If you have a rupee and I have 1; and we exchange = both will have rupee either.
But if you have 1 thought and you have 1 thought and we exchange = we will have 2 thoughts each.
Dr. Ganesh Divekar (M.B.B.S., M.B.A.)
Medical advisor – clinical researchSun Pharma Advanced Research Co. Ltd.
Biomedical Information
Retrieval / literature search
Disclaimer:
• Any views or opinions presented in this presentation
are solely those of the author and do not necessarily
represent those of the company.
• Second disclaimer.
True?????
• Man is known by the company he keeps.
• An academician / clinician is respected in
accordance with number of publications he/she has
or per research work he/she has conducted.
Other cases:
• 19 year old girl with swelling on face post slap.
• Adverse event reporting not as per CTCAE.
Few Things which will help:
• Emails and web ids are not case sensetive
• Emails are for others to remember
• Freeware and Shareware
• Free access and Open access
• Semantic web
• HON code
Free Access And Open Access:
What does mean by "open access"?
• "'open access' to the literature means its free availability on the public
internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print,
search, or link to the full texts of these articles, pass them as data to
software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial,
legal, or technical barriers.
• Copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the
integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and
cited."
Semantic Web:
• The Semantic Web is an evolving extension of the World Wide Web in
which web content can not only be expressed in natural language, but
also in a form that can be understood, interpreted and used by
software agents, thus permitting them to find, share and integrate
information more easily.
• It derives from web founder Tim Berners-Lee's vision of the Web as a
universal medium for data, information, and knowledge exchange.
HON Code:
• HON's mission is to guide lay persons or non-medical users and
medical practitioners to useful and reliable online medical and health information.
HON provides leadership in setting ethical standards for Web site developers.
• The Health On the Net Foundation (HON), created in 1995, is a Non-
Governmental Organization
Literature review:
“… a systematic method for identifying,
evaluating and interpreting the work
produced by researchers, scholars and
practitioners.”FINK, A., 1998. Conducting literature research reviews: from paper to the internet. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage., p.3.
Why review the literature?
“…without it you will not acquire an
understanding of your topic, of what has
already been done on it, how it has been
researched, and what the key issues are.”
HART, E., 1998. Doing a literature review: releasing the social science research imagination, by E. Hart and M. Bond. London: Sage., p.1.
A good literature review…
• Goes beyond simply listing relevant literature
• Is a critical essay
• Assesses the range of literature available
• Is a critical summary of the literature
• Examines the background against which your own research is
set
• Forms a significant section of your dissertation
Importance of problem statement
• Correct problem statement + best solution = best solution to correct problem.
• Incorrect problem statement + best solution = best solution to incorrect problem.
16Clinical research, SPARC
Dimensions of research
• Work done in past (what),
• How (safety and efficacy analysis),
• When (in recent times??),
• Why (requirement),
• By whom?
Relationship Of Review Of Literature To Theory, Research, Education And Practice
Research
PracticeEducation
Theory
Review of Literature
Purposes of Literature Review
1. Determines what is known about a subject, concept or problem
2. Determines gaps, consistencies & inconsistencies about a subject, concept or problem
3. Discovers unanswered questions about a subject, concept or problem
4. Describes strengths & weaknesses of designs, methods of inquiry and instruments used in earlier works
Purposes of Literature Review
5. Discovers conceptual traditions used to examine problems
6. Generates useful research questions or projects/activities for the discipline
7. Promotes development of protocols & policies related to nursing practice
8. Uncovers a new practice intervention, or gains support for changing a practice intervention
Steps of Searching the Literature
Determine concept/issue/topic/problem
Conduct computer (and/or hand) search
Weed out irrelevant sources before printing
Organize sources from printout for retrieval
Retrieve relevant sources
Conduct preliminary reading and weed out irrelevant sources
Critically read each source (summarize & critique each source)
Synthesize critical summaries
Pubmed:
Provides information regarding:
• Biomedical Journal database
• MeSH database
• Single citation matcher
• Pubmed central
Pubmed: Search Strategy Tips
• The Search strategy is a plan that helps you look for the information
you need.
• Identify the key concepts (Keywords)
• Determine alternative terms for these concepts, if needed
• Refine your search to dates, age groups, language, etc., as appropriate
• Practice helps. Strategies and styles will differ according to personal
choice and professional discipline.
Boolean Operators:
• LOGICAL OPERATORS
• Used to combine two or more Mesh terms and
• These are AND, OR, NOT
• All the Boolean operators must be used in upper case
Tags:
• To search by an author's name, enter the name in the format of last
name plus initials (no punctuation), e.g.smith ja, jones k.
• To search for an author in the author field when only the last name is
available, qualify the author name with the author search field tag [au],
e.g., smith[au].
• Use double quotes around the author's name with the author search
field tag [au] to turn off the automatic truncation, e.g., "smith j" [au].
Tags:
• To search the word in title use the search tag [ti] after the word
e.g. anemia[ti]
• To search by journal title either you enter journal titles in full
e.g., molecular biology of the cell;
Dates entered using the format year [date field],
e.g., 1998 [dp]
• To enter a date range, insert a colon (:) between each date,
e.g., 1993:1995 [dp]
Tags:
• dna [mh] AND crick [au] AND 1993 [dp]
• (heat OR humidity) AND multiple sclerosis
• asthma/therapy [mh] AND review [pt] AND child, preschool [mh] AND english [la]
• arthritis NOT letter [pt]
Truncation:
• Finding all terms that begin with a given text string
• PubMed searches for the first 150 variations of a truncated term.
• Asterisk: Extends the search to all terms that start with the letters
before the asterisk. For example, dia* will include such terms as
diaphragm, dial, and diameter.
Paradigms of Medicine
Expert Based Evidence BasedPathophysiological reasoning Clinical Studies
Personal observation Best evidence available
Expert based guidelines Evidence based guidelines
EBM Question
• Patients: Acute Pulmonary Edema• Intervention: ACE Inhibitor• Comparison: Placebo• Outcome:
– Mortality– Intubation– Hemodynamic parameters– ICU/CCU admission
Background versus foreground information
• Case discussion: 27 year old woman with right lower quadrant (RLQ) abdominal pain
• Background information available from textbooks-– What typically presents as RLQ pain
– What is the clinical course of the different diagnoses
– Specifically, what is typical presentation of appendicitis
• Foreground information– How good is a CT scan for appendicitis?
MEDLINEPlus
• Information on over 650 diseases and conditions
• Medical encyclopedia and dictionary• Information on prescription and
nonprescription drugs• Links to ClinicalTrials.gov• Links to news• Sponsored by the NIH – no ads
www.medlineplus.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov
• Information about federally funded and private human clinical trials
• Includes the trial’s– Purpose– Locations– Participant requirements– Phone number
IndMED :
• Database designed to provide quick and easy access to Indian
literature.
• IndMED – bibliographic database of 77 peer reviewed Indian biomedical
journals
• Free access from IMC site – http://indmed.nic.in
• Include non-MEDLINE journals
• Simple & Advanced mode of searching available
• Keyword(s) & free-text search
medIND:
• MedIND - resource of peer reviewed Indian biomedical literature
covering full text of IndMED journals.
• Designed to provide quick and easy access through searching or
browsing.
• Free access from http://medind.nic.in
• Covers full-text of select IndMED journals
OpenMED:
• OpenMED - open access international archive for Medical and Allied
Sciences.
• Authors / owners can self-archive their scientific and technical
documents.
• For this they need to register once in order to obtain a user id in
OpenMED system.
Union Catalogue of Biomedical Periodicals:
• Union Catalogue of Biomedical Periodicals – holdings data of over 180 biomedical libraries in the country
• Free access from http://uncat.nic.in
• Search by Journal name(s) / detail(s) or library name(s) / detail(s)
Google Scholar and RSS:
• This is to get updates about new additions to any of the website which
is RSS enabled in headlines format.
Google Scholar
• Google Scholar provides a simple way to search for scholarly literature. Search across many disciplines and sources: peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, abstracts and articles, from academic publishers, professional societies, preprint repositories, universities and other scholarly organizations.
Google Scholar
• Works best for Citations
• Restrictions to Content– Fee-based
– Often your Library already owns material
– We’re working on improving access
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Enables you to search specifically for scholarly literature, including peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, preprints, abstracts and technical reports from all broad areas of research.
What is Google Scholar?
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Google Scholar orders your search results by how relevant they are to your query, so the most useful references should appear at the top of the page
This relevance ranking takes into account the: full text of each article. the article's author, the publication in which the article appeared and how often it has been cited in scholarly literature.
Law of Diminishing Returns
No of Relevant References retrieved
No of Hours spent Searching
When do we reach this point?How do we best spend our time after reaching this point?
Retrieval Depends Upon:
• Topic/Subtopic• Indexing• Functionality of the Search Engine• Searcher• Resource Constraints: Time, Cost, Personpower• Time Period Covered (Improvements in
Indexing/Coverage) • Purpose (cp. quality studies for SRs versus references) • State of Information Retrieval Awareness/Knowledge
Towards a TriplePlus Protocol
Triple: Three key subject databases Plus•Follow up of references (and verify in MEDLINE)Plus•Specialist databases for certain types of literature (e.g. CCTR for Trials; CINAHL, Index to Theses for theses)Plus•Supplementary searching (Related Articles, Citation searching, Web searching etc)
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