BASIC BLUEPRINT READING
Basic Blueprint Reading
SUBJECTS
DRAWING BASICSELECTRICAL DRAWINGSPNEUMATIC/HYDRAULIC DRAWINGSPIPING AND PI&D DRAWINGSCIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGSMACHINE DRAWINGSDRAWING BASICS
*
Basic Blueprint Reading
Objectives
Define basic industrial drawing structureDefine line typesDefine types of drawingsNote: refer to the Core Curriculum Training Guide for more detailed information concerning the subject matter of this presentation.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Purpose of Drawings
Drawings are used to convey information about a wide range items such as:Architectural building layoutsElectrical wiringPneumatic or Hydraulic layoutsLocation of equipmentHow to assemble equipmentDetails of equipmentBasic Blueprint Reading
Types of Drawings
CivilArchitecturalStructuralMechanicalPlumbingPipingPneumatic/HydraulicElectricalThis is a general list of types of drawings that can be created. The following slides will define the purpose of the drawing type what that type of drawings contains.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Engineering Drawings
A general engineering drawing can be divided into the following five major areas or parts.1.Title block
2.Grid system
3.Revision block
4.Notes and legends
5.Engineering drawing (graphic portion)
Basic Blueprint Reading
Drawing Sizes
Drawings come in a alphabetical list of sizes for A to F with D size being the most typicalA (letter)
8 by 11inches
B - 11 by 17inches
C - 17 by 22 inches
D - 22 by 34 inches
E - 34 by 44 inches
F - 28 by 40 inches
Metric sizes
A4 (210 x 297)
A3 (297 x 420)
A2 (420 x 594)
A1 (594 x 841)
A0 (841 x 1189)
There are also European sizes, such as A4, which need not be discussed here.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Title Blocks
Title blocks are the beginning point of a drawing information.XYZ COMPANY
Title blocks are typically located in the lower right corner of a drawing.
While contents from manufacturer to manufacturer may vary Title Blocks typically contain the following:
Drawing Title: identification of what the drawing containsCompany name: the company that created the drawing or manufactured the items drawinDrawing scale: the scale the drawing was drawn in to the real world size of the itemHow many sheets to the drawing there are: some drawings, especially wiring drawings and assembly drawings require many sheets to detail the item drawinWhich sheet this drawing is: what is the sheet you are currently looking at.Designer name or initials: who designed the itemWho drew the drawing, name or initialsWho checked the drawing, name or initialsDate drawing was createdRevision block to list changes to the drawing.Basic Blueprint Reading
Revision Blocks
The revision block notes any changes made to a drawingA
Throughout a drawing the revision listed in the revision block may be indicated by a symbol near the modified portion of the drawing such as:Portions of a typical revision block are:
REV: the revision usually listed alphabetically with the first revision starting at ADATE: the date the revision was madeDESCRIPTION: a short description of the change madeBY: the initials of the person making the changeCHKD BY: the initials of the person who checked the changeBasic Blueprint Reading
Parts Lists
Parts Lists are called Bill of Materials. It is a list of the material that is used to build the item that isBill of Material lists usually include the following:
ITEM: a numerical list of the items
QTY:The quantity of this item number used.
MANUF: The manufacturer of the item
DESCRIPTION: a brief description of what the item it
PART NUMBER: the part of number of the item, usually the one supplied by the manufacturer of the item.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Scales
Drawing scale is a relationship of the size or distance of the item on a drawing to the real item.For example a scale of = 1 means a measurement of inch (the quote symbol is a shorthand for inches) on the drawing equals 1 foot ( the apostrophe symbol is shorthand for feet) of the real world item.Add some more examples here of typical scaling here.
Scaling a drawing varies from Architectural to Engineering preferences.
For some examples see the table below:
Mechanical Engineer1 = full size (1/2, 1/8, etc.)2 (3, 4, etc)True size of part of true size2 times true sizeArchitect12 = 1- 06 = 1 03 = 1 0Its true size true size true sizeCivil Engineer 1 = 11 = 101 = 2 miles1/12 true size1/120 of true size1/63,360 true sizeBasic Blueprint Reading
Grid System
A drawing grid system allows a specific point on a drawing to be referenced or found.A
B
C
1
2
3
4
5
6
This point on the drawing is B-3
Because drawings tend to be large and complex, finding a specific point or piece of equipment on a drawing can be quite difficult. This is especially true when one wire or pipe run is continued on a second drawing.
To help locate a specific point on a referenced print, most drawings, especially Piping and Instrument Drawings (P&ID) and electrical schematic drawings, have a grid system.
The grid can consist of letters, numbers, or both that run horizontally and vertically around the drawing
Basic Blueprint Reading
Basic Lines
Object linesHidden linesCutting plane linesCenterlinesExtension linesDimension linesLeaders linePhantom linesThe following slides will detail the purpose each basic line type.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Object Line
The object line is a heavy, dark line which identifies the visible edges of the drawn object or the surface of an object.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Hidden Line
The hidden line is used to show features or edges of an object that is not visible. It is a broken line of medium thickness.Basic Blueprint Reading
Center Line
The center line is used to locate the center of features. It is usually a fine, broken line made of alternating short and long dashes.Basic Blueprint Reading
Dimension Line / Extension Line
Dimension Lines are used to show the extent of a dimension.Extension Lines are use to extend a point from an object.Dimension Line
Extension Line
Basic Blueprint Reading
Phantom
Phantom lines are used to represents the outline of an adjacent part.The also are used to show an alternate position of a given partPhantom
Basic Blueprint Reading
Leader
A leader is a fine line used to define a point or area. It may have a note, dimension value or a number at the end of itGrind Surface
1
Basic Blueprint Reading
Cutting Plane Line
Cutting plane lines are used to indicate where an imaginary cut is made through the object. If it is labeled the section may be redrawn in detail in another part of the drawing.A
A
Basic Blueprint Reading
Break Lines
Short Break LineBreak lines are also used to separate internal and external features with broken-out sectionsBreak lines are uses to terminate a view to conserve drawing space and avoid congestion.Basic Blueprint Reading
The break line is being used to show a part reduced in length on the drawing to conserve space.
250 feet
3
Break Lines Example
Basic Blueprint Reading
Section Lines
Section lines are used where a surface is illustrated as cut. It normally is used in a sectional view.The lines are normally drawn diagonally.Basic Blueprint Reading
Dimensioning Systems
Different systems of dimensioning are generally usedFractional inch
Decimal inch
SI Metric
Basic Blueprint Reading
Fractional Inch Dimensioning
2 Dia
21/32 Dia
3/16
1/2
1 9/16 Dia
This type of dimensioning is more commonly used in architectural drawings. Tight tolerances are difficult to achieve in the fractional inch dimensioning methods.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Decimal Inch Dimensioning
2.00
.656
.19
.50
1.56
This type of dimensioning is more commonly used in mechanical drawings since it allows more accuracy and tighter tolerances. Most measuring tools, like dial calipers are scaled in decimal.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Metric Dimensioning
50
16.5
5
13
40
The metric system is similar to the decimal system in accuracy and is used in almost all drawing outside of the United States.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Dimensioning Example
Diameter symbol
Radius
Typical
Basic Blueprint Reading
Abbreviations
Abbreviations are used to help reduce clutter and simplify drawings. A table is included in the drawing.BOTBOTTOMMHMANHOLERRADIUSC/CCENTER TO CENTERMINMINIMUMREFREFERENCECMPCORRUGATED METAL PIPENNORTHR/WRIGHT OF WAYCONCCONCRETENCNOT IN CONTACTSCHSCHEDULEDIADIAMETERNTSNOT TO SCALESFSQUARE FEETEEAST, ELECTRICALOCON CENTERSQSQUAREELELEVATIONO.D.OUSIDE DIAMETERSTASTATIONFGFINISH GRADEOHWOVERHEAD WIRESTTELEPHONEHHORIZONTALPLPROPERTY LINETYPTYPICALHPHIGH POINTPOB POINT OF BEGINNINGUNOUNLESS NOTED OTHERWISEIEINVERT ELEVATIONPOEPOINT OF ENDINGINVINVERTPPPOWER POLEBasic Blueprint Reading
Drawing Legends
Legends are boxes drawn on the drawing to illustrate some of the common or uncommon symbols used.Basic Blueprint Reading
Isometric Drawings
Isometric drawings are designed to show a three dimensional view of an object.Basic Blueprint Reading
Perspective
Perspective is a method of drawing things as the eye sees them.Vanishing point
Note: as shown in the example drawing this method distorts the image of the box. The next method of viewing, called orthographic projection is used to remove this distortion
Basic Blueprint Reading
Orthographic Drawings
Orthographic projection shows the drawn object from different viewsProjection view
Top view
Left side
Right side
Bottom
Front
Rear
The three views normally drawn are:
Top, which is sometimes called the plan view
Front, or front elevation
Right side, or right elevation
Basic Blueprint Reading
Single Line Drawings
The single line format represents all electrical lines, plumbing, air lines, hydraulic lines and piping, regardless of size, as single line. System equipment is connected to the lines are represented by simple standard symbols.By simplifying connections and equipment as single lines allow the system's equipment and instrumentation relationships to be clearly understood by the reader.These types of drawings are also called Schematics.Basic Blueprint Reading
Civil
Civil drawings are used to represent construction on the earth or ground areas.Civil drawings are sometimes called:site plans
plot plans
survey plans.
They will show contours of the earth, building locations, construction features, utilities, etc.Basic Blueprint Reading
Contour Lines
Contour lines are used in drawings called topographic maps and are used to identify physical features which uses contour lines to join points of equal elevation (height) and thus show valleys and hills, and the steepness of slopes. The elevation or height is a number drawn along the line.180
160
140
120
110
Basic Blueprint Reading
Architectural
Architectural drawings or plans are used to illustrate the design of a project.They include items such as:Working drawings
Structural drawings
Floor plans
Elevation drawings
Section drawings
Flow diagrams
See 5.2
Working drawings: have much of the information the architects design drawing contains, but is much more detailed and are used by the builders for erection of a building. The are fully dimensioned and can include specific drawings for utilities, lighting, plumbing.
Structural drawings: these drawings will include the framework of a building, the foundations, the supporting columns.
Floor Plans: these layouts show the arrangement and location of different pieces of machinery, offices and any other objects.
Elevation drawings: are related to floor plans and show the vertical views of a building.
Section drawings: sections are cutaway drawings that show details of construction and areas.
Flow diagrams: these are used when a pattern of product flow needs to be documented and are intended to show how material may flow through a plant.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Gridlines
Gridlines refers to the letters and numbers, such as A-1, which identifies the columns of a building in a drawing.Column symbol
Column A-1
A
B
C
1
2
3
Basic Blueprint Reading
Mechanical
Mechanical drawings are the plans for objects such as motors, assemblies for equipment, etc. There are many types of drawings associated with mechanical drawings such as:Exploded view
Detail
Assembly
Basic Blueprint Reading
Example Mechanical Detail
Basic Blueprint Reading
Example Assembly Drawing
Basic Blueprint Reading
An Exploded View
Basic Blueprint Reading
Pneumatic/Hydraulic
Pneumatic or Hydraulic drawings are single line drawings use symbols and lines to illustrate the connection and equipment to be used in the pneumatic or hydraulic equipment.Single Line Schematic example
Basic Blueprint Reading
Plumbing/Piping
These types of drawings are similar to pneumatic/hydraulic schematics.Single Line Plumbing Example
TEE
PIPELINE
TANK
36.00
40.00
Valve
Basic Blueprint Reading
Single Line Drawing
A Single line plumbing drawing exampleTEE
PIPELINE
TANK
36.00
40.00
Valve
Basic Blueprint Reading
Orthographic Piping Drawing
Basic Blueprint Reading
P&ID
Piping and Instrumentation DrawingsThese drawings are similar to plumbing but are intended to illustrate the complete piping system and the controlled process flow of material.All the equipment, pipelines, valves, pumps, instruments and the controls to operate the process are illustrated. They are not drawn to scale.Basic Blueprint Reading
Example P&ID
CS CONTACTOR
FRESH CIS TANK
PRODUCTION FROM SATELLITES (TYP.)
SLUG CATCHER
TEST SEPARATOR
H.P. BULK SEPARATOR
FROM FUTURE MAIN VAPOR RECOVERY UNIT
HYDROCYCLONES (TYP. 2)
FILTER SEPARATOR
COALESCING FILTER NO. 1
FILL FROM CIS TRANSPORTER
FRESH CIS CHARGE PUMPS (TYP. 2)
FRESH CIS PUMPS (TYP. 2)
Basic Blueprint Reading
Electrical
Electrical drawings are also single line drawings or schematics that uses symbols for various electrical equipment.They are usually drawn in a style called a ladder diagram.Another form of drawing is a wiring diagram which illustrates the wiring in a orthographic or pictorial style.Basic Blueprint Reading
Example Ladder
Ladder schematics or diagrams are drawn with the circuit between two vertical lines, usually the power that supplies the circuit, thus each line creates a rung to the ladder.L1
L2
Pushbutton
L
Pilot Light
115 VAC
Basic Blueprint Reading
Example Wiring Diagram
Electrical wiring diagrams draws the single lines from each device exactly as it would be wired.Basic Blueprint Reading
Electrical Schematics
Electronic schematics use symbols for each component found in an electrical circuit.L1
C1
R1
Q1
D1
C2
R3
Q2
T1
+
R4
R2
C3
VGG
-
+
-
Electronic schematics use symbols for each component found in an electrical circuit, no matter how small.
The schematics do not show placement or scale, merely function and flow.
From this, the actual workings of a piece of electronic equipment can be determined.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Summary
Review ObjectivesQuestion and Answer SessionRETURN TO MAIN MENU*
ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS
Basic Blueprint Reading
Objectives
Define how industrial electrical drawings are structured.Define Graphical SymbolsDefine Electrical wiring diagramsBasic Blueprint Reading
Types of Electrical Drawings
Wiring Diagrams -Block Diagrams -Sequence Charts Electronic Schematics -Basic Blueprint Reading
Diagrams
Electrical diagrams are commonly multi-sheet drawings of the wiring of the electrical devices associated with a main control panel, its field devices and sub-panels.It is usually drawn as a ladder diagram.Basic Blueprint Reading
Electrical Diagrams
The Diagram is drawn between vertical lines or ladder.All devices are shown between the lines and may be referenced as Single Line diagramsControlled, such as relays, devices are drawn on the right side.Contacts, switches and other controlling devices are shown between controlled device and left vertical lineOverloads and other circuit breaking devices may be connected to the right of the controlled device.Basic Blueprint Reading
Example Diagram
1FU
2FU
3FU
DISC
15 AMP
L1
L2
L3
1L1
1L2
1L3
460V
3
60
H1
H3
H2
H4
X1
H2
T
115 V
1M
1OL
2OL
1T1
1T2
1T3
2T1
2T2
2T3
1MTR
2MTR
HYDRAULIC PUMP MOTOR
3 HP 1800 RPM
FRAME 213
SPINDLE MOTOR
2 HP 1800 RPM
FRAME 184
10 AMP
4FU
10 AMP
5FU
10 AMP
7FU
10 AMP
6FU
2PB
START MOTORS
1PB
MASTER STOP
3
1
7
1M
8
1OL
9
2OL
10
1
1LT
2
4
CRM
CRM
5
11
AUTOMATIC
3PB
RESET
11
4PB
12
CRA
5PB
MANUAL
CRH
CRH
13
14
2LT
R
1M
CRM
CRA
R
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
5
CYCLE START
6PB
15
7PB
16
2CR
17
1LS
2LS
5LS
6LS
7CR
6CR
18
19
26
26
20
21
22
23
5
5
1CR
22
21
21
CRH
A
3LT
1 CR
6
MASTER RELAY 3,3
AUTOMATIC
5, 14, 16, 21
AUTOMATIC
MANUAL
6, 7, 15, 18, 23
MANUAL
CLAMP PART CONTROL
9, 33, 33, 35, 35
Basic Blueprint Reading
Lines
Wiring Field Wiring (external to panel)Basic Blueprint Reading
Connections
Wiring Not Connected
Wiring Connected
TS4-15
Termination or connection
Terminal strip and terminal designation
Terminals or terminations of wiring are shown with a dot at the crossed wiring. A common practice used to illustrate terminal strips through out drawings is to put a square around the termination dot and label that symbol with the terminal strip number followed by the terminal position on the terminal strip.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Graphical Symbols
Graphical symbols are used on electrical diagrams to illustrate the wiring between electrical devices and terminals. The electrical devices are either shown in block diagram form or using commonly defined symbols. The following symbols are but a few of those that can be used.A chart should be included on drawings to illustrate any added by the manufacturer.Basic Blueprint Reading
Graphical Symbols Contd
DISCONNECT Symbol - DISC
CIRCUIT BREAKER - CB
Or for a single CB
Note how the dashed line is used to indicate how the contacts are mechanically connected together and are operated simultaneously. This is a common practice for switches and occasionally relay contacts.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Graphical Symbols Contd
Resistor
Rheostat
or
Tapped Resistor
Potentiometer
Fuses
The similarities between the resistor, tapped resistor and rheostat is simple, they are also resistors. Just ones of different construction. Occasionally the rheostat or potentiometer symbols are interchanged since the function the similar.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Relay and Solenoid Symbols
RELAYS, TIMERS, ETC.
Normally Open Contact
Normally Closed Contact
Coil
SOLENOIDS, BRAKES, ETC.
It is a common practice to put terminal circles (as illustrated on the solenoid) at the end of the contact and coil symbols to illustrate termination numbers of the coils to plug in sockets and mounts for the relays.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Motors Symbols
DC MOTOR
3 PHASE MOTOR
or
DC MOTOR FIELD
A
A
The inductor symbol is used to define the field winding of a motor. It can be drawn in various combinations depending on the DC motor type.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Transformer Symbols
H1
H3
H2
H4
X1
X2
Secondary or Output
Primary or Input
There are many types of transformers with variations of secondary and primary windings. The symbol is usually modified to illustrate those differences and the main purpose of the symbol is to illustrate the required connection of wiring and jumpers for the proper function of the transformer. A common practice is to note the ratings of the transfomer.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Pilot Lights
PUSH-TO-TEST
R
R
The color of the light is typically noted in the symbols. R for red, W for white, B for blue, G for green and A for amber.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Limit Switch Symbols
NORMALLY OPEN
NORMALLY CLOSED
HELD CLOSED
HELD OPEN
NORMALLY CLOSED
HELD OPEN
NORMALLY OPEN
HELD CLOSED
Note: if more than one contact is contained in the limit switch assembly then the contacts will be connected by a dashed line symbolically.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Proximity Switch Symbols
PROXIMITY SWITCH
Normally Closed
Normally Open
Basic Blueprint Reading
Liquid Level Switches
NORMALLY OPEN
NORMALLY CLOSED
Basic Blueprint Reading
Thermal Switch
NORMALLY OPEN
NORMALLY CLOSED
Basic Blueprint Reading
Pressure Switch
NORMALLY OPEN
NORMALLY CLOSED
Basic Blueprint Reading
Foot Switches
NORMALLY OPEN
NORMALLY CLOSED
Basic Blueprint Reading
Toggle Switch
Basic Blueprint Reading
Flow Switches
NORMALLY OPEN
NORMALLY CLOSED
This can refer to air flow switches or liquid flow switches.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Selector Switch
2-POSITION
3-POSITION
First Position
Off Position
Second Position
Circuit is connected when switch is in this position.
For a multiple position selector switch each position of the switch is illustrated with a dashed line. Where contacts are made in the circuit at dot or an X is used to show when a circuit is connected when the switch is rotated to that position. Normally the off position is illustrated at the center with the contacts drawn in the state of the off position. For switches with more than three positions more dashed lines are add with labels to illustrate the position.
For a two position selector switch the state of the contacts are drawn in the off or first position of the switch. When the switch is operated the contacts will change with the open contacts closing and the closed contacts opening.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Pushbuttons
DOUBLE CIRCUIT
SINGLE CIRCUIT
NORMALLY OPEN
NORMALLY CLOSED
Pushbuttons with multiple contacts, see double circuit, are connected by a dashed line to illustrate the switch is one assembly. If contacts of a switch are on different sheets of a drawing the dashed line will have a cross reference to the sheet and line number the other contact is on.
Basic Blueprint Reading
E-Stop Pushbuttons
Also can be called mushroom head pushbuttons.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Time Delay Relay
ENERGIZED
DE-ENERGIZED
NORMALLY OPEN
NORMALLY CLOSED
Basic Blueprint Reading
One-line diagram example
A one-line diagram uses single lines and graphic symbols to indicate the path and components of an electrical circuit.Fuse symbol
Pushbutton symbol
Switch symbol
Single line conductors
M
PLC
Controller symbol
Motor symbol
Basic Blueprint Reading
Control Device Labeling
Control devices, that are represented in the wiring diagrams, are photocells, limit switches, local lights, solenoids, air pressure switches, etc. are identified by wiring diagram line number or I/O address if a PLC is controlling it.When a line number is used, such as 211LS, the 2 indicates that the device is on page two line 11 of the Wiring Diagram (WD) drawing.111PB
111CR
211Sol
211LS
210
211
Control devices, that are represented in the wiring diagrams, are photocells, limit switches, local lights, solenoids, air pressure switches, etc.
These control devices can be identified by the wiring diagram line number or by I/O address and are represented on both "WD" and "EL drawings for a control area. The device will have a suffix as follows; photocells (PE), proximity switch (PRS), limit switches (LS), local lights (LS), solenoids (SOL), air pressure switches (PS), tape switch (FS), etc. When a line number is used, such as 211LS, the 2 indicates that the device is on page two line 11 of the "WD" or wiring diagram and that it is a limit switch.
When the I/O address is employed, a leading digit of "I" or ."1 " is used for inputs. For Example; I0056PE or 10056PE indicates a photocell connected to input address 56. A leading digit of "O" or "0" is used for outputs. For Example; O0037ll or 00037lL indicates a local light connected to output address 37.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Wiring and Wire Identification
Wiring color codeBLACK - Line, Load and Control Circuits at Line Voltage
RED AC Control Circuits
BLUE DC Control Circuits
YELLOW Interlock Control Circuits
GREEN Equipment grounding
WHITE Grounded Circuit Conductor
Wire IdentificationConductors are identified at each termination by marking with a number to corresponding with the diagram on the wire
To differentiate between different voltages, controls, etc., a specification of wire color is set as an industry standard. Conductors are usually color-coded as follows:
(1) Black--Line, load and control circuits at line voltage, AC or DC.
(2) Red--AC control circuits.
(3) Blue--DC control circuits.
(4) Yellow--Interlock control circuits wired from an external power source.
(5) Green (with or without a yellow stripe)--Equipment grounding conductors.
(6) White--Grounded circuit conductor.
The labeling of wiring, cables and terminals is also a standard used.
Conductors are identified at each termination by marking with a number to corresponding with the diagram on the wire
Terminals on terminal blocks shall be plainly and permanently marked to correspond with the identification shown on the electrical diagram(s).
Basic Blueprint Reading
Device Designations
The device designations or abbreviation, such as examples below, are used on diagrams in connection with the corresponding graphical symbols to indicate the function of the particular device.CB - Circuit Breaker LS Limit Switch
CR - Control RelayT - Transformer
FU - Fuse MTR - Motor
LT - Pilot LightDISC Disconnect
OL - Overload Relay
PB - Pushbutton
S - Switch
Basic Blueprint Reading
Line Numbers
Each line in a electrical drawing should be numbered starting with the top line and reading down.Line Numbers
L1
L2
Pushbutton
CR1
Relay
115 VAC
Solenoid
Limit Switch
CR2
Pressure Switch
Foot Switch
Temperature Switch
Relay
1
2
3
4
If a drawing has multiple sheets the line number will have the sheet number in front of it. For example sheet 1 the first line is 101 and on the second sheet the first line is 201
Basic Blueprint Reading
Wire-Reference Numbers
Wire Numbers
L1
L2
Pushbutton
CR1
Relay
115 VAC
Relay
Limit Switch
CR3
Foot Switch
Relay
1
3
4
2
CR2
CR1
CR1
CR3
CR2
( 2, 3 )
( 4 )
( 1 )
1
2
3
4
1
1
1
2
4
4
5
6
7
8
Wire-Reference Numbers
Each wire in a control circuit is assigned a reference point (number) on a line diagram to keep track of the different wires that connect the components in the circuit.Each reference point is assigned a reference number.Reference numbers are normally assigned from the top left to the bottom right.Basic Blueprint Reading
Numerical Cross Reference
Cross Reference to Line Numbers
L1
L2
Pushbutton
CR1
Relay
115 VAC
Relay
Limit Switch
CR3
Foot Switch
Relay
1
3
4
2
CR2
CR1
CR1
CR3
CR2
( 2, 3 )
( 4 )
( 1 )
Numerical cross-reference systems are required to trace the action of a circuit in complex line diagrams.
Common rules help to quickly simplify the operation of complex circuits.
NO Contacts
Relays, contactors, and magnetic motor starters normally have more than one set of auxiliary contacts. These contacts may appear at several different locations in the line diagram. Numerical cross-reference systems quickly identify the location and type of contacts controlled by a given device. A numerical cross-reference system consists of numbers in parenthesis to the right of the line diagram.NC Contacts
In addition to NO contacts, there are also NC contacts in a circuit.To differentiate between NO and NC, NC contacts are indicated as a number which is underlinedBasic Blueprint Reading
Terminal Numbers
L1
L2
Pushbutton
CR1
Relay
115 VAC
Relay
Limit Switch
CR3
Foot Switch
Relay
1
3
4
2
CR2
CR1
CR1
CR3
CR2
( 2, 3 )
( 4 )
( 1 )
1
2
3
4
1
1
1
2
4
4
5
6
7
8
1
3
5
6
1
3
2
10
2
10
2
10
Manufacturers of electrical relays, timers, counters, etc., include numbers on the terminal connection points.
These terminal numbers are used to identify and separate the different component parts (coil, NC contacts, etc) included on the individual pieces of equipment.Manufacturers terminal numbers are often added to a line diagram after the specific equipment to be used in the control circuit is identified.Basic Blueprint Reading
Panel/Door Layouts
Panel Layout. Door Layout47
51
52
53
55
1T1
1T2
1T3
271
272
2T3
1
2
3
4
5
460 V
1TB
9 TERM.
3TB
29 TERM.
2TB
36 TERM.
115 V
115 V
1FU 2FU 3FU
DISC
9
9 1/2
2OL
1 1/2 X 3
1 X 3
4FU
5FU
6FU
7FU
1 1/2 X 3
1 1/2 X 3
1 1/2 X 3
1 1/2 X 3
1 1/2 X 3
1 1/2 X 3
1 1/2 X 3
115 V
1FT8 8 TERM
60
60
8FU
62
62
9FU
64
64
10FU
66
66
11FU
68
60
12FU
70
70
13FU
15 1/8
5 1/2
26 1/2
7 1/2
6 1/2
7 1/8
1CR
6CR
1OL
1M
T
115V
460V
CRM
CRA
CRH
2CR
3CR
4CR
5CR
9CR
7CR
8CR
10PB
CYCLE UNCLAMP
8PB
HEAD FORWARD
9PB
HEAD RETURN
11PB
EMERG. RETURN
3PB
RESET
1PB
MASTER STOP
2PB
START MOTORS
4PB
AUTOMATIC
5PB
MANUAL
12PB
EMERG. RESET
R
9LT
LUBE FAULT
G
6LT
HEAD RETRACTED
A
5LT
FULL DEPTH
A
7LT
CLAMPS ARE IN
R
1LT
MOTORS RUNNING
R
2LT
A
3LT
MANUAL
R
4LT
EMERG. RETURN ACTIVE
AUTOMATIC
Panel and door layouts are usually a part of the electrical wiring diagrams to show the location of the devices that are mounted in the panel.
Panel Layout. - The physical position or arrangement of the components on a panel or chassis. In a panel layout the parts (such as relays, fuses, terminals for wiring, wire duct or raceways, etc.) are mounted on a removable back plate within a enclosure.
The parts are usually shown in a block form in their general location and in the size or window area the component will take on the plate.
All the components must be labeled as they are on the drawings and the terminal numbering should match terminal notes in the schematic.
The panel layout is a sheet of the overall electrical diagram.
Door Layout. The panel door layout illustrates the location of all the pushbuttons, switches, lights, etc., and labels for those components.
BOM - with it a BOM (Bill of Materials) is also drawn which lists all the components, by manufacturers part numbers, that are contained within the electrical drawings and panel assembly, of which the back plate and door is but a part.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Drawing Identification
PrefixType of DrawingDescriptionADAir Diagram (Mechanical)These are detailed air Schematic drawings. They show the assembly, material list, and air piping diagram for the air operated devices.EScale Layout (Mechanical)These are drawings of a conveyor or part of a conveyor. Used for construction. Individual sheets are numbered starting from No.1.ELElectrical Layout (Electrical)These drawings dimensionally locate all electrical equipment on a layout drawing. They are directly referenced to the WD or control panel by the suffix to the EL number.EMElectro Mechanical (Electrical)These drawings are for electro mechanical devices used on a job. Example; a code card of limit switch operator, etc. They are numbered consecutively for the job.EOGeneral Layout (Mechanical)These drawings are dimensionally to scale, but used for general purposes, e.g., complete plant layout to small scale, including many conveyors. Individual sheets are numbered starting from No. 1.HOHydraulic Diagram (Mechanical)This is a drawing of a hydraulic control circuit.PLPneumatic Layout (Mechanical)These drawings show the placement of pneumatic devices in relation to the conveyor path. This type of drawing will also reference which of the air diagram drawings (AD) are associated to a pneumatic device.WDWiring Diagram (Electrical)This complete engineering of an area control includes: schematics, panel layout, and pushbutton stations.WDOGeneral Information (Electrical)This drawing is used to convey general information relative to the system control.The table above illustrates a general list of how manufacturers may identify drawing numbers.
For example if a drawing number is WD200 we then know it is a wiring diagram and if a drawing is numbers EL100 we know it is an electrical layout which will show the location of the devices in the plant.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Block Diagrams
Block diagrams are simple block diagrams which provides a means to illustrate a control system in a simple graphic format.Block diagrams are also used to provide functional information.Block diagrams are also used to illustrate the interconnection of different machinesWhere the complexity or the control system warrants. a block diagram of control functions may be furnished. Each block shall be identified and cross-referenced in a manner that the internal circuitry may be found readily on the elementary diagram.
Not all electronics prints are drawn to the level of detail depicting the individual controls and devices, nor is this level of information always necessary. These simpler drawings are called block diagrams. Block diagrams provide a means of representing any type of electronic circuit or system in a simple graphic format.
Block diagrams are designed to present flow or functional information about the circuit or system, not detailed component data.
Whatever the block represents will be written inside.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Example Block Diagram
Process 1 starts if limit switch on
Start pushbutton on
Process 1 stops if limit switch off
Basic Blueprint Reading
Sequence Charts
SEQUENCE OF OPERATION
PRESS START MOTORS PUSHBUTTON 2PB MOTORS START MOTORS RUNNING LAMP 1LT ARE ENGERGIZED.PRESS EITHER AUTOMATIC 4PB OR MANUAL 5PB PUSHBUTTON, CORRESPONDING RELAY AND LAMP ARE ENERGIZED.NOTE: TO SWITCH FROM MANUAL TO AUTOMATIC. OPERATOR MUST PRESS RESET PUSHBUTTON 3PB BEFORE PRESSING AUTOMATIC PUSHBUTTON 4PB.
AUTOMATIC CYCLE WITH MOTORS RUNNING AND CRA ENERGIZED. MACHINE IS SET FOR AUTOMATIC CYCLE HEAD MUST BE RETRACTED AND PART UNCLAMPED TO START CYCLE.OPERATOR LOADS PART IN FIXTURE AND PRESSES BOTH CYCLE START PUSHBUTTONS 6PB AND 7PB ENERGIZING 1CR (SOL A AND SOL C) TO CLAMP PARTCLAMPED PART TRIPS 1LS AND 2LS. ENERGIZING 8CR RELAY 3CR (SOL E) IS ENERGIZED MEMENTARILY STARTING HEAD FORWARD IN RAPID ADVANCE. HEAD CAMS VALVE INTO FEED.WHEN HEAD IS IN FORWARD POSITION, 3LS IS TRIPPED, ENERGIZING RELAY 5CR.5CR CONTACT ENERGIZES RELAY 4CR (SOL F) AND HEAD RETURNS.WHEN HEAD IS FULY RETRACTED, 4LS IS TRIPPED, DE-ENERGIZING 4CR AND ENERGIZING 7CR WHICH ENERGIZES 6CR (SOL B AND SOL D) UNCLAMPING PART.WHEN PART IS UNCLAMPED, 5LS AND 6LS ARE TRIPPED, DE-ENERGIZING RELAY 6CR.2CR RELAY PREVENTS MACHING RE-CYCLING IF BOTH CYCLE START PUSHBUTTONS ARE NOT RELEASED.Sequence of Operation: A written detailed description of the order in which electrical devices and other parts of the equipment should function.
Sequence charts can also be tables illustrating the steps and timing of certain operations.
Sequence charts or routines are usually added as a sheet in equipment drawings if necessary.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Electrical Layouts - EL
Electrical layouts are architectural drawings of the building that shows and identifies the electrical devices associated with a electrical diagram.The numbering system, for the set of drawings which shows the conveyor path and relative equipment locations with dimensions of all electrical devices external to an electrical control panel, starts with a two letter prefix "EL" for Electrical Layout Following the "EL" is a number that represents the control panel. Following this number is a sheet number.
For example; drawing number EL-XXX-2 would be an electrical layout drawing associated with XXX electrical control panel and sheet number 2 in the set.
The first few sheets, in a set of "EL drawings, are conveyor path or equipment location layouts. These drawings show the approximate location of externally mounted electrical devices associated to that particular control panel.
The next sheet(s) are the electrical equipment schedules. These drawing sheets state the device number, mounting bracket type, means of actuation, function, and manufacture's name/part number for the externally mounted devices.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Wiring Connection Diagrams
Wiring (connection) diagram a diagram that shows the connection of an installation or its component devices or parts. This type of wiring diagram shows, as closely as possible, the actual location of each component in a circuit, including the control circuit and the power circuit.Basic Blueprint Reading
Wiring Diagram Example
Motor
T1
T2
T3
Overload Contact
Thermal Overloads
Start
Stop
M
Motor Starter Coil
M (aux)
NO
M
M
M
Wiring diagrams are used to show as closely as possible the actual location of each component and wire termination in a circuit.
Question: Does this circuit function like the Start Circuit Ladder Diagram previously viewed.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Electronic Schematics
Electronic schematics use symbols for each component found in an electrical circuit.L1
C1
R1
Q1
D1
C2
R3
Q2
T1
+
R4
R2
C3
VGG
-
+
-
Electronic schematics use symbols for each component found in an electrical circuit, no matter how small. The schematics do not show placement or scale, merely function and flow. From this, the actual workings of a piece of electronic equipment can be determined.Basic Blueprint Reading
Summary
Review ObjectivesQuestion and Answer SessionRETURN TO MAIN MENUPNEUMATIC / HYDRAULIC DRAWINGS
*
Basic Blueprint Reading
Objectives
Define Fluid Logic SymbolsDefine Fluid Logic Diagrams DefineBasic Blueprint Reading
Shapes
Shapes and lines that are used to construct symbols and circuits:These shapes and lines in the relative proportions shown, make up a set of basic symbols from which fluid power symbols and circuits are constructed
Basic Blueprint Reading
Is it Hydraulic or Pneumatic
Pneumatic and Hydraulic drawings look very similar and the subject is usually referred to as Fluid PowerThe basic difference is Flow symbol.If filled it is hydraulic and unfilled identifies pneumatic.HYDRAULIC
PNEUMATIC
Basic Blueprint Reading
Fluid Power Drawings
This type of drawing, like electrical drawings are also considered single line drawings.The line is either an air or hydraulic line connected to a deviceThe devices are shown as symbols whose intent is show the fluid flow and mechanical operation of the device as well as type of device.Basic Blueprint Reading
Flow lines
Unconnected lines shown crossing
Connected lines are illustrated with a connection dot
Single
Hose usually connecting
parts with relative movement
Flexible
line
Four way junction
Flow line
or
17
Basic Blueprint Reading
Basic Line Symbols
Line
Working line, pilot supply, return, electrical
Chain
Enclosure of two or more functions in one unit
Dashed
Pilot control, bleed, filter
Line
Electrical line
Spring
1
2
3
12
10
14
Basic Blueprint Reading
Circle Shapes
Circles
energy conversion units
measuring instrument
mechanical link
roller
10
Basic Blueprint Reading
Squares and Rectangles
Square at
45o
conditioning apparatus
connections to corners
Square
control component
connections perpendicular to sides
Rectangle
cylinders and valves
Basic Blueprint Reading
Squares and Rectangles
certain control methods
Rectangles
piston
Basic Blueprint Reading
Basic Symbols
rotary actuator, motor or pump with limited angle of rotation
Semi-circle
mechanical connection
piston rod, lever, shaft
Double line
Capsule
pressurised reservoir air receiver, auxiliary gas bottle
13
Basic Blueprint Reading
Functional Elements
Long sloping indicates
adjustability
Arrow
Spring
Triangle
Direction and nature of fluid,
open pneumatic or filled
hydraulic
15
Basic Blueprint Reading
Functional Elements
Straight or sloping path and flow direction, or motion through a device
Arrows
Restriction
Tee
Closed path or port
15
Basic Blueprint Reading
Functional Elements
Seating or connection used in check valves and connectors
Curved arrows are used to illustrate rotary motion
clockwise from right hand end
Shaft rotation
both
16
Basic Blueprint Reading
Functional Elements
Indication or control
size to suit
Temperature
Operator
Opposed solenoid windings
Prime mover
M
Electric motor
M
16
Basic Blueprint Reading
Function components
Silencer
Pressure to electric switch preset
Pressure to electric switch adjustable
Basic Blueprint Reading
Function components
Uni-directional flow regulator
Rotating joint
Pressure indicator
Pressure drop indicator
Basic Blueprint Reading
Plant
Air receiver
Isolating valve
Air inlet filter
Compressor and electric motor
M
Basic Blueprint Reading
Combination units
FRL with shut off valve and pressure gauge
Lubro-control unit
Filter and lubricator
FRL Combined unit
Filter regulator with gauge
Basic Blueprint Reading
Filters
Filter with manual drain
Filter with automatic drain
Filter with automatic drain and pressure drop indicator
Basic Blueprint Reading
Pressure regulators
A pressure regulator symbol represents a normal state with the spring holding the regulator valve open to connect the supply to the outlet.Adjustable Regulator with pressure gauge simplified
Adjustable Regulator simplified
The dotted line represents the feedback, this opposes the spring and can vary the flow through the valve from full flow, through shut off, to exhaust. The symbol is usually drawn in only this one state. The flow path can be imagined to hinge at the right hand end to first shut off the supply then connect to the exhaust.Basic Blueprint Reading
Pressure relief valves
A pressure relief valve symbol represents a normal state with the spring holding the valve closed.Adjustable relief valve simplified
Preset relief valve simplified
The dotted line represents feed-forward, this opposes the spring and can be imagined to lift the flow path. When the pressure reaches an excess value the flow path will line up with the ports and flow air to relief.Basic Blueprint Reading
Pressure regulators
Pre-set relieving
Adjustable relieving
Adjustable relieving with pressure gauge
Pre-set relieving with pressure gauge
Basic Blueprint Reading
Valve symbol structure
The function of a valve is given by a pair of numerals separated by a stroke, e.g. 3/2..The first numeral indicates the number of main ports. These are inlets, outlets and exhausts but excludes signal ports and external pilot feeds.The second numeral indicates the number of states the valve can achieve.Basic Blueprint Reading
Valve symbol structure
A 3/2 valve therefore has 3 ports (normally these are inlet, outlet and exhaust) and 2 states (the normal state and the operated state)The boxes are two pictures of the same valvenormal
operated
Basic Blueprint Reading
Basic Valve Symbols
Valve switching positions are illustrated with squares on a schematic. The number of squares is used to illustrate the quantity of switching positions.Lines within the boxes will indicate flow paths with arrows showing the flow direction. Shut off positions are illustrated by lines drawn at right angles to the flow path.Junctions within the valve are connected by a dot.Inlet and outlet ports to the valve are shown by lines drawn to the outside of the box that represents the normal or initial position of the valveBasic Blueprint Reading
Valve symbol structure
A valve symbol logic block will show the symbols for each position of the valve states joined end to end as illustrated in the next slide.normal
operated
Basic Blueprint Reading
Valve symbol structure
Each valve logic state is illustrated with its state block joined end to endnormal
operated
Basic Blueprint Reading
Valve symbol structure
The port connections are shown to only one of the diagrams to indicate the prevailing statenormal
Basic Blueprint Reading
Valve symbol structure
The operator for a particular state is illustrated against that stateOperated state
produced by
pushing a button
Basic Blueprint Reading
Valve symbol structure
The operator for a particular state is illustrated against that stateOperated state
produced by
pushing a button
Normal state
produced by
a spring
Basic Blueprint Reading
Valve symbol structure
The operator for a particular state is illustrated against that stateOperated state
produced by
pushing a button
Normal state
produced by
a spring
Basic Blueprint Reading
Valve symbol structure
The valve symbol can be visualised as moving to align one state or another with the port connectionsBasic Blueprint Reading
Valve symbol structure
The valve symbol can be visualised as moving to align one state or another with the port connectionsBasic Blueprint Reading
Valve symbol structure
The valve symbol can be visualised as moving to align one state or another with the port connectionsBasic Blueprint Reading
Valve symbol structure
A 5/2 valve symbol is constructed in a similar way. A picture of the valve flow paths for each of the two states is shown by the two boxes. The 5 ports are normally an inlet, 2 outlets and 2 exhaustsBasic Blueprint Reading
Valve symbol structure
The full symbol is then made by joining the two boxes and adding operators. The connections are shown against only the prevailing stateBasic Blueprint Reading
Valve symbol structure
The full symbol is then made by joining the two boxes and adding operators. The connections are shown against only the prevailing stateBasic Blueprint Reading
Valve symbol structure
The full symbol is then made by joining the two boxes and adding operators. The connections are shown against only the prevailing stateBasic Blueprint Reading
Valve symbol structure
The boxes can be joined at either end but the operator must be drawn against the state that it produces. The boxes can also be flippedA variety of symbol patterns are possiblenormally
closed
normally
open
Basic Blueprint Reading
Operators
General manual
Push button
Pull button
Push/pull button
Lever
Pedal
Treadle
Operators of a valve are drawn to the side of a valve box to the side of the box it will be operating. Some operator types are:
Rotary knob
27
Basic Blueprint Reading
Operators Contd
Plunger
Spring normally as a return
Roller
Uni-direction or one way trip
Pressure
Pilot pressure
Differential pressure
Detent in 3 positions
27
Basic Blueprint Reading
Operators Contd
Solenoid direct
Solenoid pilot
Solenoid pilot
with manual override
and integral pilot supply
Solenoid pilot
with manual override and external pilot supply
Electrical
When no integral or external pilot supply is shown it is assumed to be integral
27
Basic Blueprint Reading
Port markings
The valve connections can be labelled with capital letters or numbers as follows:
AlphabeticalDesignationsNumericalDesignationsWorking LinesA, B, C .. O (excludes L)2, 4, 6 . . . .Leakage FluidL 9Supply AirP 1ExhaustR, S, T ..W 3, 5, 7 Pilot LinesZ, Y, X ..12, 14, 16, 18Basic Blueprint Reading
Port Markings Examples
1
2
12
10
1
2
4
5
3
14
12
1
2
4
3
14
12
1
2
3
12
10
29
Basic Blueprint Reading
Port Markings
1
2
12
10
1
2
4
5
3
14
12
1
2
4
3
14
12
1
2
3
12
10
29
Basic Blueprint Reading
Simplified cylinder symbols
Single acting the load returns cylinder to original position
Single acting with spring returning cylinder to original position
Double acting moved by fluid from either end
Basic Blueprint Reading
Rotary actuators
Semi rotary double acting
Rotary motor single direction of rotation
Rotary motor bi-directional
Basic Blueprint Reading
Example Pneumatic Schematic
1
3
1
2
OR1
3
2
12
1
5
4
14
3
2
12
1
5
4
14
1
3
1
2
OR3
1
2
4
3
1
2
4
3
1
2
3
1
3
1
2
OR2
1
3
1
2
OR4
3
2
12
1
5
4
14
#9
3
1
2
PS1
2
1
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
2-2
2-2
2-2
NTD1
NTD2
NTD3
NTD4
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
#3
#7
#4
#2
#1
#8
#9
#10
#11
#22
#25
5
1
3
5
1
3
#12
CLAMP PB4
UNCLAMP PB5
ROTATE ADV. PB6
ROTATE RET. PB7
CLAMP CLOSED LV1
#5
#6
#25
#1
#1
#1
#12
#2
COMMON PB3
DOWN PB2
UP PB1
#1
#22
#17
#13
#16
#21
#20
#19
#15
#18
#24
#14
R1
CLAMP PRESSURE
COMBINATION BLOCKING VALVE & FLOW CONTROL
BV1
BV2
BV3
BV4
CLAMP SAFETY PB8
CLAMP CYL. A1
ROTATE SAFETY PB9
ROTATE CYL. B1
PV3
PV2
PV1
CLAMP EXTEND
CLAMP RETRACT
ROTATE ADVANCE
ROTATE RETURN
RAISE DISABLE
RAISE ENABLE
#0
#23
#8
#10
#11
#13
BALANCER VALVE
Basic Blueprint Reading
Summary
Review ObjectivesQuestion and Answer SessionRETURN TO MAIN MENUPIPING AND PI&D DRAWINGS
*
Basic Blueprint Reading
Objectives
Define Piping DrawingsIdentify Piping SymbolsDefine Process and Instrumentation Drawings (P&ID)Identify P&ID SymbolsBasic Blueprint Reading
Symbols and Drawings
Piping drawings show the size and location of pipes, fittings, and valves.To read and interpret Piping drawings and Piping and Instrument drawings (P&IDs), the student must learn the meaning of the symbols. This presentation discusses some the common symbols that are used to depict system components.Basic Blueprint Reading
Piping Drawings
The single line format is most commonly used in Piping and P&ID drawings. The single line format represents all piping, regardless of size, as single line. All system equipment is represented by simple standard symbols.Basic Blueprint Reading
Pipe Crossing
The crossing of pipes without connections is normally shown without interrupting the line. When there is a need to show that one pipe must pass behind another, the line representing the pipe farthest may be shown with a break, where the other pipe passes in front of itFar pipe
Near pipe
Basic Blueprint Reading
Connections
Permanent connections, whether made by welding, gluing or soldering, may be shown as a heavy dot Detachable connections are shown by a single thick line.Detachable connection
Permanent connection
Adjoining apparatus
Detachable connection such as a flange
Basic Blueprint Reading
Fittings
If standard symbols for fittings like tees, elbows, crossings are not shown on a drawing, they are represented by a continuous line. A circular symbol for a tee or elbow may be used when necessary to show piping coming toward or moving away from the viewer.Pipe Going Away
Pipe Coming Towards
Rear view flange
Front view flange
Pipe Line Without Flanges
Pipe Line with flanges connected to ends
Basic Blueprint Reading
Single Line example
ELBOW
TEE
ELBOW
COUPLING
(JOINT)
CHECK VALVE
REDUCER
45 ELBOW
GLOBE VALVE
CROSS
PLUG
UNION
GATE VALVE
Y-FITTING
CAP
Note: see pictorial drawing of this circuit in the following slides
Basic Blueprint Reading
Pictorial Drawings
Pictorial or double line drawings present the same type information as a single line, but the equipment is represented as if it had been photographed. This format is rarely used since it requires much more effort to produce than a single line drawing and does not present any more information as to how the system functions.Basic Blueprint Reading
Pictorial example
Orthographic Pipe DrawingELBOW
TEE
COUPLING (JOINT)
GLOBE VALVE
CHECK VALVE
PLUG
CROSS
UNION
GATE VALVE
CAP
Y-FITTING
45 ELBOW
REDUCER
Refer back to the previous single line drawing and compare the single line diagram to the orthographic view.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Common Piping Symbols Comparison
90 Elbows
Straight Tee
Reducing Tee
Sanitary Tee
P-Trap
Gate Valve
Pictorial
Symbol
Basic Blueprint Reading
Valves
Valves are used to control the direction, flow rate, and pressure of fluidsGATE VALVE
GLOBE VALVE
CHECK VALVE
CONTROL VALVE
PLUG VALVE
BALL VALVE
BUTTERFLY VALVE
See 1016v1 for symbols
Basic Blueprint Reading
P&IDs
The piping of a single system may contain more than a single medium. Forexample, although the main process flow line may carry water, the associated auxiliary piping may carry compressed air, inert gas, or hydraulic fluid. Also, a fluid system diagram may also depict instrument signals and electrical wires as well as piping. The following slide shows some commonly used symbols for indicating the medium carried by the piping and for differentiating between piping, instrumentation signals, and electrical wires.Basic Blueprint Reading
Process and Instrumentation Drawings P&IDs
These process flow diagrams include:Pipe line numbers and directions
Pipe specifications and line sizes
All equipment
All valves
All Instrumentation with controlling devices
Basic Blueprint Reading
Lines
MAJOR PROCESS LINES - PIPE
MINOR PROCESS LINES
PROCESS TUBING
ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT SIGNAL
ELECTRICAL LEADS
PNEUMATIC LINES (GAS OR AIR)
HYDRAULIC LINES
INSTRUMENT CAPILLARY TUBING
The piping of a single system may contain more than a single medium. For example, the main process flow line may carry water, the associated auxiliary piping may carry compressed air, inert gas, or hydraulic fluid. Also, a P&ID diagram drawing may illustrate instrument signals and electrical wiring as well as piping.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Valve Symbols
Globe Valve Normally Closed
Needle Valve Normally Closed
Ball Valve Normally Open
Ball Valve Normally Closed
Needle Valve Normally Open
Two Valve Manifold
Butterfly Valve
Gate Valve Normally Closed
Valve Normally Closed
Valve Normally Open
Globe Valve Normally Open
Gate Valve Normally Open
Blind Flanged Generic Valve
Note: the generic valve is commonly used on drawings with the valve state noted next to it
N.C.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Control Valve Actuators
Some valves are provided with actuators to allow remote operation, to increase mechanical advantage, or both. Below are a few symbols for the common valve actuators.Manual
Piston
Diaphragm
Electric Motor
Solenoid
The combination of a valve and an actuator is commonly called a control valve.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Balloon Labeling
A control valve may serve any number of functions within a fluid system. To differentiate between valve uses, a balloon labeling system is used to identify the function of a control valve.The first letter used in the valve designator indicates the parameter to be controlled by the valve. For example:F = flow
T = temperature
L = level
P = pressure
H = hand (manually operated valve
Flow Control
Valve
FC
Basic Blueprint Reading
One of the main purposes of a P&ID is to provide functional information about how instrumentation in a system or piece of equipment interfaces with the system or piece of equipment.The symbols used to represent instruments and their loops can be divided into four categories. Sensed ParameterType of Indicator or ControllerType of ComponentType of SignalF = flowT = temperatureP = pressureI = currentL = levelV = voltageZ = positionR = recorderI = indicatorC = controllerT = transmitterM = modifierE = elementI = currentV = voltageP = pneumaticThe first three columns above are combined such that the resulting instrument identifier indicates its sensed parameter, the function of the instrument, and the type of instrument. The fourth column is used only in the case of an instrument modifier and is used to indicate the types of signals being modified.
The following is a list of examples:
FIC = flow indicating controllerFM = flow modifierPM = pressure modifierTE= temperature elementTR= temperature recorderLIC = level indicating controllerTT= temperature transmitterPT= pressure transmitterFE= flow elementFI= flow indicatorTI= temperature indicatorFC= flow controllerBasic Blueprint Reading
Basic Symbol Modifiers/Transmitters
Locally Mounted Instrument
Board Mounted Instrument
Instrument Behind Board
Example: Locally mounted voltage to current pressure modifier
PM
P/I
E/I
or
or
P/I
Examples of Transmitters
Flow Transmitter
PT
PressureTransmitter
FT
FT
Sensors and detectors by themselves are not sufficient to create usable system indications. Each sensor or detector must be coupled with appropriate modifiers and/or transmitters.
The exceptions to this are certain types of local instrumentation having mechanical readouts, such as bourdon tube pressure gages and bimetallic thermometers. The slide illustrates various examples of modifiers and transmitters and also illustrates the common notations used to indicate the location of an instrument, for example local or board mounted.
Transmitters are used to convert the signal from a sensor or detector to a form that can be sent to a remote point f o r processing, controlling, or monitoring. The output can be electronic (voltage or current), pneumatic, or hydraulic. The slide illustrates symbols for several specific types of transmitters.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Controllers
Controllers process the signal from an instrument loop and use it to position or manipulate some other system component. Generally they are denoted by placing a "C" in the balloon after the controlling parameter.Flow Controller
Temperature Controller
Pressure Controller
Level Controller
Proportional
Proportional - Integral
Proportional Integral - Differential
Current to Pneumatic
FC
TC
PC
TC
P
PI
PID
I/P
Basic Blueprint Reading
Components
Within every system there are major components such as pumps, compressors, tanks, heat exchangers, and fans.Compressor
Steam Turbine
Pumps
or
Heat Exchanger
Tanks
or
S
Basic Blueprint Reading
Misc. Symbols
In addition to the normal symbols used on P&IDs to represent specific pieces of equipment additional drawing symbols are used to guide or provide additional information about the drawing.XX-001-X-Y
XX-002-X-Y
Pipe or Wire is continued on drawing XX-001 at coordinates X-Y. Flow is to that drawing
Pipe or Wire is continued from drawing XX-002 at coordinates X-Y. Flow is from that drawing
Pipe or Wire is continued on drawing XX-003 at coordinates X-Y. Flow is in both directions.
Building/Area Boundary
XX-003-X-Y
Basic Blueprint Reading
Example P&ID Drawing
FEED
255 PSIG
210F
HEATING
MEDIUM
E-101
REBOILER
LC
LG
FRC
245F
230F
LC
125F
275F
FLARE
PRODUCT STORAGE
STORAGE
V-101
1
20
35
P-101A & 101B
PRODUCT AND REFLUX PUMPS
P-101A & 101B
V-102
240# @ 118f
COOLING
WATER
PC
E-101
REBOILER
V-101
DEPROPANIZER
E-102
OVERHEAD
CONDENSER
E-102
V-102
REFLUX
ACCUMULATOR
Basic Blueprint Reading
Summary
Review ObjectivesQuestion and Answer SessionRETURN TO MAIN MENUCIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING
Basic Blueprint Reading
Objectives
Define Topographical MapsDefine Contour MapsDefine Geology and Mining TermsDefine Site Plans DrawingsDefine Floor PlansDefine Elevation DrawingsDefine Structural Drawings and symbolsBasic Blueprint Reading
Topographical Maps
Maps which describe in detail local features of the earths surface, either natural or man-made, are called topographic maps (or drawings). Data taken from surveys are used to build these drawings. Surveying is the actual measurement of distances, elevations, and directions on the earths surface.Basic Blueprint Reading
Contours
Most topographical maps are drawn as contours.Contours are lines drawn on a map to show points of equal elevation; that is, all points on a single contour line have the same elevation. A contour interval is the vertical distance between horizontal planes passing through successive contours as illustrated in the following slide..Basic Blueprint Reading
Example Contours Map
Control Points
Relative Elevations
Profile
Contours
Basic Blueprint Reading
Contours Continued
Contours may be plotted through the use of patterns of distribution of points of recorded elevation. A popular pattern is the checkerboard or grid survey as illustrated in the next slide.Line are established at right angles to each other, dividing the survey into squares of appropriate size and elevations are determined at the corners of the squaresBasic Blueprint Reading
Example Grid Contour Map
Elevation
Contour
Grid
Basic Blueprint Reading
Geology and Mining Terms
Strike - The bearing of a horizontal line in a plane, customarily measured from north.Dip - Includes both an angle and a direction between planesStratum or Seam - layer or deposit bounded by parallel bedding planes.Vein - A deposit in a fissure or fault.Fault - A displacement of one segment with respect to another formation. Thickness - perpendicular distance between the two bedding planes of a stratum, seam, or vein.Outcrop - If a sloping stratum continues without faults, it eventually outcrops (becomes exposed) at the earths surface.See following slide for examples
Basic Blueprint Reading
Geology Terms Example
Fault Plane
Seam or Stratum
Outcrop Area
Strike
Bedding Plane
Dip Angle
Thickness
Basic Blueprint Reading
Topographical Map Symbols
Along with contour lines maps have many basic symbols to illustrate land features and objects. The following are but a few examples.Highway
Railroad
Highway Bridge
Railroad Bridge
Suspension Bridge
Dam
Telephone Line
Power Line
Basic Blueprint Reading
Site or Layout Drawings
Layout drawings are also called general plans and profile drawings.TThey provide the necessary information on the location, alignment, and elevation of the structure and its principal parts in relation to the ground at the site. They also provide other important details, such as the nature of the underlying soil or the location of adjacent structures and roads.Basic Blueprint Reading
Example Site Drawing
Basic Blueprint Reading
Example Symbols
Gravel
Paving
Concrete
Earth-finish grade
Earth-rough grade
Basic Blueprint Reading
Floor Plans
Floor plans includes:thicknesses, and character of the building walls on that particular floor
the widths and locations of door and window openings
the lengths and character of partitions
the number and arrangement of rooms
the types and locations of utility installations
Basic Blueprint Reading
Floor Layout Example
Door Symbol
Window Symbol
Basic Blueprint Reading
Elevation Drawings
Elevation drawings are closely related to the floor plans of a building.These drawings are of vertical views of the building, usually of the outside walls.Front Elevation
Side Elevation
Basic Blueprint Reading
Structural Drawings
Architectural and structural drawings are generally considered to be the drawings of steel, wood, concrete, and other materials used to construct buildings.Basic Blueprint Reading
Example of Structural Drawing Detail
Basic Blueprint Reading
Beams
A beam is identified by its nominal depth, in inches and weight per foot of length. The cross section of an American Standard beam (I) forms the letter I. These I-beams, like wide-flange beams, are identified by nominal depth and weight per footTop
End
Front
Symbols
or
S
Top
Front
End
Basic Blueprint Reading
Channels
A cross section of a channel is similar to the squared letter C. Channels are identified by their nominal depth and weight per footTop
End
Front
C
Symbols
or
Top
Front
End
Basic Blueprint Reading
Angles
The cross section of an angle resembles the letter L. Angles are identified by the dimensions in inches of their legs, as L 7 x 4 x 1/2.Top
End
Front
L
Symbol
Top
Front
End
Basic Blueprint Reading
Tees
A structural tee is made by slitting a standard I- or H- beam through the center of its web, thus forming two T-shapes from each beam. In dimensioning, the structural tee symbol is preceded by the letters ST.Top
End
Front
Symbols
ST
or
T
Top
Front
End
Basic Blueprint Reading
Members
The main parts of a structure are the load-bearing structural members that support and transfer the loads on the structure while remaining in equilibrium with each other. The places where members are connected to other members are called joints. The total load supported by the structural members at a particular instant is equal to the total dead load plus the total live load.Basic Blueprint Reading
Vertical Members
Columns are high-strength vertical structural members; in buildings they may be called pillars. A pier in building construction may be called a short column. It could rest on a footing or it may be simply set or driven in the ground. In bridge construction a pier is a vertical member that provides intermediate support for the bridge superstructure.The vertical structural members in light-frame construction are called studs. They are supported on horizontal members called sills or sole plates, and are topped by horizontal members called top plates or stud caps. Corner posts are enlarged studs located at the building corners.Basic Blueprint Reading
Horizontal Members
A horizontal load-bearing structural member that spans a space and is supported at both ends is called a beam. A member that is fixed at one end is called a cantilever. One type of steel member is actually a light truss and is called an open-web steel joist or a bar-steel joist.Basic Blueprint Reading
Trusses
A truss is a framework consisting of two horizontal (or nearly horizontal) members joined together by a number of vertical and/or inclined members to form a series of triangles.Trusses
Basic Blueprint Reading
Summary
Review ObjectivesQuestion and Answer SessionRETURN TO MAIN MENU
MACHINE DRAWINGS
*
Basic Blueprint Reading
Objectives
Define TolerancesDefine Basic Features of Machine DrawingsBasic Blueprint Reading
Machine Drawings
In learning to read machine drawings, we must first become familiar with the common terms, symbols, and conventions defined and discussed in the following slides.Basic Blueprint Reading
Tolerances
Obtaining Absolute accuracy is impossible and therefore variations must be allowed.This allowance is known as tolerance and represents the total amount the dimension may vary. It is stated on a drawing as (plus or minus) a certain amount, either by a fraction or decimal. Limits are the maximum and/or minimum values for a specific dimension.Tolerances may be shown on drawings by several different methods; the following slide shows three examples.The unilateral method is used when variation from the design size is permissible in one direction only.
The bilateral method a dimension figure shows the plus or minus variation that is acceptable.
In the limit dimensioning method the maximum and minimum measurements are both stated
Basic Blueprint Reading
Tolerance Examples
Unilateral Method
Bilateral Method
Limit Method
.498 DIA
+ .000
- .002
.500 DIA
+ .002
- .000
.498 DIA
.496
.500 DIA
.502
.875
.005
30 1
7 1
8 64
2.250 + .010
- .005
The unilateral method is used when variation from the design size is permissible in one direction only.
In the bilateral method the dimension figure shows the plus or minus variation that is acceptable.
In the limit dimensioning method, the maximum and minimum measurements are both stated.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Tolerance Symbols
Flatness & Straightness
Angularity
Parallelism
Perpendicularity
Concentricity
True Position
Roundness
Symmetry
(MMC) Maximum Material Condition
(RFS) Regardless of Feature size
Datum Identifying symbol
Tolerance
Datum
Symbol
Feature Control Symbol
M
S
- A -
A
.001
A datum is a surface, line, or point from which a geometric position is to be determined or from which a distance is to be measured.
Any letter of the alphabet except I, O, and Q may be used as a datum identifying symbol.
A feature control symbol is made of geometric symbols and tolerances.
Basic Blueprint Reading
Class Exercise
Do Class Exercise TolerancesBasic Blueprint Reading
Fillets and Rounds
Fillets are concave metal corner (inside) surfaces. Rounds or radii are edges or outside corners that have been rounded to prevent chipping and to avoid sharp cutting edgesFillet
Rounds
Basic Blueprint Reading
Slots and Slides
Slots and slides mate two specially shaped pieces of material and securely hold them together, yet allow them to move or slide.Tee Slot Slide
Tee Slot
Dovetail Slide
Dovetail Slot
Basic Blueprint Reading
Keys, Keyseats, Keyways
A key is a small wedge or rectangular piece of metal inserted in a slot or groove between a shaft and a hub to prevent slippageFlat Bottom
Round Bottom
Square
Keyseat and Keyway
Basic Blueprint Reading
Screw Threads
Draftsmen use different methods to show thread on drawingsWithout Thread Relief
With Thread Relief
Simplified Method of Thread Representation
Basic Blueprint Reading
Gears
When gears are drawn on machine drawings usually only enough gear teeth are drawn to identify the dimensions.Root Dia.
Pitch Dia.
Outside Dia.
Whole Depth
Working Depth
Dedendum
Addendum
Clearance
Basic Blueprint Reading
Springs
There are three classifications of helical springs: compression, extension, and torsion. Drawings seldom show a true presentation of the helical shape; instead, they usually show springs with straight linesCommon Types of Helical Springs
Symbol Representation of Springs
Basic Blueprint Reading
Finish Marks
Many metal surfaces must be finished with machine tools for various reasons.A modified symbol (check mark) with a number or numbers above it is used to show these surfaces and to specify the degree of finish.Example of Use
02
3 X MIN.
x
x
60
60
Basic Blueprint Reading
Welding
Welding is a process of joining metals by fusion or heating into a single joined mass.Symbols will define the type of weld required.Square Weld
Fillet Weld
Symbol
Symbol
Basic Blueprint Reading
Weld Drawing Symbols
A welding symbol consists of seven basic elements1. Reference Line
2. Arrow connects reference line to joint
3. Weld symbol this indicates a fillet weld
2
4. Dimensions = weld is 2 inches long with leg length of inch
5. Supplementary symbols this illustrates a convex weld
6. Finish symbol g = grinding, c = chipped, m = machined.
G
7. Tail will have information about the process. OAW is a type of welding here. It is left off if no info needed.
OAW
Basic Blueprint Reading
Example Drawing
Basic Blueprint Reading
Summary
Review ObjectivesQuestion and Answer SessionRETURN TO MAIN MENUTop Related