form structurescatalyze reactionsrespond to stimuli
transport molecules
Proteins
Proteins help in copying DNA
Proteins
Proteins make up
structures of organisms.
Keratin
Proteins
Proteins make up
structures of organisms.
Collagen
Proteins
Proteins make up
structures of organisms.
Actin & Myosin
Proteins
Proteins speed up chemical reactions.
Proteins
Proteins speed up chemical reactions.
Proteins
Proteins participate in cell signaling.
Antibody
Proteins
Proteins serve as transport channels.
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleic AcidsThey store and
transmit hereditary
information and they help in
making proteins.
Nucleic Acids
They aremade up of nucleotide monomers.
Nucleotide
Nucleic AcidsDNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
RNARibonucleic acid
Nucleotide
FIVE TYPES
RIBOSEDEOXYRIBOSE
Nucleotide
ADENINEGUANINETHYMINECYTOSINEURACIL
RIBOSE OR DEOXYRIBOSE
A
G TU
C
PURINES PYRIMIDINES
DNA
DNAIt is a double-
stranded nucleic acid that composes chromosomes and
carries genetic information.
DNA
HeritableReplicableTranscribableMutable
DNA
HeritableReplicableTranscribableMutable
DNA (a nucleic acid) is located in the nucleus.
Nucleus ChromosomeDNA
DNA can also be found in the chloroplasts and mitochondria.
DNA
DNA contains 4
bases A, T, G, & C
Erwin Chargaff’s Base Pair Rules• Adenine always bonds with thymine. A = T
• Guanine always bonds with Cytosine. G C
A
CG
T
Chargaff discovered that DNA contains the same amount of adenine as thymine
and the same amount of cytosine as guanine.
A AA AA A
AT
T
T
T TT
T
CCC G G
G
C
G
A
A
T
G
Nucleotide PS
N-b
Pairing DNA Nucleotides
Rule
A to
C to
T
G
What is the base pairing rule?What would be the complementary nucleotide pairing?
3’End
3’End 5’End
5’End
DNA
DOU
BLE
HELI
X
ladder shaped molecule
DNADNA codes for
proteins (structural,
enzymes, and hormones)
RNA
RNA• Single strand of
nucleotides instead of double stranded
• Has uracil instead of thymine
• Contains ribose instead of deoxyribose
A
B
C
RNA Nucleotides• A - Sugar (ribose)• B - Phosphate• C - Nitrogen base
sugar
phosphate
nitrogen base
Name the parts of the nucleotide.
Rules for Base Pairing• Cytosine pairs with Guanine
• Adenine pairs with Uracil
Notice that RNA has Uracil (not thymine)
A = U
C = G
Rules for Base Pairing
• C = G
• A = U
3’ DNA strand
5’ DNA strandRNA strand
C
A
T
G
G
U
C
A
RNA
• Carries DNA’s message code
• Helps make protein
Phosphate Group
Nitrogen Base
Sugar
(ribose)
RNA
Overall process of protein synthesis
transcription translation
DNA RNA Protein
copyright cmassengale 69
Transcription
Translation
• What does the chain of amino acids represent?
Threonine
Arginine
GlycineGlycine
Proline
Asparagine
Proline Alanine
Polypeptide Chain – A Protein
Codons• One codon codes for one amino acid.
• A sequence of amino acids is a protein.
EX: ACG = amino acid (threonine)CGC = amino acid (arginine)GGA = amino acid (glycine)
ACG
GGAGGC
CCA
AAC
CCG
GCCCGC
Threonine
Arginine
GlycineGlycine
Proline
Asparagine
Proline
Alanine
Amino Acid
protein
Pathway to Making a Protein
DNA
mRNA
tRNA (ribosomes)
Proteincopyright cmassengale 73
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