Basic Categories of Diagnostic Tests
Those that
measure
performance
Those that take
something out of
the body
(specimen) to
study
Those that look at
the body
through film
or sound
Those that use
hollow tubes
and fiber optics
to look inside
the body
directly
heart rate, lung function,
visual acuity
EndoscopyBlood test, urinalysis,
fecalysis, CSF analysis
x-rays, scans, UTZ
What this test will tell me?
What is the purpose?What to expect?
What are the risks?
What are the
normal
findings?
How is it performed? How
long does it take?
What will I do
before, during &
after the test?
1. Urinalysis
2. Fecalysis
3. Venipuncture
4. Semen Analysis
5. Lumbar Puncture
6. Biopsy
7. Bone Marrow Aspiration
Those that TAKE something
out of the body
Urinalysis
- Look for problems with the urine and the
urinary system
- Possible results:
- red, reddish or brown color
- orange
- hazy/cloudy
Urinalysis
- Nursing Responsibility:
1. Prep: washing of perineal area
2. Instruction: 50 ml ; clean catch
midstream urine
Fecalysis
- Purpose: suspected enteric infection or
infestation
Nursing Responsibility:
- Instruction: 1 inch of stool
Venipuncture Procedure
Common Blood Analyses
1. Complete Blood Count (CBC)
2. CBC with differential count
3. Platelet count
4. Coomb’s or anticoagulation test
5. Blood culture
6. TSH, T3, T4
7. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
SEMEN ANALYSIS/
SPERM COUNT
Nursing Responsibilities:
1. Instruction:
- obtaining specimen
- care of specimen
- delivery to the lab.
Lumbar Puncture
Risks:
1. moderate to severe headache
2. infection (rare)
3. leakage of fluid
Nursing Responsibility: instruction
BIOPSY
- Obtain tissue sample for detection of
malignancy
Nursing Responsibility:
1. Instruction:
- rationale/purpose
- procedure
Bone Marrow Aspiration
- Diagnose leukemia, anemia and other
cancers or infections
- Determine metastasis
- Evaluate effectiveness of chemotherapy
Bone Marrow Aspiration
Risks:
1. bleeding
2. infection or air embolism (rare)
3. sharp, brief pain, tenderness
Nursing Responsibility: instruction
Amniocentesis
- Test for birth defects and other potential problems
- Determine fetal age, gender, maturity and general health
* For mothers over 35 or if with history of genetic problems
Amniocentesis
Risks:
1. accidental puncturing of placenta
2. spontaneous abortion (slight)
3. infection
Nursing Responsibility: instruction
1. X-ray
2. Ultrasound
3. CT Scan
4. MRI
5. PET
6. Mammography
Those that LOOK at the body
through film or sound
7. IVP
8. Hysterosalphingography
9. Fluoroscopy
10.Angiography
11. 2-D Echo
12. Cardiac Catheterization
Radiography (X-ray)
- Evaluate respiratory function and chest
injury
Nursing Responsibility:
1. Patient preparation: clothing, jewelry
2. purpose
Ultrasonography (UTZ)
-Visualize internal organs, soft tissues
- fetal examination,
- examination of the heart
CT Scan
Nursing Responsibility:
1. Patient prep: clothing,
jewelry, meal
2. Instruction: dye, position,
procedure
4. MRI
MRI
-Exam of head, CNS
-Identify tumors, strokes, tissue
degeneration
MRI
Individuals at risk:
1. pregnant women
2. those with implanted metallic
objects
3. claustrophobic individuals
4. anxious individuals
MRI
Nursing Responsibility: same as CT
scan
5. PET Scan
PET
- non-invasive nuclear medical
imaging technique
- Depict structures, metabolic
changes/functions of tissues
Mammography
Nursing Responsibility:
1. Instruction
- rationale
- procedure
2. Patient prep: no powder, lotion,
perfume, deodorant
Intravenous Pyelography (IVP)
- Visualize KUB
Risks:
1. burning sensation, metallic taste
(contrast medium)
2. allergic reaction to contrast medium
3. radiation risk
IVP
- Nursing Responsibility:
1. Instruction: purpose, procedure
2. Patient prep:
- laxative/enema
- NPO for 8 hrs. PT test
8. Hysterosalpingography
Hysterosalpingography
Confirm fallopian tube
abnormalities or obstructions
Risks:
1. cramping, pain
2. tingling sensation
3. intravascular injection of contrast
medium
Hysterosalpingography
Nursing Responsibility:
1. Instruction: purpose/procedure
2. Patient prep: laxative, NPO
10. Echocardiography
Echocardiography
-Examine size, shape and motion of
the heart
Nursing Responsibility:
1. Instruction: purpose/procedure
Cardiac Catheterization
Right heart c. –
tricuspid and pulmonary
valves, pulmo artery, BP, flow
of blood to the heart
Arterial or left side c. –
coronary arteries, mitral and
aortic valves, LV
Cardiac Catheterization
Risks:
1. tiring
2. heart attack or stroke
3. damage to the heart and
blood vessel wall
4. swelling, bleeding, infection
5. allergic reaction
Cardiac Catheterization
Nursing Responsibility:
1. Instruction: purpose/procedure
2. Patient prep: NPO for 6 hrs. PT
test
Angiography
-Detect abnormalities (aneurysm) in
BV and organs supplied
- locate sites of bleeding and clots
Nursing Responsibility: same as
cardiac catheterization
1. EGD
2. Gastroscopy
3. Laparoscopy
4. Colonoscopy
5. Sigmoidoscopy
6. Proctosigmoidoscopy
Those that USE hollow
tubes & fiber optics to look
inside the body directly
7. Cystoscopy
8. Colposcopy
9. Bronchoscopy
Colposcopy
Bronchoscopy
Cystoscopy
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