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Index
‘Abbas, Imam, 29, 30, 31, 33, 92‘Abbas I, Shah, 61–63, 65, 141n‘Abbasid Caliphate, 5, 11, 18, 20–24,
26, 29, 30–32, 33, 34, 35n, 37–43, 45, 47, 48, 58, 109, 110, 114, 119, 191, 246
‘Abd al-‘Aziz bin Bishr, 74, 172‘Abd al-‘Aziz bin Sa‘ud, 74, 76‘Abd al-Hamid II, 81–83‘Abd al-Husayn, Mirza, 72‘Abd al-Wahhab, Sayyid, 90, 99‘Abdullah II (Jordan), 216, 230, 234,
243‘Abdullah bin Ibrahim bin Saif, 167,
180n‘Abdullah, Aga Sayyid, 75‘Abdullah bin Jiluwi, 173‘Abdullah bin Jabarin, 182n, 246‘Abdullah, King (Saudi Arabia), 182n,
246Abu Bakr, 3, 52, 55, 60, 72, 73, 84n,
107, 111, 114, 131, 138, 166, 190, 208, 213, 214, 229
Abu Hanifa, 54, 58, 63, 72, 131, 141Abu Hurayra, 231Abu Tahir, 40, 41, 43Abu Talib, 19Abu’l-Haija ‘Abdullah bin Hamdan,
41Al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din, 193, 207Afghans, Afghanistan, 71, 72, 91, 135,
184Afrasiyab, 56
Ahl al-Bayt, 30, 57, 59, 197, 225, 227, 228, 230, 233
Ahl al-qibla, 72Ahl al-sabb wal-rafd, 4Ahmad bin Badr, 41Ahmad b. Hanbal, 45, 46, 75, 166,
167Ahmad bin Kashmard, 41Ahmadinejad, Mahmud, 14, 179, 184,
187, 232, 245Ahmed Emin Bey, 91, 95, 96Ahmed Pasha, 71‘A’isha, 52, 55, 60–62, 65, 75, 194,
230‘Ajam, 72Akhbaris, 75‘Akif, Muhammad Mahdi, 227, 245Al ‘Imran, Sura, 113Aleppo, 57, 63Al-‘Abid, 95, 96Al-amr bil-ma‘ruf, 48, 49, 50n, 85Al al-Shaykh, 164Al-‘Alawi, Hasan, 126–128, 138, 140nAl-Azhar University, 13, 208, 223,
224, 229, 231–233, 235, 240n, 241n, 248
Algeria, 207, 250‘Ali bin Abi Talib, 20, 22, 24, 28, 44,
109, 166, 227‘Ali Akbar (Mulla-Bashi), 72, 74‘Ali al-Asghar bin Husayn, 190‘Ali bin ‘Abdullah, 31‘Ali bin al-Furat, 40–42, 50n
270 ● Index
‘Ali bin ‘Isa, 40‘Ali bin Yalbaq, 43, 44‘Ali Riza Pasha, 88–90‘Alid, 18–34, 35n‘Ali’s shrine, 72Al-Alusi, Shihab al-Din Mahmud, 79,
84nAlwand Aq Qoyunlu, 52, 53Amal Movement, 145, 149, 158, 159,
160nAmasya, 60, 91American Occupation, American
invasion, 1, 9, 12, 109, 115, 117, 130, 134, 139, 147, 155, 178, 243. See also United States
Amir al-Mu’minin, 82, 113‘Ammash, Salih Mahdi, 133Anatolia, 6, 52–54, 56–60, 63–65, 70Ansar, 32Ansar al-Islam, 245Ansari, Mortaza, 100Arabian Peninsula, 176The Arabian American Oil Company
(ARAMCO), 174Ardabil, 51, 54, 60‘Arif Bey, Mehmed, 95Asafi yya canal, 88Al-Ahsa’, 167–173, 175, 181n‘Aoun, Michel, 15 Ash‘ariyya, 73‘Ashur, Mahmud, 232‘Ashura’, 3, 79, 128, 130, 168, 171,
177, 191, 194, 212‘Asir, 168–169‘Askari Shrine, 116Al-Assad, Hafez, 155Association for the Rapprochement of
the Islamic Schools of Law, 223Jama‘at al-taqrib, 223, 224
‘Atabat-i ‘aliyat, ‘Atabat, 69, 88–92, 96, 99, 10. See also Shrine cities
Azerbaijan, 52, 56, 58–62, 64, 65
Bab Sayyid ‘Ali Muhammad Shirazi, 77, 79, 80, 85n
Babism, 77Badr Brigade, Badr Forces (Quwwat
Badr), 121, 136Baghdad, 5, 11, 12, 37–39, 41–43, 45,
47, 48, 50n, 53, 54, 58, 62, 63, 65, 70, 71, 74–77, 79, 81, 87–93, 95, 97, 99, 100, 106–108, 110, 115, 117, 121, 130, 131, 136–138, 141n, 146, 158, 179, 216, 218n, 219n, 246, 247, 249
Bahrayn, 2, 7, 39, 169, 170, 173, 176, 249
Baluchi, 89Al-Banna, Hasan, 207, 209Banu Furat, 42, 50nAl-Barbahari, Abi Muhammad, 43–47Bara’a, 3, 213Baratha, 42Basra, 33, 45, 99, 167Bastami, ‘Ali, 77–80Ba‘th (Iraq), 1, 7–10, 108–112, 114,
115, 126, 127, 129, 130, 133, 134, 137, 140n
Bayezid, Sultan, 52–54Al-Baz, Muhammad, 231Beirut, 1, 7–9, 108–112, 114, 115,
126, 127, 129, 130, 133, 134, 137, 140n
Bektas Khan, 63Bektasi, 88Bidlis, 58Bidlisi, Idris-i, 53Al-Birri ‘Abd al-Mun‘im, 248 Borujerdi, Hoseyn, 232Britain, British, 78, 82, 83, 89, 95,
105–108, 117, 135, 170, 172, 184, 187–189, 207, 218n
Bukhara, 72Bursa, 57Buwayhids, 48Byzantines, 37
caliph, caliphate, 2–5, 18, 20, 22, 25–27, 31, 33, 34n, 39, 41, 43, 44–47, 49n, 50n, 53, 55, 56, 58,
Index ● 271
63, 65, 73, 107, 109, 111, 113, 114, 119, 131, 138, 166, 190, 191, 194, 196, 208, 213, 214, 220n, 235, 246
Capitalism, 111Caspian Sea, 38, 60, 65Caucasus, 52, 60, 63Celali rebellions, 62Cemali, ‘Ali, 47Central Asia, 71Chaldiran, 56, 57, 64Charisma, 2, 57Christians, 12, 118, 130, 154, 159,
166, 189–191, 211, 246Constitutional Revolution, Iran, 82Cox, Percy, 127Cyprus, 55
Dagestan, 57, 61Damascus, 26, 27, 30, 146, 155, 156,
158, 177, 178, 215, 251nDar al-Harb, 6Dar al-Kufr, 6 Al-Darini, Muhammad, 226–229,
238n, 240nDarius, 56Da‘wa, 205Da‘wa (Islamic Party), 109–111Dawud Pasha, 89Daylamites, 38Dhu al-Fiqar (sword), 196Dhu al-Fiqar Khan, 58Dhu al-Qadr, 56Diyarbakır, 53Doha, 216, 234, 235Druze, 145, 146, 214Dulaym, 108Al-Dulaymi, ‘Adnan, 136, 137Dunya, 18, 23
Ebussu‘ud Efendi, 14n, 59, 61, 70Egypt, 5, 13, 14n, 127, 147, 207, 216,
218n, 221n, 223–234, 235n, 243, 245, 248, 251n
‘Emad Afrugh, 188
Emami Kashani, Ayatollah Mohammad, 188
Emir Bekir, 62Emirguneoglu Tahmaspkulu Khan, 63Enver Efendi, 96Erzurum, 59, 91Eslami, Reza Hojjatolislam, 198Euphrates, 88, 89, 190Europe, 63, 82
Fadila, 118, 121Falluja, 115Al-Falluji, Husayn, 118Al-Farhan, Dawud, 137, 143nAl-Faruq, 75Fatah, 244Fath ‘Ali Shah, 82, 89, 90Fatima al-Zahra, 18–21, 25–27, 29, 106,
113, 190, 194, 200n, 212, 227 Fatimids, 5, 14n, 40, 226, 230Al-Fayyad, ‘Abdullah, 110Faysal I, King, 156, 243Al-Faysal, Sa‘ud, 156, 231, 243Firaq al-Mawt (Death Squads), 116,
136French Mandate, 146Fuller, Graham, 7, 34n, 126, 128
Gauhar, Mulla Hasan, 79Gaza, 204, 205, 244Georgia, 61, 62, 65Ghadiri, Ahmad, 197Al-Ghita’, Hasan Kashif, 74, 79, 208,
218nGhulat, 6, 70Gilan, 57, 65Al-Gilani ‘Abd al-Qadir, 54, 57, 58, 63Golpayegani, Ayatullah Safi , 190Greece, 53Gulf States, 147, 176, 244, 249Gulf War of 1991, 8, 120, 133, 134Gulf War of 2003, 125, 126
Haddad-‘Adel, Gholam ‘Ali, 188Al-Hadi, ‘Ali, 50n, 53, 94, 135
272 ● Index
Hadith, 48, 71, 75, 166, 167, 191, 194, 211, 220n, 231, 232, 234
Hafi z (Persian poet), 56Ha’iri, Nasrullah, 73Hamas, 24, 244, 245Hamzeh, Ahmad Nizar, 152Hanafi yya, 58Hanbalis, 11, 38, 43–49, 50n, 75,
166–168Haramayn, 198Harb, Shaykh Ra‘d, 150Al-Hariri, Sa‘d al-Din, 158Harkat al-Mahrumin (Movement of
the Depressed), 149Harun al-Rashid, 109, 110, 114Hasan al-‘Askari, 50n, 53, 94, 135Hasan bin Harun, 43, 44al-Hasan bin ‘Ali, Imam, 11, 22,
24–26, 33, 34, 106, 113, 226Hasan Pasha, 81Hashimites, 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28,
29, 31, 106 Hawwa, Sa‘id, 204, 209, 211–215,
219n, 220nHay’at al-‘Ulama al-Muslimin, 115, 130Haydar, Shaykh, 52Hidden Imam, 3, 30, 110, 119, 142n,
150. See also MahdiHijaz, 82, 167–169, 172Al-Hilli, ‘Allama Ibn al-Mutahhar, 166Hindiyya canal, 88Al-Hira, 31Al-Hizb al-Islami, 130Hizb al-Tahrir, 109Hizbullah, 9, 13, 14, 145–147,
149–159, 178, 182n, 186, 192, 210, 216, 230, 234, 243, 245–247, 251n
Houthi tribes, 244Hufuf, 169, 170, 174, 181nHujr bin ‘Adi, 190Humayma, 29, 30Hungary, 55Husayn, Imam, 3, 5, 11, 27, 28, 30,
31, 34, 53, 75, 92, 106, 111,
113, 132, 135, 168, 189, 194, 196, 200n, 212, 226
Husayn, Saddam, 8, 111, 112, 114, 115, 117, 120, 123n, 133, 138, 230
Al-Husayn, Sharif of Mecca, 106, 107Husayniya, 168, 171, 173, 175, 225,
236nal-Husri, Sati‘ 132Al-Huwali, Safar, 156Huwaydi, Fahmi, 249
Ibn Abi Sufyan, 43, 44Ibn Abi Ya‘la, 47Ibn al-Athir, 45, 50nIbn al-Jawzi, 42, 44, 45Ibn al-Kathir, 38, 50nIbn Hanbal, Ahmad, 45, 46, 75, 166,
167 Ibn Hazm, 273Ibn Sa‘ud, ‘Abd al-‘Aziz, 169–174Ibn Tabataba, 25, 35nIbn Taymiyya, 70, 166, 167, 210, 229Ibrahim bin ‘Abdullah, 38Ibrahim, Saad Eddin, 231Ibtidaiye, primary school, 97, 100Ijma‘, 75Ijtihad, 3, 75, 196, 209Ikhwan Movement, 171–174, 177,
181nimam, imams, 2, 3, 10, 30, 40, 50n,
52–54, 59–63, 71, 74, 75, 81, 82, 85n, 87, 92–94, 97, 106, 107, 109, 110, 112–114, 116, 118–120, 131, 132, 135, 136, 138, 142n, 150, 153, 165, 168, 171, 172, 174, 185, 190–192, 194, 205, 206, 211, 219n, 226, 236n, 246, 247
Imamai, Imamis, 1, 3, 6, 38–40, 49n, 166. See also Imamiyya
Imamate, 3, 142n, 208Imperialism, 196, 205–207, 213India, 58, 88, 89, 167, 169Indonesia, 184, 248
Index ● 273
International Union for Muslim Scholars, 249
Iran, 1, 2, 4–14, 49n, 52–58, 61–65, 69–73, 78, 80, 82, 87, 90, 92, 94–96, 100, 111, 116, 120, 125, 128, 129, 131–134, 137–139, 146–151, 154, 156, 159, 160n, 175–178, 183–195, 197, 198, 203, 204, 206, 208–210, 212, 213, 215, 216, 218n, 220n, 224, 227–231, 233, 235, 243–245, 247–249
Iranian government, 81, 95, 244Iranian-Russian alliance, 60Iraq, 1, 2, 5–12, 14, 27, 28, 29, 30,
34, 38, 39, 40, 43, 48, 53, 54, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 69, 70, 71, 78, 80, 82, 83, 84n, 87, 95, 98, 99, 100, 105–112, 115–121, 125–140, 146, 147, 155, 163, 169, 170, 172, 175, 176–179, 184, 186, 196, 207, 208, 209, 212, 213, 216, 223, 225, 230, 232, 234, 243–249
Iraq-Iran war, 8, 132, 133, 140n, 210, 211, 219n. See also Iran-Iraq War
Iraqi Accordance Front, 118Isfahan, 56Islamic Revolution in Iran, 8, 13, 198,
203–205, 207–211, 217, 219n, 224, 234
Islamic State of Iraq organization, 116Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq
(ISCI), 121Islamic unity, 82, 190, 195, 198, 211,
216‘Isma, 208Isma‘il I, 52–57, 59, 62, 64, 131,
141nIsma‘il bin Bulbul, 42Isma‘ilis, Isma‘iliyya, 1, 5, 39, 40, 42,
43, 208, 210, 214, 218n, 225Israel, Israelis, 8, 9, 117, 150, 153,
154, 156, 157, 184–186, 188, 189, 191, 193, 199, 204, 205,
209, 216, 224, 230, 245, 246–248
Israel-Lebanon war, 9, 14, 245, 246Istanbul, 54, 60, 61, 81, 82, 88, 90,
92, 96–99, 102nItaly, conquest of Libya, 1911, 83Ithna ‘Ashariyya, 1, 6, 40, 75, 142n
Jabhat ‘ulama’ al-Azhar, 248Jabir ‘Abd al-Rahman, 156Ja‘far al-Sadiq, Imam, 10, 33, 34Ja‘far bin Abi Talib, 28Ja‘fari madhahb, Ja‘fariyya, 10, 29, 71,
75, 106, 133, 141n, 195, 208Ja‘farian, Rasul, 197Al-Jalabi, ‘Abd Husayn, 132Jami (Persian poet), 56Jannati, Ahmad Ayatollah, 186, 187,
229Jaysh al-Mahdi, 115–119, 123n, 136,
247. See also Mahdi ArmyAl-Jazeera TV, 138, 176, 187, 192,
250nJerusalem, 84, 152, 153, 185, 209,
218nJews, 71, 133, 166, 184, 185,
189–191, 193, 211, 246Jihad, 5, 53, 58, 80, 83, 111, 135,
152, 153, 170, 172, 174, 185, 204–206, 210–212, 214, 215, 228
Jizya, 170Jordan, 147, 156, 172, 216, 221n,
230, 234, 243Al-Juburi, Mish‘an, 138Al-Jum‘a, ‘Abd al-Husayn, 170Al-Jum‘a, Mansur, 170Junblatt, Walid, 145Jundullah, 191Junayd, Sheikh, 51, 52, 64Al-Jurjani, Mirza Makhdum, 61
Ka‘ba, 43, 76kafi r, kuffar, 7, 23, 69, 71, 72, 74,
108, 166, 246
274 ● Index
Karabakh, 60Karbala’, 3, 5, 6, 12, 27, 30, 31,
72–74, 77–79, 82, 83, 88–94, 96, 98, 101n, 102n, 106, 118, 130, 132, 141n, 173, 175, 185, 212, 236n
Karkh, 37, 39, 47Kashani, Abu al-Qasim, 207Al-Kashi, Shaykh Ibrahim, 82Kashif al-Ghita’, Ja‘far, 74, 79, 208,
218nKasr-ı Sirin, 91Kayhan, 244Kaykhusraw, Faridun, 56Kazimiyya, 91, 94, 98, 102nKemal Pasazade, Semseddin Ahmed,
54, 58, 66nKemankes Mustafa Pasha, 63Al-Khallal, Abu Salama, 33Khalifa, 113Khilafat al-Rashidin, 190khalifat Allah, the replacement of God,
114khalifat rasul allah, the replacement of
God’s Messenger, 114Al-Khalil, Samir, 126Khalili, Mirza Husayn, 82Khamenei, Ayatollah Ali, 153, 154,
187, 188, 194, 198, 224Khanaqın, 92Khaqani (Wazir), 42Al-Kharshani, Badr, 45, 47Khatami, Mohammed, 178, 196, 197,
229, 232Khawatim, 43Khomeini, 13, 110, 111, 125, 150,
152–154, 176, 183, 185, 186, 193, 195, 196, 198, 200n, 204–207, 209, 210–116, 217n, 219n, 220n, 224
Khorasan, 29–31, 33, 34, 58Khorasani, Akhund, 82Al-Khulafa’ al-Rashidun, 213Khums, 4, 153Al-Khunayzi, Abu ‘Abd al-Karim, 170
Khunji, Fadlullah b. Ruzbihan, 56Khutba, Friday prayer, 52, 53, 56, 62,
73, 112, 113, 120Khwaja ‘Ali and Ibrahim, 51Kirmanshah, 92Kufa, 27, 31, 39, 73, 112, 117, 120Kurdish, Kurds, 8, 53, 57, 58, 111,
139, 141n, 143n, 179, 245, 257nKızılbas, 52–55, 61, 62, 64
Lebanon, 1, 2, 7–10, 12, 13, 15n, 145–152, 154–159, 159n, 160n, 175, 184, 186, 210, 212, 216, 223, 243, 245, 246, 249
Litvak, Meir, 11, 100 Luristan, 61, 62, 65
Ma‘alim fi al-Tariq, 111Madelung, 39Madhhab, madhahib, 2, 9, 70–74, 127,
219n, 223, 224, 227, 233, 247Madrasa, Madaris, 53, 70, 82, 92, 93,
95–97, 99, 100Mahdi, 4, 85n, 106, 113, 114,
116–121, 123n, 142n, 208, 212. See also Hidden Imam
Mahdi Army, Jaysh al-Mahdi, 115–119, 123n, 136, 247
Majma‘ al-buhuth al-islamiyya, 231Majma‘ al-taqrib bayn al-madhahib
al-islamiyya, 224, 231, 232Malaysia, 248Al-Maliki, Nuri, 137Mamluks, 65, 85n, 88Al-Ma’mun, 39, 114Al-Mansur, Caliph, 33Al-Maqdisi, Shaykh Abu Muhammad,
246marja‘ (pl. maraji‘) al- Taqlid, 4, 100,
106, 110Maronites, 146, 154, 159Marxism, 111Mashhad, 59, 62Mashriq, 1Matar, Salim, 126, 128
Index ● 275
Mawlawi, Faysal, 245Mazandarani, ‘Abdullah, 82Mecca, 28, 32, 40, 43, 57, 60, 72,
106, 107, 136, 176, 177, 181n, 185, 207
Meclis-i umumi-yi vilayet, 93Medina, 24–27, 32–34, 57, 60, 167,
168, 176, 181nMediterranean, 53, 63Mesopotamia, 106, 128, 163Miskawayh, 41–43, 45Mongols, 210, 213, 246Montazeri, Ayatollah Hoseyn ‘Ali, 195Morocco, 207, 216, 244, 248Mosul, 106, 108Mu‘awiya, 22–26, 28, 34, 43–45, 48,
75, 229, 235Mubarak, Husni, 216, 229, 230, 234,
241n, 243Mubtadi‘un, heretics, 23, 46, 55, 63,
70, 165, 166, 180, 183, 213, 246, 248
Muhammad (Prophet), 1–4, 6, 17–20, 22, 26, 30, 32, 33, 42, 44, 73, 75, 79, 107, 110, 120, 131, 135, 166, 181n, 185, 187, 188, 190, 194, 196, 197, 212, 237n, 246
Muhammad al-Baqir, 38, 114Muhammad al-Jawad, 53Muhammad al-Qasim, 118. See also
MahdiMuhammad ‘Ali Khan, 89Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab, 164,
165Muhammad Khan, 58Muhammad Sa‘id Effendi, 96 Muharram, 3, 79, 212, 236nMuktafi , 39Mulla-bashi, 72, 74Al-Mumahhidun, 119Mu’nis, 43Al-Muntasir, 39Al-Muqtadir, 41–43Murad III, 60, 61, 65Murad IV, 63, 65
Musa al-Kazim (also Musa bin Ja‘far al-Kazim), Imam, 53, 59, 87, 109, 114
Muslim Brethren, Muslim Brotherhood, 8, 60, 109, 186, 204, 205, 207, 208, 210, 211, 215, 221n, 227, 238n, 245
Muslim Congress in Jerusalem, 1931, 84, 218n
Al-Musnad, 75Mustad‘afi n, 207Al-Mu‘tadid, 39Mustakbirin, 207Mut‘a, 4, 73, 229. See also Zawaj
mut‘aMutahhar bin ‘Abdurrahman, 61Al-Mutawakkil, 138, 187, 192, 250nMu‘tazila, 3, 73Mysticism, 64
Nadir Shah, 9, 71–74, 83, 91, 141nNajaf, 6, 9, 71, 72, 78, 79, 81–83, 88,
89, 91–95, 98, 101n, 102n, 109, 115, 117, 169, 173
Al-Najafi , Sayyid Ahmad al-Safi , 93Najafi , Shaykh Ja‘far, 74Najafi , Muhammad Hasan, 77, 78Najd, 167–169, 172, 177Nejib Pasha, 78, 79, 88–91, 96, 99Nakash, Yitzhak, 81, 91, 93Nakhjuwan, 60Namık Pasha, 88–91, 94Nasibin, 114Al-Nafi s, Ahmad Rasim, 226, 227Al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, Muhammad bin
‘Abdullah, 38Al-Naqshabandi, Muhammad Sa‘id, 81Nasr, 41, 42Nasrallah, Hasan, 14, 147, 153–155,
157, 230, 239n, 245 Nationalism, 7, 126, 127, 132, 139,
140Nazuk, 42Nigeria, 248Nihrir ‘Umari, 41
276 ● Index
Organization of the Islamic Revolution in the Arabian Peninsula, 176
Ottoman Empire, Ottomans, 5, 6, 10–12, 14n, 51–65, 69–72, 74, 77–83, 84n, 86n, 87–97, 99, 100, 101n, 105, 107, 129, 131, 141n, 169, 170
Oudh Bequest, 98, 100
Pakistan, 14n, 176, 186, 223Palestine, Palestinian, 84, 149, 153,
204–207, 209, 210, 212, 214–216, 217n, 218n, 244, 245
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 149, 205, 209
Pan-Arabism, 7, 127Pasha, Mustafa Nuri, 88Persia, 7, 56Persian Gulf, 58, 65, 147Proto-Shi‘i, 29, 189Proto-Sunni, 191
Qadhdhafi , Muammar, 149Al-Qadir, 5Qadiriyya, 58Al-Qahir, 44, 48Al-Qa‘ida, 24, 116, 135, 136, 147,
155, 163, 180, 246, 247Al-Qa’im, Caliph, 5Qajar, Qajar dynasty, 4, 10, 70, 87,
100, 206, 217nQarmatis, 39–43Qasr-i Shirin, 63Qatar, 136, 158, 231, 248Qatif, 169, 170, 173–175, 178, 181nQawmiyya, 7, 126, 127 Qayyum al-Asma’, 77, 79Qazvin, 59Qazvini, Ibrahim, 79, 80Qom, 39, 62, 119, 232Al-Qummi, Muhammad Taqi, 223,
232Qur’an, 3, 6, 55, 61, 70, 75–77, 93,
113, 150, 166, 167, 209, 211, 220n, 230, 246
Quraysh, 19, 57Qutb, Sayyid, 111, 204
Al-Radi, 45, 46, 48Rafi da, Rafi di, rawafi d, 4, 42, 166,
167, 172, 210, 246Rafsanjani, Ayatollah Akbar Hashemi,
191, 192, 235Rawlinson, Sir Henry, 78Revolutionary Guards, 150, 210Reza Shah Pahlavi, 176, 206Al-Rida, ‘Ali, 59, 191Al-Rifa‘i, Hamid, 232Rigi, ‘Abd al-Malek, 191Riyadh, 172, 173, 178, 215Rule of the jurist, 8, 110, 198. See
also Velayat-e faqihRum, 56Russia, Russian, Russians, 60, 82, 95,
189, 206
Sa‘ada, 244Sabb wa-rafd, 3, 4Sadr al-din Musa, 51Sadr City, 115Al-Sadr, Muhammad, 106Al-Sadr, Muhammad Baqir, 12,
109–112, 114, 117, 120Al-Sadr, Muhammad Sadiq, 112–114Al-Sadr, Muqtada, 12, 114–121, 130,
247 Al-Sadr, Musa, 148, 149Sadrist Movement, 115, 117, 119, 121Safavid, Safaviyya, Safavid dynasty, 4,
5, 6, 9, 10, 51–65, 70–72, 81, 87, 91, 100, 131, 138, 230
Al-Saffar, Hasan, 175178, 182nSafi I, 63Safi al-din Ishaq, 51Sahaba, 3, 10, 42, 72, 73, 75, 166,
167, 208, 211, 230, 231, 233–235
Sahkulu, 54Al-Sa‘id, Abu al-Qasim, 40Al-Salaf al-Salih, 166, 167
Index ● 277
Salafi , 8, 116, 183, 185, 223, 245–247, 251n, 260n
Samarra’, 50n, 81, 92, 94–99, 106, 116, 135–137, 247
Sarab, 62Sarıgürz, Nureddin Hamza, 54Satan, 111, 156, 186, 209bin Sa‘ud, ‘Abd al-‘Aziz, 169–174Saudi Arabia, 7, 13, 147, 151, 156,
163–165, 175–177, 179, 180, 230, 232, 243, 245
Sefer Pasha, 62Selim I, 54–57, 64, 65, 132Seyhülislam, 14n, 54, 57, 59, 70. See
also Shaykh al-Islam.Shafa‘a, 75Shafi ‘i, Shafi ‘iyya, 51, 71, 107Shahnama, 56Shahrazur, 61, 62Shahroudi, Hashemi, 188Shaltut, Mahmud, 208, 224, 232Al-Shammar, 95, 96Sharaf Khan, 58Shari‘a, 52, 54, 55, 60, 107, 215Shaybanids, 11, 65Shaykh al-Islam, 70Shaykh al-Ra’is, 82Al-Shaykh, 95, 96, 164Shaykhis, Shaykhism, 77–79Shihata, Hasan, 228, 229Shi‘i Crescent, 2, 24, 146, 186, 216,
230, 234, 243Al-Sindi, Muhammad Hayat, 167Al-Shinnawi, Hasan, 225, 236, 238Al-Shiqaqi, Fathi, 204–211, 214, 215,
218, 271Al-Shirazi, Abu al-Fadl, 37Shirazi, Mirza Hasan, 81, 94–96, 98,
100Al-Shirazi, Muhammad al-Husayni,
175, 176Al-Shirazi, Muhammad Taqi, 12, 106,
107Shirvan, 57, 58, 60–62, 65Shirvanshah Farrukh Yasar, 52
Shrine cities, 3, 6, 69, 70, 78–82, 88 Siraf, 40 Al-Sistani, ‘Ali Ayatullah, 109, 116,
134–137, 142, 247Sublime Porte, 93–97, 99Sudan, 207, 248Suez Canal, 1, 88, 89Sufi s, Sufi sm, 51, 53, 79, 88, 225Sulayman, Michel, 158Süleyman I, 54, 57–60, 65Suleyman Pasha, 89Süleymaniye, 60Sultan Ya‘qub (Mosque), 56Al-Suwaydi, ‘Abdullah, 71–74 Syria, 2, 8, 9, 27, 29, 39, 40, 48, 65,
150, 151, 155, 158, 189, 186, 204, 210, 211, 215, 218, 226, 243
Tabarru’, 52, 55, 60–62, 64Tabriz, 52, 54, 56–59, 96Tahmasp I, 52, 57–60Ta’if, 146, 151, 154Taleqani, Ayatollah Mahmud, 190Tantawi, Muhammad Sayyid, 229,
231, 233, 234, 241Tanzimat reforms, 90Taqiyya, 3, 25, 72, 75, 80, 125, 166,
189, 192, 197, 205, 212, 214, 219, 225
Taqrib, Taqrib al-madhahib (Also: Ecumenism), 9, 11–13, 72, 73, 105, 107, 109, 112, 114, 117, 136, 193, 194, 203, 204, 210, 211, 220, 223, 224, 231, 233, 241, 245, 247, 249
Al-Tasawwur al-Islami, 111Al-Taskhiri, Muhammad ‘Ali, 231, 248Tawhid, 165Tehran, 89, 95, 110, 116, 178, 184,
186, 191, 192, 204, 206, 207, 209–211, 216, 224, 228, 231, 233, 235, 244
Transoxania, 53Tunikabuni, Mirza Muhammad, 80
278 ● Index
Turkey, 10, 131Al-Tusi, Nasir al-Din, 166Twelfth Imam, 52, 85n, 116. See also
MahdiAl-‘Ubaydi, Habib, 106
Uhud (Battle), 32‘Udul, 73‘Ulama’, 4–6,11, 12, 55, 69–74,
76–84, 86, 89–91, 93, 95, 96, 99–101, 112, 115, 120, 130–133, 135, 136, 164–169, 171–177, 179–182, 191, 205, 207, 212, 215, 216, 218, 219, 230, 235, 246–248
‘Umar bin al-Khattab, 3, 53, 55, 60, 72–75, 84, 107, 111, 131, 138, 166, 190, 194, 208, 213, 214, 229, 235
‘Umar II, 23Umayyad, 7, 11, 14, 19, 22–24, 26,
27, 29, 30–32, 37, 38, 44, 119, 190, 194, 220
United Nations (UN), 117United States (US), 8, 9, 115, 117,
119, 120, 125, 130, 137, 142, 146, 147, 155, 176–178, 182, 186, 188, 189, 191, 209, 233, 243, 245, 246, 248, 255, 270
Urmiyeh, 62Usulis, 75Akhbari-Usuli Confl ict, 85, 255‘Uthman, 3, 52, 60, 73, 107, 111,
131, 208, 213, 214, 220Uzbeks, 11, 52, 58, 61, 62, 65, 71
Van, 59Velayat-e faqih, Wilayat al-faqih, 8,
150, 152, 153, 176, 198
Wahhabis, Wahhabiyya, 13, 74–77, 81, 84, 89, 90, 109, 116, 163–165, 168, 169, 171–177, 179–181, 183, 185, 190, 191, 193, 198,
199, 215, 221, 226, 228, 231, 236, 244–247, 251, 256, 262
Al-Walid bin ‘Abd al-Malik, 31Waqf, Awqaf, 92, 224, 240, 248Al-Wardani, Salih, 226–228, 236, 238,
263Al-Wardi, ‘Ali, 85, 101, 107, 108, 121,
131, 141, 263Wasatiyya, 248Wasil, Nasr Farid, 232West Bank, 117, 205World War I, 6, 10, 83, 93, 105
Yahya bin Zayd, Alid, 32Yaramazlar, 89Yemen, 14, 38, 209, 244, 250, 260Yerevan, 60, 63, 64Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Shaykh, 136, 188,
193, 216, 230–236, 239, 248, 249, 251, 256, 260, 262
Yusuf Pasha, 63. See also Emirguneoglu Tahmaspkulu Khan
Zahhak, 56Zakat, 4, 153Zanj, 48Zaqzuq, Mahmud Hamdi, 240, 248Al-Zarqawi, Abu Mus‘ab, 115, 155,
246, 250nZawaj misyar, 4Zawaj mut‘a, 4, 73, 229Zayd bin ‘Ali, 31, 38Zaydis, Zaydi, Zaydiyya, 1, 28, 29,
38–40, 48, 106, 208, 232, 240, 244, 261
Zaynab, 135, 142, 226, 266Zionism, Zionists, 84, 155, 185,
187–189, 192–194, 200, 212, 214, 233, 245, 247
Ziyarat al-qubur, Ziyarat, 74, 89Zoroastrians (majus), 7, 188Zuhab, 63Al-Zumur, ‘Abbud, 228
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