Biological Control of Aflatoxin: Experience and lessons learnt from Senegal and the Gambia
Dr. Amadou Lamine SENGHOR
REPUBLIQUE DU SENEGAL, MINISTERE DE L’AGRICULTURE ET DE L’EQUIPEMENT RURAL
DIRECTION DE LA PROTECTION DES VEGETAUX
For years after independence 1960, the dominant crop in
Senegal was peanut.
It represented over 80 % of the country’s exports, covered half
the cultivated area, and employed 87 percent of the active
population (Caswell, 1985).
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
QU
AN
TIT
Y G
RO
UN
DN
UTS (
MT)
Year
Quantity of output (Mt)
Quantity 0f export (Mt)
(Yiadom, 2003)
Aflatoxin in Peanut oil from Diourbel and Kaolack Regions
(Bathily, 1998):
Aflatoxin
Oil samples from Diourbel
Oil samples from Kaolack
B1 24 ± 14 42 ± 32
B2 13 ± 10
G1 23 ± 20 7 ± 4
G2 6 ± 2
TOTAL (B1, B2, G1, G2)
40 ± 27
59 ± 34
(Bathily, 1998): 85% of aflatoxin remains in the cake after extraction (Basappa and Sreenivasa, 1974)
Aflatoxin in Peanuts’ Cake from Diourbel and kaolack Regions
Aflatoxin
Cake samples from Diourbel
Cake samples from Kaolack
B1 91 ± 64 134 ± 52
B2 79 ± 58 68 ± 26
G1 76 ± 17 16 ± 14
G2 45 ± 22 16 ± 14
TOTAL (B1,
B2, G1, G2)
199 ± 94
220 ± 105
Aflatoxin in groundnut Samples from Seven Regions of
Senegal
Level of aflatoxin (ng/g)
Districts B1 B2 G1 G2
Means Means Means Means
Diourbel 96 30 35 27
Kaolack 73 30 44 20
Kafrine 38 4 12 2
Kolda 25 8 11 3
Fatick 16 14 21 12
Tamba 5 2 0.38 3
Ziguinchor 2 6 4 3
LSDa 80 15 19 11 aLess significant difference test (P=0.05) to compare means of grain samples from 8 regions in Senegal(Senghor et al., 2012)
Aflasafe: Transferring Aflasafe SN01 to the field
In 2007, a survey was made for soil, maize and sesame
sampling to isolate atoxigenic A. flavus for biocontrol use.
Collaboration between IITA and the University of Thiès.
Fields inoculation in Nioro and Diourbel
Teams recruited for area treatment of fields in 6 village at the peanut basin Senegal in 2012
Soil sampling before inoculation
Treatment with Aflasafe
Threshing at harvest Packaging sample in two sets
Sample collection
Extraction and toxin analysis of samples
Table 5. Aflatoxin concentration at harvest in Groundnut samples from fields treated with Aflasafe SN01 and their controls in 2010, 2011 and 2012.
Aflatoxin concentration (ng/g)2
2010
2011
2012 Area Treatment Mea
n3
Reduction
(%)4
Mean3 Reduction
(%)4
Mean3 Reduction
(%)4
aflasafe
SN01 1.9 b 93.4
6.6 b 86.9
3.7 b
81.8
Diour-
bel
Control 29.7a
50.1 a
20.3 a
Nioro
aflasafe
SN01 4.4 b 75.3
5.6 b 75.8
5.4 b
90.4
Control 17.6a
23.1 a
55.7 a
1. In 2010 and 2011 there were 20 farmers’ fields in Diourbel and 20 farmers’ fields in Nioro
regions each for both control and aflasafe SN01 treatments. In 2012, there were 17 farmers’ fields
in Diourbel and 71 farmers’ fields in Nioro each for control and Aflasafe SN01 treatments. Samples
for aflatoxin analysis were processed immediately after harvest.
2. Aflatoxin B was the sum of aflatoxin B1 and B2.
3. Means within each column, for each year with different letters are significantly different
according to the t-test at 5% level of probability.
4. Reduction (%) = ([mean of control - mean of aflasafe SN01 treated]/mean of control) × 100.
Table 6. Aflatoxin concentration at harvest in Groundnut samples from fields treated with Aflasafe SN01 and their controls after four month of storage at farmers conditions in 2010, 2011 and 2012.
Aflatoxin concentration (ng/g)2
2010
2011
2012
Area Treatment Mean3
Reduction
(%)4
Mean3 Reduction (%)
4 Mean
3 Reduction (%)
4
aflasafe
SN01 4.4 b 85.8
2.1 b 90.7
6.9 b
80.7
Diour-
bel
Control 31.3 a
22.1 a
35.5 a
Nioro
aflasafe
SN01 3.5 b 95.2
2.8 b 94.1
11.5 b
84.2
Control 52.1 a
46.7 a
72.5 a
1. In 2010 and 2011 there were 20 farmers’ fields in Diourbel and 20 farmers’ fields in Nioro regions
each for both control and aflasafe SN01 treatments. In 2012, there were 17 farmers’ fields in
Diourbel and 71 farmers’ fields in Nioro each for control and aflasafeTM SN01 treatments. Samples
for aflatoxin analysis were processed three months after storage in farmers’ storage conditions.
2. Aflatoxin B was the sum of aflatoxin B1 and B2.
3. Means within each column, for each year with different letters are significantly different according
to the t-test at 5% level of probability.
4. Reduction (%) = ([mean of control - mean of aflasafe SN01 treated]/mean of control) × 100.
Fig. 1. Gambia road map with the 7 ground nuts major producing regions
Tester Pairs Positive
Isolates
Locations/
Regions
A E Z
M2-7 GMG 72-8 URR South SG
GMG 72-9 U R R South SG
GMG 20-10 W C R Gambia SG
GMG 87-9 URR North SS
GMG 105-14 C RR North SS
MS14-19 GMG 35-7 L R R Gambia SG
GMG 107 - 1 C RR North SS
M21-11 GMG 72-12 UR R South SG
SS19-14 GMG 72-3 U RR South SG
GMG72-4 U RR South SG
GMG72-6 U R R South SG
GMG 72 - 7 U R R South SG
2014 Growing Season
Make use of Aflasafe by all Groundnut and Maize producers by including Aflasafe in NAIP Senegal: Already proposed and accepted
Training of farmers on the use and adoption of Aflasafe by ANCAR
Creating a market for Groundnut treated with Aflasafe (SODEFITEX)
Production and marketing of Aflasafe SN01
Continue sensitization by the media (TV and Radio broadcasting programs)
African Agricultural Technology Foundation (AATF)
USDA-ARS, IITA
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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