Patrice Nigon on behalf of IMIA Working Group 112 | October 2019 | IMIA
Battery Storage
Patrice Nigon on Behalf of IMIAWorking Group112 , October 2019,Vienna
Patrice Nigon on behalf of IMIA Working Group 112 | October 2019 | IMIA
Presentation Plan
Patrice Nigon on behalf of IMIA Working Group 112 | October 2019 | IMIA 2
Storing Electrical Energy
Battery Energy Storage Systems
BESS Architecture
Applications of BESS’s
The Different Types of Batteries
Exposures
Li-ion Battery : Thermal Runaway
Loss Examples
Third Party Liability
Fire protection Standards and Codes
Depreciation Clause
Patrice Nigon on behalf of IMIA Working Group 112 | October 2019 | IMIA 3
Pumped Storage:The water is pumped to an upper reservoir and when energy is needed it is transferred to a lower reservoir through a turbo-generator which recuperate the mechanical energy and then transforms it into electrical energy.
Inertia wheels/Flywheels: When the electricity is in excess, it accelerate an inertia wheel coupled to a generator and the stored energy is restituted to the grid.
Power grid frequency controlIn Stephentown, New York, Beacon Power operates in a flywheel storage power plant with 200 flywheels of 25 KWh capacity and 100 KW of power. Ganged together this gives 5 MWh capacity and 20 MW of power. The units operate at a peak speed at 15,000 rpm. The rotor flywheel consists of wound CFRP fibers which are filled with resin. The installation is intended primarily for frequency control. This installation is intended primarily for frequency control. This service sold to the New York power grid.
Stadtwerke München (SWM, Munich, Germany) uses a flywheel storage power system to stabilize the power grid, as well as control energy and to compensate for deviations from energy sources. The plant originates from Jülich Stornetic GmbH. The system consists of 28 flywheels and has a capacity of 100 KWh and a capacity of 600 Kilovolt-amperes (KVA). The flywheels rotate at the speed of 45,000 rpm.
Electrical Energy Storages (1)
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Electrolysis generating H2
Gravity Energy Storage: Trains
Chemical Energy Storage Compressed Air
Electrical Energy Storages (2)
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Supercapacitor host no chemical reaction, unlike battery systems
Used in cars to store braking energy
Super capacitor propelled tram in China: 30s charge, 3-5 km run. Capacitance of 9500 farads.
Electrical Energy Storage (3)Supercapacitors
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Battery Energy Storage Systems
Patrice Nigon on behalf of IMIA Working Group 112| October 2019 | IMIA
Benchmark : 500 USD/KWh (1MWh plant)
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100
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400
500
600
700
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2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030 2032 2034 2036 2038 2040
Global cumulative storage deployments
GW
China U.S. India LatAm SE Asia Japan Germany
France Australia South Korea U.K. Other
Source: Bloomberg NEF
The combination of the falling price of Li-Ion batteries (-85% diring the last 9 years) and the emergence of renewable energy lead Bloomberg to estimate that the global energy storage market* will grow to a cumulative 942GW/2,857GWh by 2040, attracting $620 billion in investment over the next 22 years (as from 2018).
Patrice Nigon on behalf of IMIA Working Group 112 | October 2019 | IMIA 7
Battery
Thermal Mgmt. (B-TMS)
Battery
Control & Monitoring(BMS)
Battery Pack
System
Thermal. Mgmt. (S-TMS)
System
Control & Monitoring (SEM, SCADA)
Power Electronics
Conversion Unit
Power Electronics
Control & Monitoring
Transformer
Power Electronics
Thermal Mgmt.
Bettery System Operation
Power Electrics
Grid Connection
GRID
BESS ArchitectureUtility-Scale Battery Energy Storage System
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Frequency regulation (ancillary services)
Spinning reserve (SR)
Voltage or reactive power support
Load following
System peak shaving
Load management
Storing
Electric energy time (Arbitrage)
Black Start
Transmission and distribution deferral
Co-located generator firming
The Different Applications of BESS
Patrice Nigon on behalf of IMIA Working Group 112 | October 2019 | IMIA 9
Type Duration
Frequency Regulation 0.5 to 1h
Critical Power Up to 1h
Generation Enhancement Up to 1h
Renewable Integration Up to 4h
T&D Enhancement Up to 4h
Energy Cost Control Up to 4h
Micro grids & Islands Up to 4h
Capacity Peak Power Up to 6h
The Different Applications of BESSBattery Energy Storage Applications
Source: Overview of the Energy Storage Market and Fluence, an AES and Siemens Joint Venture September 6, 2018Source: Overview of the Energy Storage Market and Fluence, an AES and Siemens Joint Venture September 6, 2018
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The Different Types of Batteries
Specification Lead-acid Nickel based Lithium-ion Flow Sodium-Sulfur (NaS)
Specific energy (Wh/Kg) 30-50 Up to 120 Up to 250 Up to 150 Up to 150
Life cycles (80% DoD) 200-300 Up to 500 Up to 10.000 Up to 1.000 Up to 4.000
Safety requirements Thermally stablecan emit H2
Thermally stable, fuse protection
Protection circuit mandatory
Thermallystable
Has to be heated possibility of shorts circuits when cooling down
Cost Low Moderate High High High
Self-discharge (per month) 5% 20-30% 5-10%
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Battery Vocabulary:
Quiz What is the meaning (or example)of the following definitions:
Units of Battery Capacity
Battery State of Charge (BSOC)
Depth of Discharge
Daily Depth of Discharge
Charging and Discharging Rates
Charging and Discharging Regimes
?
?
?
?
?
?
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Fire Exposure in Li-ion batteries
Following chocs, overheating,overcharge or internal shortcircuit, Li-ion batteries areprone to catch fire, even in theabsence of air in a processuscalled Thermal Runaway (TR).The burning cell will heat theneighbouring one and the allstructure may catch fire.
Thermal Runaway
OverchargeExternal
heatExternal
short circuit
Deformation /Shock /
vibration
Heatgeneration
Uncontrolled heat generation
Internalshort circuit
Instabilittyanothe cathode
CellBurning
Reaction with electroyle
Gas formationCO, H2, CO2,
O2,…
Pressurebuild-up
Smokeformation
Extensionof the fire
Gas emission
CellOpening
Seperator-failure
Dendriteformation
Seperatormelting
Manufacturing defect separator
Cell balance,
converting(Li-dendrite
Depth discharge
(Cu-dendrite)
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Thermal Runaway: description
Thermal runaway: During a thermal runaway event, the electrolyte starts to boil and this can happen at temperatures as low as 80°C. When the electrolyte does this, the fluid expands at a drastic rate, which causes the cell to expand. Rupture of the cell enclosure causes a release of combustible gasses. The solid electrolyte interface (SEI) starts to deteriorate at around 120°C and 200°C is the point of no return, at which point the temperature will start to increase faster. An exothermic reaction commences at this stage, generating even more heat that can initiate a fire. Other cells rupturing could ultimately cause a domino effect and lead to catastrophic failure of the entire facility.
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Losses: Tokyo Sodium Sulphur Battery ‘Fire Incident’ – 2011
Internal short circuit, triggering the fire which expanded to the whole unit.
Patrice Nigon on behalf of IMIA Working Group 112| October 2019 | IMIA
Patrice Nigon on behalf of IMIA Working Group 112 | October 2019 | IMIA
Between August 2017 and May 2019:23 cases of BESS fire loss in Korea.
The largest fire loss reported was the 47MWh facility at Daesung Industrial Gas Plant, Ulsan with a value of about USD 18 million.
The four main fire causes are considered to be the following:
1. Temperature control
2. Negligence during construction
3. Operation negligence
4. PCS system and batteries not separated.
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Fire Losses:South Korea
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Third Party Liability
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Specific consideration
Due to the nature of battery energy storage systems, it is important that the underwriter clarifies what or who is a third party. For instance, the equipment can be installed in third party properties with a specific lease contract. Such documents usually define the TPL insurance requirements and can be of help to the underwriter when assessing the exposure.
Lead- Acid batteries:
Release of hydrogen or leakage of sulfuric acid or H2S gas.
Li-ion batteries:
Potential release of Fluor-hydric Acid. Very Corrosive. It dissolves the glass.
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Fire Protection Standards and Codes
Classification Standards & Codes
Manufacturing of batteries, ESS
• UL 1642: Lithium batteries
• UL 1973: Batteries for use in stationary, vehicle auxiliary power and light rail
• UL 9540: Energy storage system and equipment
Construction, installation of ESS
• NFPA 70
• NFPA 855: standards for the installation of stationary energy storage system
• IFC: The international fire code
Additionaltesting for BESS
• UL 9540A: Test method for evaluating thermal runaway fire propagation in battery energy storage systems
Introduced in 2018
NFPA 855 draft FM 05-33 IFC 2018
Registration Late 2019 Feb 2017 August 2017
Min Capacity to be applied
20kWh 20kWh 20kWh
Max allowable quantities
600kWh 600kWh 600kWh
Over 600Kwh To be installed in the dedicated building
- -
Ventilation 25% the lower flammable limit (LFL), or where the level of toxic or highly toxic gas exceeds ½ the IDI H(3)
- 25% the lower flammable limit (LFL), of where the level of toxic gas exceeds ½ the IDLH
Separation between groups and walls
Min 0.9mfor every 50kWh
Min 0.9m(If UL certified 250 kWh
Min 0.9m(If UL certied 250 kWh)
Separation between ESS enclosure
- 6m separation or minimum 1 hour thermal barrier
-
Sprinkler 0.30 gpm/ft2(Min 12.2 L/min/m2)
0.30 gpm/ft2(Min 12.2 L/min/m2)
Based on NFPA 13
Max. Sprinkler room area
230 m2 230 m2 Based on NFPA 13
Alternative fire suppression
If testing shows they are effective
- If sprinkler cannot be used
Construction(Fire rate)
1 hr 1hr 1 hr
Patrice Nigon on behalf of IMIA Working Group 112 | October 2019 | IMIA 18
Battery Storage:Depreciation Clause (Proposal)
Clauses:
Battery Energy Storage Systems Battery Depreciation Clause:
In the event of an occurrence to a component or components of electrical battery which have a life expectancy appreciably shorter than that of the energy storage system, the amount indemnifiable in respect of the items thus affected shall be depreciated.
The amount payable shall be calculated by taking into account:
1 The expired life (EL) in service hours of the component at the time of occurrence, and
2 The normal life expectancy (NLE) in hours of the component according to the plant specification
And then applying them in the relationship (1-EL/NLE) to the total replacement costs(installed within the plant) of the component.
Patrice Nigon on behalf of IMIA Working Group 112 | October 2019 | IMIAPatrice Nigon on behalf of IMIA Working Group 112 | October 2019 | IMIA 19
Questions ?
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