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Baya WeaverFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Baya Weaver
Male of race philippinus displaying at nest
Female of race philippinus
Conservation status
Least Concern(IUCN 3.1)[1]
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Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Ploceidae
Genus: Ploceus
Species: P. philippinus
Binomial name
Ploceus philippinus
(Linnaeus,1766)
Approximate distribution of the Baya Weaver
The Baya Weaver(Ploceus philippinus) is aweaverbird found across Southand Southeast Asia. Flocks of
these birds are found in grasslands, cultivated areas, scrub and secondary growth and they are best known for
their hanging retort shaped nests woven from leaves. These nest colonies are usually found on thorny trees or
palm fronds and the nests are often built near water or hanging over water where predators cannot reach
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easily. They are widespread and common within their range but are prone to local, seasonal movements mainly
in response to rain and food availability.
Male ofburmanicus race with the bright yellow crown
Among the population variations, three subspecies are recognized. The nominate racephilippinus is found
through much of mainland India while burmanicus is found eastwards into Southeast Asia. The population insouthwest India is darker above and referred to as subspecies travancoreensis.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Behaviour and
ecology
o
2.1 Breedi
ng
3 In culture
o 3.1 Local
names
4 References
5 Other sources
6 External links
[edit]Description
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Female (burmanicus race) feeding juvenile in Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
These are sparrow-sized (15 cm) and in their non-breeding plumage, both males and females resemble
female house sparrows. They have a stout conical bill and a short square tail. Non-breeding males and females
look alike, dark brown streaked fulvous buff above, plain (unstreaked) whitish fulvous below, eyebrow long and
buff coloured, bill is horn coloured and no mask. Breeding males have a bright yellow crown, dark brown mask,
blackish brown bill, upper parts are dark brown streaked with yellow, with a yellow breast and cream buff
below.[3][4]
[edit]Behaviour and ecology
A flock in Hyderabad, India.
Baya Weavers are social and gregarious birds. They forage in flocks for seeds, both on the plants and on the
ground. Flocks fly in close formations, often performing complicated manoeuvres. They are known to glean
paddy and other grain in harvested fields, and occasionally damage ripening crops and are therefore
sometimes considered as pests.[5] They roost in reed-beds bordering waterbodies. They depend on wild
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grasses such as Guinea Grass (Panicum maximum) as well as crops likerice for both their food (feeding on
seedlings in the germination stage as well as on early stages of grain[6]) and nesting material. They also feed
on insects (including butterflies[7]), sometimes taking small frogs[8] and molluscs, especially to feed their young.
[9] Their seasonal movements are governed by food availability. Their calls are a continuous chit-
chit-... sometimes ending in a wheezy cheee-eee-ee that is produced by males in a chorus. A lower intensity
call is produced in the non-breeding season. [10]
They are occasionally known to descend to the ground and indulge in dust bathing. [11]
In captivity, individuals are known to form stablepeck orders.[12]
[edit]Breeding
The breeding season of the Baya Weavers is during the monsoons.[2] The breeding condition is initiated by
environmental characters such as day length and comes to an end after summer although this termination is
not influenced by short day length as in temperate birds. [13]They nest in colonies typically of up to 20-30, close
to the source of food, nesting material and water. Baya Weavers are best known for the elaborately woven
nests constructed by the males. These pendulous nests are retort-shaped, with a central nesting chamber and
a long vertical tube that leads to a side entrance to the chamber. The nests are woven with long strips of paddy
leaves, rough grasses and long strips torn from palm fronds. Each strip can be between 20 and 60 cm in
length. A male bird is known to make up to 500 trips to complete a nest. The birds use their strong beaks to
strip and collect the strands, and to weave and knot them while building their nests. The nests are often built
hanging over water[14] from palm trees[15] and often suspended from thornyAcacias and in some cases from
telephone wires.[16][17][18][19][20] Although the birds prefer thorny trees, they sometimes use avenue trees in urban
areas.[21] Nests are often located on the eastern side of the tree, where they are believed to provide shelter
from the Southwest Monsoon; however, late breeders are more likely to build their nests in other orientations
relative to the trunk of the nest tree.[22] Abandoned nests are sometimes used by mice (Mus booduga)[23] and
other birds such as munias.[24][25]
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Male burmanicus at half-built nest in "helmet stage" without the entrance funnel
Nests are built mainly in colonies but isolated nests are not unknown. [26] Nests are often built from
thornyAcacia or palm trees ( mainlyPhoenix sylvestris[27] ) and hang over open water.[12]Young males may
build experimental nests among reeds.[28]In Burma, birds often build nests under the eaves of buildings, but
this habit is uncommon in India.[29]The males take about 18 days to construct the complete nest with the
intermediate "helmet stage" taking about 8 days. [30] The nests are partially built before the males begin to
display to passing females by flapping their wings and calling while hanging from their nests. The females
inspect the nest and signal their acceptance of a male. Once a male and a female are paired, the male goes on
to complete the nest by adding the entrance tunnel. Males are almost solely in charge of nest building, though
their female partners may join in giving the finishing touches, particularly on the interiors. Females may modify
the interiors or add blobs of mud.[31] A study has found that nest location is more important than nest structure
for the female when it selects the nest and mate. [32] Females prefer nests high in trees, those over dry land, and
those on thin branches.[33]
Both males and females are polygamous. Males build many partial nests and begin courting females. The male
finishes the nest only after finding a mate. The female lays about 2 to 4 white eggs and incubates them for
about 14 to 17 days.[34]Males may sometimes assist in feeding the chicks. The chicks leave the nest after
about 17 days.[10]After mating with a female the male typically court other females at other partially constructed
nests. Intraspecificbrood parasitism is known, that is, females may lay their eggs in the nests of others. [35]
Young birds leave the nest in a juvenal plumage which is replaced in their first moult after about four to six
months. The young disperse to new locations not far from their nest and young have been located up to two
kilometres away from their origin.[36]Females are capable of breeding after a year while males take half a year
longer. Prior to breeding they go through a prenuptial moult. Adults also go through a second moult after
breeding and thus there are two moults each year. [37] Histochemical studies have shown increased lipid
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metabolism in the crown region of male Baya during the breeding season. Lipids are known to be involved in
the transport of the yellow carotenoid pigments that form the crown and are subsequently metabolized. [38]
The nest, being suspended from thorny trees and overhanging water, is protected from many predators, but
nest predation by crows is not unusual. Brood may also be destroyed by lizards such as Calotes versicolor[34] or
rodents such as Vandeleuria oleracea which may take over the nest.[12] Nests may sometimes be taken over
and used for nesting byIndian Silverbills (Euodice malabarica).[39]
[edit]In culture
A widespread folk belief in India is that the Baya sticks fireflies with mud to the nest walls to light up the interior
of the nest at night. [40] Clay, however is known to be used in the nests of Baya weavers. Males alone have been
seen to add blobs of mud and dung to the nest chamber prior to pairing with a female. [40]It has been theorized
that the clay helps to stabilise the nests in strong winds. [41]
In earlier times, the Baya Weaver was trained by street performers in India for entertainment. They were
trained to fire toy cannons, string beads, pick up coins and other objects. These uses have been noted from the
time ofAkbar.
The baya is like a wild sparrow but yellow. It is extremely intelligent, obedient and docile. It will take small coins
from the hand and bring them to its master, and will come to a call from a long distance. Its nests are so
ingeniously constructed as to defy the rivalry of clever artificers.n (trans. Jarrett), iii. 122. (ca. 1590) quoted in the Hobson Jobson[42]
[edit]Local names
Tokora, Tokora chorai(Assamese); Baya, Son-Chiri(Hindi); Bayya Chirya (Urdu: ); Baya
Chadei(Oriya); Sugaran (Marathi);Tempua (Malay); Sughari(Gujarati); Babui(Bengali); Parsupu
pita, Gijigadu/Gijjigadu (Telugu); Gijuga (Kannada); Thukanam kuruvi(Malayalam);Thukanan-
kuruvi(Tamil); Wadu-kurulla, Tatteh-kurulla, Goiyan-kurulla (Sinhala); sa-gaung-gwet, mo-sa(Myanmar); Bijra (
Hoshiarpur); Suyam (Chota Nagpur).[43]
[edit]References
1. ^ BirdLife International(2012). "Ploceus philippinus".IUCN Red List of Threatened
Species. Version 2012.1.International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
2. ^ abRasmussen, P.C. & Anderton, J.C. (2005). The Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume
2. Smithsonian Edition and Lynx Edicions. p. 579.
3. ^ Salim, Ali (2002). The Book of Indian Birds, Third Edition. Oxford University Press.
pp. 64,283. ISBN0-19-566523-6.
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