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Final Exam Review
Biology 30S
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Unit 1 – Wellness and Homeostasis
1. Define wellness. Please include physical wellness, emotional needs, spirituality, intellectual
stimulation and social balance in your definition.
Wellness is not the same as health. Health generally refers to only the physical well-being of an individual, whereas,
wellness refers to the multidimensional interrelationship between physical, emotional, spiritual, intellectual, interpersonal
or social and environmental aspects of life.
2. Describe things people do to promote wellness. (remember that maintaining a balance is important)
Out of notes… a closer look at wellness
3. List and describe 6 life functions. Which life function makes reference to homeostasis?
living things acquire energy and materials from the environment
living things are organized
living organisms maintain a relatively constant internal environment –homeostasis
living things reproduce
living things grow and develop
living things respond to stimuli from their living and non-living environments
4. What is homeostasis? How does each system of the body work together to achieve homeostasis?
Qualify your answers with specific examples.
Homeostasis: is the ability of the body to maintain its internal environment within acceptable ranges despite the changing
external environment
Thermoregulation: maintaining constant body temperature of 37 oC. The hypothalamus coordinates the body’s temperature
which releases hormones that target specific effectors like sweat glands.
Osmoregulation: ability to maintain a constant water balance. The hypothalamus is the coordinating center for water
balance and releases hormones
Waste Management: The ability of the body to rid itself of harmful wastes. Liver – ammonia , kidneys, lungs, skin and
stomach
5. Explain the principles of negative feedback and complete the examples in the framework below.
a) Leaving the front door of your home open on a cold winter day
b) Putting on winter outerwear and not leaving a warm environment
Control Centre:
1. thermostat
2. hypothalamus
Receptor:
1. thermometer
2. skin
Change:
1. house gets cold
2. body heats up
Normal Condition:
1. 20 oC
2. 37 oC
Effector:
1. furnace
2. sweat glands
and blood vessels
Change:
1. house heats up
2. body heat lost
Cause:
1. door open
2. warm clothes
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6. Cell membranes are selectively permeable and regulate the movement of substances into and out of the
cell.
a) What is meant by the term “selectively permeable?” __only allows certain substances into and out of
the cell
b) With help from a diagram, describe the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane. (Include:
phospholipid layers and proteins)
Phospholipids make up a viscous, fluid (analogy grout between tiles) and the proteins are free to move about
(analogy, the tiles)
c) Describe the following plasma membrane processes (include diagrams):
i. Passive transport: _______transport across a plasma membrane going down a concentration
gradient (high to low) that does not require energy (ATP) ______________________________
- Simple diffusion: ___movement of dissolved gasses, water or lipid soluble molecules
through the phospholipid bilayer __________________________________________
- Facilitated diffusion: ____Diffusion through a channel or carrier protein
__________________________________________________
- Osmosis: _____Movement of water across the plasma membrane
_________________________________________
Include:
*isotonic: solution with the same concentration as the plasma cytoplasm of the cell
*hypertonic: solution with a higher concentration of dissolved particles than the cytoplasm of the cell (a cell will shrink)
*hypotonic: solution with a lower concentration of dissolved particles than the cytoplasm of the cell (a cell will burst)
ii. Energy-requiring transport: ____
- Active transport: the movement of substances for low concentration of high concentration
(requires energy)_____________________________________________________
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- Endocytosis: ___movement of large particles including microorganisms into a cell by
engulfing extracellular materials as the plasma membrane forms membrane bound sacs that
enter the cytoplasm_________________________________________________
Include:
*pinocytosis: cells engulfing liquid food and materials by bringing it inside the cell
*phagocytosis: resembles pinocytosis but with large vesicles (solid food)
- Exocytosis: movement of materials out of the cell by enclosing the materials in a membrane
bound sac that moves to the cell’s surface, fuses with the plasma membrane and opens outside
the cell allowing contents to diffuse away. ___________________________________
7. Explain why putting celery or lettuce in fresh water often makes it crisp. water will move by osmosis from
and area of higher concentration to lower concentration
8. Why is energy required for active transport to take place across a cell membrane and not required for
passive transport? __________________________movement against the concentration
gradient_____________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
9. Living things require a constant source of energy to do 3 kinds of work, what are the types of work?
Chemical: construction and breaking down of large complex molecules such as proteins
Transport: movement and concentration of materials or nutrients for building complex molecules of cell growth
Mechanical: movement (such as muscle contractions)
10. A special carrier of energy in all living things is __ATP____, which stands for _____Adenosine
Triphosphate ______________________________________________.
11. How does ATP provide energy? Include details about the structure of ATP.
by breaking the bonds between the three phosphate groups
ATP has three components 1. ribose (a sugar molecule) 2. adenine (adenine and ribose together form adenosine) 3. string
of 3 phosphate groups
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Unit 2 – Digestion
1. Label the following diagrams
1. Parotid gland (salivary gland)
2. epiglottis
3. esophagus
4. stomach
5. transverse colon (large intestine)
6. descending colon (large intestine)
7. anus
8. teeth
9. sublingual gland (salivary gland)
10. submandibular gland (salivary gland)
11. liver
12. ascending colon (large intestine)
13. small intestine
2. The diagram on the right is a ___________ which is found in the
________________________________. villi, small intestine
3. The two types of digestion are
____________________________________ and
__________________________________________. Mechanical and
Chemical
4. Using the digestive system below, indicate each location and describe
the action of mechanical and chemical digestion.
mechanical:
mouth- chewing
esophagus – peristalsis
stomach – churning
small intestines – segmented
movements
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Chemical:
mouth – salivary glands (amylase)
stomach – digestive juices including HCl which breaks down bolus into chime; most proteins are digested and broken down
into amino acids; gastric glands release pepsin which work with HCl
small intestine – digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas and glands in the small intestine these include: trypsin (protein –
along with pepsin), amylase (carbohydrate starch to maltose), maltase (converts maltose to glucose), lipase (lipid digestion),
lactase (digestion of lactose glucose)
Sodium bicarbonate from the pancreas changes the pH of chime – allows digestive enzymes in the small intestine to work
5. The circular muscle which control the flow of food into the stomach is the _____________ whereas
the __________controls the flow of chyme out of the stomach. cardiac sphincter, pyloric sphincter
6. With help from the diagram below, describe the structure and function of villi in the small intestine.
Villi line the small intestine and give the small intestine a large surface area for
absorption of nutrients. Villi look and feel like velvet. Nutrients absorbed by the villi
travel through the capillary walls into the blood stream.
7. Name 2 stomach secretions and give the function of each.
HCl- changes the pH of the stomach allowing stomach enzymes to work more efficiently as well as killing germs that may
have entered with the food.
Mucous- to protect the stomach muscle from the HCl
Pepsinogen- turns to pepsin to breakdown proteins.
8. List two functions of the large intestine.
To absorb water and to eliminate undigested foods.
9. List 2 hormones involved in the digestive process, the organs which secrete them, their target organs
and their function in the process.
Hormone Gland Target Effect (function)
Insulin Pancreas Body cells Increases cell permeability to glucose. Lowers blood-
sugar levels
Glucagon Pancreas Body cells Decreases cell permeability to glucose. Increases blood-
sugar levels
Gastrin Stomach Stomach Increases production of gastric juices and increases
stomach motility
Secretin Duodenum Pancreas Promotes the release of sodium bicarbonate
10. Name the enzymes that digest the following nutrients and the end products of their chemical digestion.
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Nutrient Enzyme End Products
1. starch Amylase Many glucose
2. maltose Maltase 2 glucose
3. lactose Lactase 1 galactose 1glucose
4. sucrose Sucrase 1 glucose 1 fructose
5. lipids Lipase Glycerol, fatty acids
6. proteins Pepsin Amino acids
11. Describe the role of insulin and glucagons in controlling of blood sugar.
Insulin is released in response to increasing blood-sugar levels. Insulin increases the permeability of body cells to glucose
thus decreasing blood-sugar levels.
Glucagon is released in response to decreasing blood-sugar levels. Glucagon decreases the permeability of body cells to
glucose. Glucagon also triggers the liver to break down glycogen to glucose thus increasing blood-sugar levels.
12. Give the pathway that a mouthful of food would take from the time it enters your mouth until the solid
waste is removed from the anus.
Mouth-Esophagus-Stomach-Small Intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)-Large intestine (ascending, transverse,
descending)-Rectum-Anus.
13. The six main nutrients of the human diet are ___________, __________, ___________,
____________, ______________, and ______________. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water.
14. The two main classes of vitamins are ________________ and e.g. ______ ___________________e.g.
_____________. water soluble (B, C), fat soluble (A, D, E, K)
15. mistake…..
16. Why is water important in the body? Our bodies are made up of 60 to 80% water. Water is important for a variety
of bodily functions including the breakdown and synthesis of many substances.
17. According to Canada's Food Guide the main food groups are ___________, ___________,
_____________, and ________________. Meat (protein), Dairy, Grains and cereals, Fruits and vegetables
18. Use the following words to complete questions a-j.
liver bile lipids mucus peristalsis
pepsin appendix gallbladder pancreas epiglottis
a) The organ which secretes HCO3 in order to neutralize chyme. __________
b) Hydrochloric acid is used to activate this substance. __________
c) Protects the gastrointestinal tract from digestion. __________
d) Used in the emulsification of lipids. __________
e) Produced by the liver. __________
f) Prevents food from entering the trachea. __________
g) The organ which produces bile. __________
h) The organ which stores excess bile. __________
i) On organ which is a legacy of our evolutionary past. __________
j) The movement of food through the digestive system. __________
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a) Pancreas
b) Pepsin
c) Mucous
d) Bile
e) Lipids
f) Epiglottis
g) Liver
h) Gallbladder
i) Appendix
j) Peristalsis
Unit 3 – Transportation and Respiration
1. Label the following diagrams:
1. Sinus 2. Pharynx 3. Larynx 4. Trachea 5. Bronchus
6. Bronchiole 7. Lung 8. Diaphragm 9. Bronchiole 10. Terminal Bronchiole (bronchiole)
11. Alveoli
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1. superior vena cava
2. atrioventricular valve
3. inferior vena cava
4. right ventricle
5. purkinje fibres
6. left ventrical
7. atrioventricular valve
8. left atrium
9. semi-lunar valve
10. aorta
The respiratory system:
2. List and differentiate between the three types of respiration.
Types of Respiration Definition
1. Respiration Process by which oxygen is taken from the environment (inhalation) and carbon
dioxide is released into the environment (exhalation)
2. Gas exchange Process by which oxygen is transferred (diffusion) from the air to blood and carbon
dioxide is transferred (diffusion) from the blood to the air. Respiratory surfaces are
covered with thin, moist epithelial cells that allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to
exchange.
External respiration: is the exchange gases across the respiratory surface between
the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs and the blood
Internal respiration: exchange of gases between the blood and individual cells in
the tissue
Include:
Where does this occur? This process takes place on the respiratory surface called alveoli.
List 4 criteria necessary for this to take place. Justify why they are
necessary. A concentration gradient
1
2
3 4
5
6
7
8
9 10
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Large surface area
Thin permeable surface
Moist exchange surface
3. Cellular respiration The cells using oxygen to break down glucose to produce cellular energy (ATP)
Include:
Where does this occur? mitochondria
Chemical Equation:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + Energy (ATP)
Glucose + oxygen Water + carbon dioxide + Energy (ATP)
3. What is the link between the immune system (defense mechanisms) and the lungs?
Help defend against pollutants by:
heating and cooling the body temperature
humidifying inhaled air for gas exchange
protecting the body from harmful substances by coughing, sneezing and filtering, absorbing, or alerting the body through scent
lungs are defended by cilia (microscopic hairs along the respiratory surface), phlegm (collects dust and inhaled microbes to be
coughed up or swallowed into the stomach) and macrophages (scavenger immune cells in the lungs)
4. Matching:
A
Adenoids
Alveoli
Bronchi
Diaphragm
Epiglottis
Larynx
Nasal cavity
Pleura
Ribs
Sinuses
Tonsils
Trachea
B
Nasal cavity ____ warms the air before if enters the lungs
Sinuses ____ hollow spaces in the bones of the head called frontal, maxillary and sphenoidal
Adenoids ____ lymph tissue at the top of the throat
Tonsils ____ lymph nodes in the wall of the throat (pharynx)
Epiglottis ____ flap of tissue that guards the entrance to the trachea
Larynx ____ contains vocal cords and constructed mainly of cartilage
Trachea ____ passage leading from the pharynx to the lungs (about 12 cm in length)
Bronchi ____ branches of the trachea, one leading into each side of the lungs (branches further into
bronchioles)
Ribs ____ bones supporting and protecting the chest cavity
Pleura ____ membrane that surrounds each lung
Alveoli ____ walls are one cell thick, also the respiratory surface of the lungs
Diaphragm ____ strong wall of muscle separating the chest and abdominal cavities.
5. Relaxation of the diaphragm _______compresses__________ the lungs,
_________decreasing______________ their volume while ______increasing___________ the pressure
inside them. Contraction of the diaphragm _________increasing_____________ the volume of the
lungs, ________decreasing____________ the pressure inside.
The circulatory system:
6. On the following diagram of the heart, trace the path of blood starting from the right atrium. Use a
blue pen to represent deoxygenated blood and a red pen to represent oxygenated blood.
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Vena cava right atrium atrioventricular valve
right ventricle pulmonary artery lungs (get
oxygen) pulmonary vein left atrium
atrioventricular valve left ventricle aorta
arterioles capillaries (changes to deoxygenated
blood) venules veins vena cave
7. The 4 components of blood:
Component: Function:
1. platelets
Helps stop bleeding
Made in the bone marrow
2. plasma
Mostly water
straw-colored liquid in which the blood cells are suspended
3. white blood cells (leukocytes)
Your body’s defense mechanism
Travel to areas of infection
4. red blood cells (erythrocytes)
Carry oxygen from lungs to body
Hemoglobin: oxygen carrying protein – give RBC colour
Hematocrit: measures the amount of space RBC take up
8. Complete the following blood type table:
Blood
Type
Antigens
present
Antibodies
present
Can donate
to…
Can
receive
from…
Diagram Rh - Diagram Rh+
A
A
B
A, AB
A, O
B
B
A
B, AB
B, O
AB AB None AB A, B, AB,
O
O None A B A, B, AB,
O
O
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9. The two heart sounds are ______ and ________. The first sound is created by the ___________ of the
valves during ___________while, the second sound is created by the _________ of the valves during
_____________. lubb, dubb, closing, systole, closing, diastole
10. The cardiac cycle consists of 2 phases, ______________________ (when the ventricles contract) and
___________________ (when the atria contract). Systole, diastole
11. The instrument which is used to hear the heartbeat is a _____________and the instrument used to
determine blood pressure is the ________________. stethoscope, sphygmomanometer
12. The contraction of the heart muscles is initiated by a mass of specialized cells known as the
_______sinoatrial _________________ node (_SA_ node), located in the posterior wall of the right
atrium. This node is also known as the ____pacemaker__________________.
13. The impulse started in the SA node and picked up by the ____atrioventricular __________node (_AV _
node) reaches the muscles of the ventricles and causes them to contract.
14. 5 different types of blood vessels include _________, _____________,
________________, _________________ and _____________. Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules,
veins
15. Label these three vessels.
Artery, vein, capillary
16. List 4 differences between them.
a. _________________________________________________________
b. _________________________________________________________
c. _________________________________________________________
d. _________________________________________________________
a) Arteries have a much thicker muscle layer.
b) Veins have valves
c) Arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins carry blood to the heart
d) Arteries and veins have three layers, capillaries are only one cell thick
17. What is an electrocardiograph?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
An instrument that is used to measure electrical activity in the heart. It measures changes in electrical potential across the heart and
can detect the contractions pulses that pass over the surface of the heart.
Unit 4 – Excretion and Waste Management
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1. Label the following diagrams.
Diagram 1
1. renal cortex 2. medulla 3. renal artery 4. renal vein 5. adrenal gland
6. kidney 7. descending aorta 8. inferior vena cava 9. ureter
10. bladder 11. urethra
Diagram 2
1. bowman’s capsule 2. glomerulus 3. proximal convoluted tubule 4. loop of henle
5. distal convoluted tubule 6. collecting duct
2. The primary metabolic wastes of the body are ________, ___________, __________,
and___________. CO2,
nitrogen-based waste (urea), salts, water
3. The major excretory organs are ____________, ____________, __________ and __________,
whereas the ____________ is really an organ of the digestive system. lungs, kidneys, skin, liver, large intestine
4. Every vertebrate has a pair of kidneys consisting of functional units called___________________. nephrons
5. The _______________arteries and veins carry blood to and from the kidney. renal
6. The collected waste material leaves the kidney via the ______________ and is stored in the
_________________; it is then expelled from the body through the _________________. ureter, bladder,
urethra
7. The nephron's cup shaped _______________________surrounds a knot of blood capillaries called the
glomerulus. Bowman’s capsule
8. The material filtered out is then passed through the nephron tubule, which has 4 main parts:
___________________, __________________________, _____________________, and
________________________. proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct
9. In the __________________________, a considerable amount of reabsorbtion occurs. Glucose and
ions are returned to the blood by active transport. proximal convoluted tubule
Artery
Vein
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10. The ______________________, lie in the medulla of the kidney. Salt is actively transported out of
the filtrate, and since this area impermeable to water, water cannot follow the ions out here.
11. Urine is then passed through the _______________________________ where it is concentrated due to
its permeability to water, from here the urine travels to the distal tubule to the collecting duct. Loop of
henle 12. It then leaves the collecting duct into the pelvis of the kidney, which leads to the ureter and the
__________________where it is stored. bladder
13. Urine composition and the rate of urine formation are largely regulated by hormones
_______________________, and __________________________. Antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone
14. _________________________ (ADH) is produced by the posterior pituitary gland and increases the
body’s ability to reabsorb water as it increases the permeability of the collecting ducts. Antidiuretic
hormone
15. List the 3 processes required for urine production __________, ____________, and_____________. Filtration, reabsorption, tubular secretion
16. Define filtration.
the passage of substances through the capillaries of the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule.
17. What is the filtrate?
small molecules like water, salts, glucose, and urea (all called filtrate) but no large molecules.
18. Describe reabsorption. What substances are reabsorbed from the loop into the bloodstream?
the transfer of essential solutes and water from the nephron back into the blood. Salts, glucose and amino acids.
19. How does kidney function relate to homeostasis?
The kidneys remove metabolic wastes from the body by filtering the blood. Without the removal of these wastes many of these
substances would become toxic to the human body. Therefore the kidneys play a major role in keeping a constant internal
environment.
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Unit 5 – Protection and Control
1. Label the following diagram.
1. Label the diagrams
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1. Pituatary gland 2. Thyroid gland 3. Thymus 4. Adrenal Glands 5. Pancreas
6. Ovaries 7. Testes 8. Cerebral cortex 9. Cerebellum 10. Spinal Cord
11. Medulla Oblongata 12. Pons 13. Pituitary gland 14. Hypothalamus 15. Corpus
Callosum
16. Temporal Lobe 17. Frontal Lobe 18. Parietal Lobe 19. Occipatal Lobe 20. Cerebellum
21. Dentrites 22. Node of Ranvier 23. Myelin Sheath 24. Axon 25. Cell body
(soma)
The lymphatic system:
2. List the 3 functions of the lymphatic system
i. _________________________________________________________
ii. _________________________________________________________
iii. _________________________________________________________ i. it returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood.
ii. it provides defense against invading microorganisms and disease.
iii. absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive system
3. List the 4 components of lymph
i. _________________________________________________________
ii. _________________________________________________________
iii. _________________________________________________________
iv. _________________________________________________________ water, salts, proteins, hormones, nutrients, waste products, gases
i. The lymphatic organs are characterized by clusters of
_______lymphocytes________________.
ii. Four lymphatic organs are: ________spleen________________________,
__________adenoids___________________________,
___________lymph nodes_____________________,
______________tonsils________________________.
The immune system:
4. ______________ and _______________ are two types of lymphocytes. T-cells and B-cells
5. B-cells fight infection by the production of _____________ whereas, T-cells like
macrophages fight infection by ______________________. antibodies, engulfing pathogens by
phagocytosis.
6. Examples of chemical barriers _____________,____________,__________ Chemical
barriers: mucous, oil and sweat, stomach acids, lyzozymes in tears
7. Examples of physical barriers _____________, ____________, __________ Physical barriers: skin, cilia, hair
8. Differentiate between cell mediated and antibody mediated immunity.
Antibody-Mediated Immunity results from the production of antibodies specific to a given antigen. Cell-mediated Immunity requires direct physical contact with antigens. It is provided by T cells and does
not involve the secretion of antibodies. T cells are involved in the attacking of certain bacteria, viruses,
fungi and immunity to cancer cells.
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9. Differentiate between passive and active immunity.
Active immunity develops after an illness or vaccine. It is the production of antibodies against a specific agent
by the immune system. Passive immunity is the type of immunity when the individual is given antibodies to
combat a specific disease. Passive immunity is short-lived, usually only lasting for few weeks (breast feeding).
10. Describe the differences between primary and secondary immune response.
A primary immune response takes place when an antigen (foreign protein) is detected by one of an array of
white blood cells. The development of antibodies against the antigen develops and the pathogen is either
destroyed or rendered incapable of injuring cells. The secondary immune response involves memory cells the
second time the same antigen is found in the body.
11. Explain how a vaccination may prevent a person from contracting a disease.
A vaccine stimulates the antibody production and formation of memory cells without causing the disease.
Therefore if infected by the real disease, the body is ready.
The nervous system:
12. List the main functions of the nervous system___________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
The nervous system is the major controlling, regulatory, and communicating system in the body.
13. Define the following: stimulus, receptor, impulse, and effector. Stimulus: something that incites to action or exertion or quickens action, feeling, thought, etc
Receptor: a kind of sensor that picks up information about an organism's internal or external environment
Impulse: a progressive wave of excitation over a nerve or muscle fiber
Effector: a structure that responds when it is stimulated by nerve impulses
14. _____________ carry an impulse from the receptor toward the spinal cord, where
_____________ relay the information to the ______________ which stimulate the
effector. Sensory neurons, associative neurons, brain
15. The five components of a reflex arc are __________, __________, ____________,
______________, and ________________. Receptor, Sensory neuron, associative neuron, motor neuron, effectors
16. A _______________________ is an involuntary, automatic response to a given stimulus. reflex
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17. Describe the electrical state of a resting neuron.
A resting neuron is positively charged on the outside and negatively charged on the inside.
18. How does the electrical state of a neuron change as an impulse travels down it?
As an impulse travels down it, the inside becomes positively charged and the outside negatively charged.
19. When is the nerve cell unable to carry impulses?
During repolarization
20. Explain the following statement, “A neuron fires on an all-or-none response”
A stimulus must be greater or equal to the nerve threshold or the neuron will not fire. It does not matter how
much greater the stimulus is, the neuron will fire the exact same (the difference is the number of times it fires).
21. How is the transmission of an impulse across a synapse performed?
Synaptic vesicles release neurtransmitters into the synapse. These are picked up by the next neuron which fires
an impulse.
22. The two main divisions of the nervous system are _________________ , which consists
of the brain and _____________. The other is the ________________ which contains
__________________________________. Central nervous system, spinal cord, Peripheral
nervous system, nerves and their roots.
23. The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the ______________ and the
__________________. sympathetic, parasympathetic
The endocrine system:
24. Hormones are _________________________________________________ which are
composed of _______ and travel through the ______ to target organs. chemical substances,
proteins, blood
25. One type of hormones are ________________ composed of ________ they can move
through cell membranes and are produced in the _____________. The other type are
____________ and are composed of ______________ which are unable to pass through
cell membranes. steroid hormones, lipids, gonads-adrenal cortex-placenta. peptide hormones, short
amino acid chains. 26. Hormones are secreted by ___________________ glands, which secrete hormones
through ducts, ___________________ glands, which secrete hormones directly into the
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blood capillaries and ____________________ glands which can secrete its products into
ducts or directly into the blood stream. Exocrine, endocrine, heterocrine
27. Complete the chart.
Gland Hormone Target Effect
Pituitary 1. oxytocin
2. antidiuretic hormone
Uterus (female)
Sperm duct muscles
(males)
Contraction of smooth
muscle during child birth
Stimulate muscles of the
sperm duct to propel
sperm out of the body
Thyroid 1. thyroxin
2. calcitonin
Body cells
Bone cells
Regulate metabolism
Prevents release of
calcium in bones
Parathyroid 1. parathormone
blood Raises calcium level in
blood
Pancreas 1. insulin
2. glucagons
Blood
Blood
Lowers blood sugar level
Raises concentration of
glucose in blood
Gonads: Ovaries
Testes
1. estrogen
2. progesterone
1. testosterone
Reproductive organs and
body cells
Reproductive organs and
body cells
Reproductive organs and
body cells
Secondary sexual
characteristics
Prepares uterus to receive
a fertilized egg
Secondary sexual
characteristics
Adrenal: cortex
medulla
1. aldosterone
1. adrenalin
Kidney
Body cells
Salt and water balance
Fight, flight response
Unit 6 – Wellness and Homeostatic Change
Separate handout later this week
If you are having trouble with any of the above questions, please
arrange a meeting with Mr.Cawker as soon as possible.
Good Luck on the exam! Note: Parts of this review was created using Ms. Mackie’s Bio30S exam review… thank you Ms. Mackie
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