Bio-Controls: Bacterial Bio-Controls: Bacterial Infection FundamentalsInfection Fundamentals
By Ryan MurrayBy Ryan Murray
NeedNeed
Crops decimated by Pythium (Stietsma, 1973)
Former Methods of ControlFormer Methods of Control DDTDDT
Dioxin (Agent Dioxin (Agent Orange)Orange)
Bio ControlsBio Controls Espinoza (2006) and Garsney (2001)Espinoza (2006) and Garsney (2001)
PurposePurpose Finding bio controls- fight off Finding bio controls- fight off
diseases and pestsdiseases and pestsAlternate HypothesesAlternate Hypotheses
1.If Soybean Plants exposed to Pythium and Fusarium are treated with P.Putida, Fungal Mycelium, and S. griesevoridis, the infections will decrease2. If soybean plants exposed to Root Knot Nematodes are treated with Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, the infestation will decrease.
Pythium Root RotPythium Root Rot
(Gubler, 1999)(Shapiro, 2002)
Lit ReviewLit Review (Sietsma,1973) Wall structure and (Sietsma,1973) Wall structure and
Growth in Pythium Bacterial Growth in Pythium Bacterial Infection. Cambridge University PressInfection. Cambridge University Press
Fungal Mycelium
FusariumFusarium
(Ajello,1979)
Lit ReviewLit Review (Tari,1988) Fusarium Wilt Suppression and (Tari,1988) Fusarium Wilt Suppression and
Agglutinability of Pseudomonas putida. Agglutinability of Pseudomonas putida. Appl Environ Microbiol. AugustAppl Environ Microbiol. August19881988 Leonard KJ, Bushnell WR. 2003. Fusarium Leonard KJ, Bushnell WR. 2003. Fusarium
head blight of wheat and barley. American head blight of wheat and barley. American Phytopathological Society Press .Phytopathological Society Press .
Root Knot Nematodes Root Knot Nematodes Ester (2003) Ester (2003) in cooperation with the
U.S. Department of Agriculture. Stanley R. Johnson, director, Cooperative Extension Service, Iowa State University of Science and Technology,Ames, Iowa.
Rhabditid Nematode attacking root knots
Root- Knot Nematodes
Stewart’s DiseaseStewart’s Disease
(Munkvold, 2000)
(Stevens-Boewe, 2006)
Pseudomonas PutidaPseudomonas Putida
(Kachlany, 2002)
S. griseoviridisS. griseoviridis Against resident levels of Fusarium-Against resident levels of Fusarium-
reduced Fusarium infection by 16%reduced Fusarium infection by 16%
Similarity Similarity Distinct similarities between the three Distinct similarities between the three
diseases.diseases.SOYBEAN PLANTS SOYBEAN PLANTS
Soybean yields are affected quantitatively and qualitatively by fungi, insects, nematodes, and viruses (Domier, 2009)
METHODOLOGY METHODOLOGY N= 50 Soybean Plants
N=10Exposed to Pythium
N=10Exposed to Fusarium
N=10 Exposed to Stewart’s (rootknots)
Treated with P.putida, Fungal Mycelium and S. griseoviridis
Treated with Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita
Time = 30 daysMeasurements taken using Diluting Fluid (measuring volume of bacterial infection) and Leaf health scale
SPPS Statistical Analysis by ANOVA comparing the various bio controls to the control followed by Sheffe Post Hoc Test where p<.05
N=10 ControlN=10 Exposed to Root Knots (No Stewarts)
Protocols for BacteriaProtocols for Bacteria All strains must be kept isolated from All strains must be kept isolated from
one another to avoid contaminationone another to avoid contamination Plants infected by injection or pin-Plants infected by injection or pin-
prick methodprick method Root Knots exposed to Stewarts by Root Knots exposed to Stewarts by
ingestion in mediumingestion in medium
Budget PlanBudget PlanVendor
Order Number Quant Description Price
Carolina Online 155265 1 Pseudomonas Putida, Living tube $9.20
Carolina NP-15-6033 1 Fusarium Oxysporum $9.20
Cornell University-Xiaohong Wang 1 Root Knot Nematodes
Carolina Online 593120 1 Walter QZG Zoom Stereomicroscope $519.00
BD CATALOG 442104 1 Diluting fluid- used to count Bacteria
Carolina Online 721169 1 Pyrex® Vista™ Test Tubes 50 count $14.50
Cornell University-Xiaohong Wang 1 Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita
Carolina Online 158443 1 Bean, Soy, Viable Seed, 1 lb $8.75
Still Searching Fungal Mycelium
Do- AbilityDo- Ability1.1. Pythium, Fusarium, and Root Knots Pythium, Fusarium, and Root Knots
obtainable by online and collegiate obtainable by online and collegiate sourcessources
2.2. P.Putida, Mycelium, P.Putida, Mycelium, S. griseoviridis,S. griseoviridis, and and Phasmarhabditis Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita; available online at hermaphrodita; available online at Carolina and at other sourcesCarolina and at other sources
BibliographyBibliography Bagnall, R.. Control of Pythium wilt and root rot of hydroponically grown lettuce by means of Bagnall, R.. Control of Pythium wilt and root rot of hydroponically grown lettuce by means of
chemical treatment of the nutrient solution. University of Pretoria Biological Journal. 2007. chemical treatment of the nutrient solution. University of Pretoria Biological Journal. 2007. Pgs 4-24Pgs 4-24
Bergstrom, Gary C. Biocontrol for plants with Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas putida, and Bergstrom, Gary C. Biocontrol for plants with Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas putida, and Sporobolomyces roseus. Cornell Research Foundation, Inc. 2005.pgs 45-59Sporobolomyces roseus. Cornell Research Foundation, Inc. 2005.pgs 45-59
Gilardi, Gerald. “Pseudomonas”. McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. ©1992Gilardi, Gerald. “Pseudomonas”. McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. ©1992 Grewal, P.S., Ehlers, R.-U., Shapiro-Ilan, D.I. Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents. CAB Grewal, P.S., Ehlers, R.-U., Shapiro-Ilan, D.I. Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents. CAB
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April, 1996.Pg 71. April, 1996.Pg 71. Leonard KJ, Bushnell WR. Fusarium head blight of wheat and barley. American Leonard KJ, Bushnell WR. Fusarium head blight of wheat and barley. American
Phytopathological Society Press .(2003) pgs 181-185Phytopathological Society Press .(2003) pgs 181-185 Owen-Going, T.N.; Sutton, J.C.; Grodzinski, B. Relationships of Owen-Going, T.N.; Sutton, J.C.; Grodzinski, B. Relationships of PythiumPythium isolates and sweet isolates and sweet
pepper plants in single-plant hydroponic units. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology. 2003 pepper plants in single-plant hydroponic units. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology. 2003 Volume25. Pages 155-167. Volume25. Pages 155-167.
Walsh TJ, Dixon DM “Spectrum of Mycoses”. Baron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.).(1996).Walsh TJ, Dixon DM “Spectrum of Mycoses”. Baron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.).(1996). Wyss, P. Testing the effect of biological control agents on the formation of vesicular Wyss, P. Testing the effect of biological control agents on the formation of vesicular
arbuscular mycorrhiza. Plant and Soil Journal. Volume 147, Number 1.November, 1992. 159-arbuscular mycorrhiza. Plant and Soil Journal. Volume 147, Number 1.November, 1992. 159-162162
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