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PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM
GREEN ALGAE
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF :
Mr. PANKAJ KUMAR SINGH
GROUP NUMBER: 07
GROUP MEMBERS:
ABHISHEK KAUSHIK (0521023606)
HIMANSHU BALYAN (0591023606)
MUDIT MATHUR (0531023606)
OM PRAKASH YADAV (0461023606)
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BIODIESEL
Biodiesel is a fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters
of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils
or animal fats. Biodiesel can be used in any
concentration with petroleum based diesel fuel in
existing diesel engines with little or no modification.Biodiesel is not the same thing as raw vegetable
oil. It is produced by a chemical process which
removes the glycerin from the oil.
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FUEL SITUATION IN INDIA
The increasing import of fuel has necessitated the search for otherliquid fuels as an alternative to diesel, which is being used in large
quantities in transport of industrial and agricultural sector .
According to an estimate, automobiles alone contribute to 70% of
the total petroleum consumptions.
Indiastransportation fuel requirements are unique in the world. Indiaconsumes almost five times more diesel fuel than gasoline,
whereas, almost all other countries in the world use more gasoline
than diesel fuel.
Thus, in India, search for alternatives to petrodiesel is of special
importance and the use of biodiesel is comparatively much more
important for us than for rest of the countries.
Due to higher demand for fuel, it is expected that crude oil
production will start declining from the beginning of 2012.
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Scenario of crude oil production
& import in India
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ALGAE
Algae are a large and diverse group of simple,
typically autotrophic organisms ranging
from unicellular to multicellular forms. The largest
and most complex marine forms are
called seaweeds. They are photosynthetic,like plants, and simple because they lack the many
distinct organs found in land plants.
Algae are an extremely important species. For one,
they produce more oxygen than all the plants in theworld, put together! For another, they form an
important food source for many animals such as
little shrimps and huge whales. Thus, they are at
the bottom of the food chain with many living thingsdepending upon them.
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ALGAE CLASSIFICATION
ALGAE
CHLOROPHYTA RHODOPHYTA PHAEOPHYTA CYANOBACTERIA
MICRO-
ALGAE
MACRO-
ALGAE
HIGH
LIPID
CONTENT
LOW LIPID
CONTENT
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MICROALGAE vs MACROALGAE
Microalgaeare small microscopic algae that require the aidof a microscope to be seen while Macroalgae are algae that
can be observed with the naked human eye.
Microalgae have high oil content but are a little difficult to
cultivate and harvest in a cost-efficient manner.
Macroalgae, on the other hand, present low-cost cultivation
and harvesting possibilities, but most species are low in lipids
as well as carbohydrates.
With processes such as cellulosic fermentation (for deriving
ethanol), gasification (for deriving biodiesel, ethanol and a
wide range of hydrocarbons), or anaerobic digestion (for
methane or electricity generation), it is possible today to use
macroalgae as feedstock for biofuels. Thus, both micro and
macroalgae are potential feedstock for biofuels.
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WHY GREEN ALGAE?? Biodiesel from green algae has natural solvents which clean the
engine as the fuel burns.
The Bio-diesel yield from algae is much more than the yield from any
other plant.
Grows in very little time of about 4 to 5 days.
There is a possibility of genetic modification to increase the
production of Acetyl Co-A Carboxylase enzyme which increase the
bio-diesel yields.
Microalgae are remarkable and efficient biological factories capable
of taking a waste (zero-energy) form of carbon (CO2) and converting
it into a high density liquid form of energy (natural oil).
Algae does not compete with food crop as it grows in water.
Algae can be used as fodder.
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BIODIESEL FROM ALGAE
Algae to biodiesel has been widely discussed among expertsin the petroleum industry and conservationist who are lookingfor a more reliable and safer source of energy that is bothrenewable and easy to attain.
One of the key reasons why algae are considered asfeedstock for oil is their yields. Algae yield 30 times moreenergy per acre than land crops such as soybeans, and someestimate even higher yields up to 15000 gallons per acre.
Aside from keeping the earth clean and free form pollution,these algal biodiesel fuels help to utilize a resource that is
available in abundance just waiting to be harnessed andexploited.
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COMPARISON OF BIO-FUEL
YIELDS
ORGANISM YIELD (Gallons per acre per
year)
Corns 18
Soyabeans 48
Safflower 83
Sunflower 102
Rapeseed 107
Oil Palm 635Microalgae 5000 to 15000
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PROJECT PROCEDURE
SELECTION OF ALGAE
CULTURING ALGAE IN SUITABLE ENVIRONMENT
EXTRACTING & DRYING THE ALGAE
CRUSHING MECHANICALLY TO OBTAIN BIO-DIESEL
CHEMICAL EXTRACTION BY TRANS-ESTERIFICATION
TESTING ON ENGINE & TAKING OBSERVATIONS
RESULT
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ALGAE SELECTION
Green algae are easily available in lakes,
ponds and any other source of nutrient rich
stagnant or flowing water. We chose to
extract bio-diesel from Microalgae whichare the most primitive form of plants.
Species like Spirogyra and Chlorella were
selected because they have high lipid
content and are easily available andcultivable.
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ALGAE CULTURE
Green algae was taken from a pond near India Gate and was
cultured in four buckets filled with water.
After observing a poor growth of algae under normal
circumstances, NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus & Potassium)
fertilizers have been added to the culture and the water iscleaned everyday.
The culture contains easily available species like Spirogyra
(pond scum) and Chlorella which are known to have high lipid
content (about 20-50%).The culture grew in 10 days and 8kg green alga (after drying
was obtained).
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MECHANICAL METHODS OF
EXTRACTION
Algae was dried and was heated in small batches for 20 minutes.
It was rammed and then ground in a mixer till some liquid
(bio-diesel) separated out of it.
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Algae sample to be dried Grinding the Algae
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CHEMICAL REACTION
INVOLVED
Trans-esterification Reaction:
Methanol + NaOHMethoxide (intermediate reaction)
Methoxide + Fatty acids (lipids) Biodiesel + Soap +
Glycerine
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CHEMICAL EXTRACTION
500g of dried and ground algae was mixed with 1 litre of 20%
methanol solution and 2 g of NaOH.
Contents were rigorously shaken and was kept for 16 hours.
Different layers were obtained and glycerine, pigments etc.
were scooped out. The contents were filtered to remove the impurities.
2.25 litre of bio-diesel was obtained from 8kg (dried mass) of
algae.
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TESTING
The obtained Bio-diesel was tested on a 1000cc dieselengine by mixing it with varying proportions of fossil diesel.
Notations used:
b0 - Pure fossil diesel
b10 10% Biodiesel + 90% diesel
b20 20% Biodiesel + 80% diesel
b30 30% Biodiesel + 70% diesel
b40 40% Biodiesel + 60% diesel
b50 50% Biodiesel + 50% diesel
The Engines performance & emissions were observed.
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POWER vs SPEED CURVE
05
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1200 1600 2000 2400 2800
b0
b10
b20
b30
b40
b50
Speed (rpm)
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TORQUE vs SPEED CURVE
Speed (rpm)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1200 1600 2000 2400 2800
b0
b10
b20
b30
b40
b50
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CARBON MONOXIDE
EMISSION
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HYDROCRBON CONTENT
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CONCLUSIONS
Micro-algae is a good choice for mass production of Bio-diesel because of its high availability, high growth rate and
ease of bio-diesel production.
Bio-diesel produced from algae can be used in varying
proportions along with fossil diesel.
The engine gives different responses for varying ratios of bio-diesel with fossil fuel.
A mixture of 20% bio-diesel with 80% fossil diesel is good for
the engine performance.
With increasing ratio of bio-diesel, pollutants like
hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide reduce in the engine
emissions. Hence, use of bio-diesel is good for environment.
Cost of bio-diesel is marginally more than fossil diesel but it
may reduce with increase in production.
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REFERENCES
1. John Sheeshan, Terri Dunahay, John Benemann,Paul Roessler, A Lookback at U.S Department ofEnergys Aquatic Species Program: Biodiesel fromAlgae, National Renewable Energy Laboratory,NREL/TP-580-24190, 1-43, July 1998
2. http://www.oilgae.com/
3. http://www.technologyreview.com/Biztech/20319/
4. Rene H. Wijffels, Biodiesel from Microalgae,Agrotechnology and Food Sciences Group -Wegeningen UR, 1-23, 2004
5. http://www.bpe.wur.nl/UK/Research/
6. A.B.M. Sharif Hossain, Aishah Salleh, AmruNasrulhaq Boyce, Partha chowdhury and MohdNaqiuddin, BiodieselFuel Production from Algae asRenewable Energy, American Journal ofBiochemistry and Biotechnology 4 (3):250-254, 2008
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