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Biochemistry Notes2010-2011
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How many elements and
compounds do you know??
See the provided sheet and lets fill it in
together- write down any you do not
already know!
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Parts of the atom
Nucleus has:
Protons=positive charge
Neutrons=no charge
Shells have:
Electrons=negative
charge
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Electron Orbitals
Region where there is 90%probability of finding an electron.
Cant pinpointthe location ofan electron.
Density of dotsrepresentsdegree ofprobability.
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Atomic number
Equals the # of protons in an atom-
all protons are located in the atom nucleus
Proton # is also the # of electrons-
As long as they remain equal, the atom isneutral in charge
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ATOMIC MASS Sum of the protons and neutrons in the
nucleus of an atom.
To find neutrons: Mass # - proton # =
# of neutrons
Lets see how this works..
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Element properties
determined by proton #
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Making Bohr Model Each shell has a maximum # of e- it can hold:
1st = 2
2nd = 8 3rd = 18
BUT when filling the 3rd, goes to 8 and then the nexte- is in the 4th shell!
SO for Bio- we willmemorize:
2-8-8-extra
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Lets Practice! Use the periodic table in your text or
planner. Make Bohr models of the
following:
N O Mg Ca
K Na Cl H F
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Isotopes Isotopes are elements that have the
same Proton # but different # of
neutrons-are radioactive
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Radioactive isotopes
When a nucleus breaks apart, it
giv
es off radiation that can bedetected and used for many
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C 12: C 14 ratio
P
Radioactivity and rate of
decay of C 14 to C 12 used to
determine age of young
fossils
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Ionic Bonding Ionic Bonds: One atom gives up electrons and
another takes it. This make them become ions.
Ions:o Charged atoms
Give up e- ---> become positive (+) Take e- ---> become negative ( - )
AFTER they become charged, then they BONDcalled IONIC bonding because
o Attraction between + and - ionso Ex: Li f orHCl or NaCl
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How ionic bond made: Li
F
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Did you hear about..? Two atoms are walking down the street.
One says, Wait, I think I lost an electron.
The other says, Are you sure?
The first one says, Yeah, Im positive.
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Covalent Bonding
Compound in which the atoms areheld
together by covalent bonds.Atoms share e-Ex: CO2, H2O
Methane (CH4)
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Comparing Covalent and Ionic
Bonding
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Lets Practice! Get into groups of 2
Using the package of supplies provided and
the paper template, follow directions to makebonds between the given molecules. Whenyou believe you have it right, call me over!
BE PREPARED to explain what and why you
set it up the way you did.
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Inorganic Molecules Contain C or H, usually not both
1. Acids - have H+ in solution
HCl H+ and Cl-
2 Bases - have O
H-
in solutionNaOH Na+ and OH-
QuickTi
e andadeco
ressorareneededtoseethis icture.
QuickTi e and adeco
ressorare needed to see this icture.
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Acids/Bases
3. Acid + base ---> salt + H2O
(neutralizes)
Ex: HCl + NaOH ---> NaCl + H2O
HCl + KO
H----> KCl +
H2O
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pH
= partsH
ydrogenpH scale
uickTime and adecompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Acid
rain
Stomach
AcidLemon
juice
Vinegar
Distilled
Water
Blood
Baking
soda AmmoniaNormal
rain
bleach
or basic
00Strongacid
Battery
acid
Strong
base
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pH
effects Ecosystems Availability of nutrients to plants effected by pH
Soil pH can effect flower and fruit production
A
cid rain- disrupt ecological processes/nutrient cycles Plants can change pH by decomposition or uptake ofnutrients/water and animal waste can change soil
ex:pine needles are very acidic
APPLICATION: gardeners apply lime to buffer acidic
soil
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6. p
HBuffers in organisms
Acid pH can effect shapes of molecules and how theywork in your body
Maintain normal pH conditions like in the bloodstream -
blood should be 7.4 one of the homeostatic mechanisms of the body.
Most of the human body is pH around 7. Stomach pH ~2
Ex: alkaseltzer for acid indigestion Buffers in bloodstream: balance pH
Bufferin - in aspirin, which is salycilic acid - helpsneutralize & doesnt add more acid to stomach
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7. Ulcers & heartburna. ulcers: blisters on stomach lining
* Most not caused by stress
* Most common cause: bacteria in stomach
lining, producing acid.
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Ulcers cont1. Normally lining replaced as acids eat it
away.
2. Lining eaten away if bacteria there - cantkeep up replacement
Blister from burn: ulcer
3. If perforated: acidic contents dumped onbody organs - not protected from burning- life threatening
4. Crackers/bread help with acid indigestionand acid reflux because they are basic -help buffer pH
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Heartburn cont
b. Has nothing to do withthe heart
Cause: stomach contentsgo back through cardiacsphincter
- esophagus burn is moreaccurate term
- Pregnant women:stomach squished: more
reflux
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The Structure of WaterTwo hydrogen atoms are each joined to an oxygen
atom by a single covalent bondvan der Waals
forces:The weak
attraction between
the hydrogen atom
of one moleculeand a slightly
negative atom
within another
molecule
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Properties of Water- A. Stable: covalent bonds btw O and H
not easily broken
Why is that important to life?
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Answer:
- Our bodies are mostly H2O
- We remain stable
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B. Good medium- Cant compress it, flows easily,
dissolves a lot of substances
What is that important to life?
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Answer
- Allows dissolving across membranes,
blood flows, etc.
- Diffusion depends on it
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c.H
igh specific heat- Absorbs/loses a lot of heat before changing
temperature
- 1. H2O temperature stable - like in ponds as well as
bodies- Warmer in ocean in Aug than June--took all winter to cool
- 2. Evaporative coolant - can dump heat from bodyreactions into H2O of bloodstream to radiate assweat.
What is that important to life?
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Answer
- Maintains body temp:
- Homeostasis
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D. DensityvT
emp1. Densest at 4C
Lightest at 0C
What is that
important to life?
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Answer:
Ice floats, liquid cold
H2O sinks =
organisms can livethrough winter under
ice/ whole pond
doesnt freezeH2O continues to flow
in rivers
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E. Solubility of O2v
s.T
1. Cold H2O holds more O2than warm
Why is that important to life?
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The tendency of
molecules of the
same kind to stick toone another is called
cohesion.
The type of attractionthat occurs between
unlike molecules is
called adhesion.
(van der Waals forces)
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H
ydrogen Bonding1.Adhesion = H2O sticks to things
2.Cohesion = H2O sticks to itself
3. : Why important to life?
ickTime and aT FF ncompressed decompressor
are needed to see this pict re.
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Answer:1. Stable liquid
2. Climbs up xylem in plants againstgravity
3. H bond - easily broken - changesstate easily
Applied: Insects/geckos stick tothings
4. Drops of water
Ex. Why ice expands
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Summary of water
properties
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