Baroque Europe“irregular, oddly shaped”
Or deviated from Renaissanceclassical traditions
PATRONS: powerful Courts andChurch in Counter Reformation
campaign
Louis XIV, Hyacinthe Rigaud, 1701,9’ x 7’
HISTORICAL BAROQUE
•Counter Reformation,Catholic resurgence,flourishes in Italy, Flanders,Spain, & France
•Catholic church intent onfighting the Protestantreformation efforts; crusade tofinish St. Peters in 1600,glorify saints, miracles, etc.
•Protestants iconoclasts
•Holland very Protestant, stillsome religious works butlandscapes, portraits, genrepaintings instead
Thirty Years War ended in 1648
Protestants vs. Catholics
But also about political, economic, andsocial issues as well
Courts became powerful-Kings ofSpain, England, France, etc.
Key Ideas - Baroque Art
• Counter reformation fueled religious sculpturesand paintings, especially in Rome, France, &Flanders, and Spain
• In Holland counter voice Baroque art in Protestantform (no saints and miracles)
• Baroque artists: experiments with new forms-landscapes, still life, genre paintings
• Rome still keeper of masterpieces and center ofReligion, but Paris becomes center of artisticinnovation in Europe… thru WWI.
St. Peter’s Basilica and Piazza, Vatican, Rome… Maderno designed the façade toadd to Michelangelo’s original design, and Bernini designed the piazza as a relieffrom the crowded streets of Rome. Why is the piazza shaped like a key hole?(FC)
Baldacchino
By??????
For???????
CATHOLIC RESURGENCE
Gilt bronze and marble
Over altar of ____
Directs vision down nave
Shrine canopy over grave ofSt. Peter, buried under bsilica
Bees & suns symbols ofpatrons, Barberinni family
Counter Reformation spirit inRome
Feat of bronze casting
Church of San Carloalle QuattroFontane, Rome,1638-41
FrancescoBorromini
Square w/ 4fountains
Façade taller thanrest of building
flashcard
Fountain of Four Riversby Bernini
BIGGEST PATRON =CATHOLIC CHURCH
(THEN COURTS)
HUGE CHURCHES AND PALACES SPACESTO FILL WITH MAGNIFICENT SCULPTURESAND PAINTINGS.
MANY BAROQUE ARTISTS WERE DEEPLYRELIGIOUS, SUCH AS RUBENS AND THESCULPTURE BERNINI
POPE URBAN VIII COMMISSIONED SOMEOF
GIANLORENZO BERNINI - sculptor, architect
Best work… Such s the Cornaro Chapelmagnificent marble and bronze altar, and thestatue of St. Theres in ecstasy.
Baroque SculptureCharacteristics (ITALY)•Stressed movement
•Mid motion, mouths open
•sculpture meant to be seen in theround from different angles
•Marble very tactile-flesh is soft, skin ispolished, wings are feathery, drapery isdrapery
•Inspired by Hellenistic sculpture
•Bernini’s DAVID from 1623… marble,life size (FLASHCARD)
•Mid-action swinging the slingshot
•Harp = role as psalmist
•Multiple views
•Use of negative space
This is a flashcard
WHAT IS IT?
Sculptural interpretation of StTheresa’s diary, tells ofvisions of god, angel plungingarrows in to her.
Rays of god light behind
Sexual exhaustion?
Stage like setting
Natural light from hiddenwindow above the work
ARTEMISIA GENTILESCHI… Judith & Maidservant with the Head of Holofernes,and Judith and Holofernes, 1625, 6 ft x 4 1/2 ft… tenebrism, drama, strongdiagonals, female empowerment… remember she was raped by her tutor and hadto stand trial to prove her innocence.
Self Portrait on the Allegory ofPainting, oil on canvas, 38” x 29”,1630, Artemisia Gentileschi
Dramatic lighting, self portrait
Gentilleschi was a noted femaleartist, unusual for that time.
Influenced by Caravaggio
Typical of naturalism school ofItalian Baroque….
NATURALISM (drama, tenebrism,everyday people) vs.CLASSICISM of Renaissancestyle paintings
Calling of St. Matthew, Caravaggio
Oil on Canvas, 1600.. Watch video tolearn more!
Caravaggio: the Power of Art
Characteristics of BaroquePainting in Italy#3 types popularized, in addition totraditional religious paintings &portraiture:
-genre painting
Landscapes
Still lifes
TENEBRISM in this paintingEntombment by Caravaggio, strongdiagonals, everyday figures as theylower the body of Jesus
Impasto brushwork (thick, textured)
Artists like Caravaggio
MADE RELIGION REAL ANDCLOSE TO HOME
But they were artistically opposed byclassic style painters….
In Italy, especially Rome, another school of painters opposed the drama and tenebrismof Caravaggio & Gentilleschi… CEILING PAINTERS such as Reni wanted to continueclassical trends. Landscapes had a moral to them, not just a pretty picture.
Reni’s fresco is entitled Aurora, and it is on the ceiling of a Palazzo in Rome.
Annibale Carracci was aclassicist painter
CLASSICISM VS.NATURALISM in Italian andFlemish baroque art
Ceiling of Gallery, PalazzoFarnese, Rome, 1601
Baroque landscapes typically had figures in them and told some kind of moral tale orhad a purpose beyond showing nature’s beauty, as in this oil painting by Carracci.
Baroque Art in Flanders• Northern Flanders largely Protestant, rebelled
against Spanish rule & present day Holland gainedindependence
• Southern Flanders (Catholic) returned to directSpanish rule under Hapsburg family
• Key painters: Rubens &Van Dyck w/internationalclientele & reputations
• Rubens was wealthy, educated, diplomat withstrong religious beliefs
• Rubens studied Caravaggio & encouraged patron,Duke of Mantua, to buy Death of the Virgin
Charles I at the Hunt, oil oncanvas, 9’ x 6’, 1635, Anthonyvan Dyck
Van Dyck did many portraits ofthe royal family.
Here he diplomatically madeCharles I look TALL.. By havingthe figure against thebackground, the horse withbowed head, etc.
Raising of the Cross, Peter Paul Rubens, oil on canvas, 1610, Church of St. Walpurga,Antwerp, Belgium. Continued Flemish tradition of the triptych.. Drama and emotioninspired by who? (He traveled to Italy to study)…why is this typical Baroque?
Henri IV Receiving the Portrait ofMarie de’ Medici, Rubens
Oil on canvas, 13’ x 10’, 1625
Rubens did a series ofENORMOUS canvasescommissioned by Marie deMedici, Queen of France…tocommemorate her founding ofthe Bourbon dynasty & role asQueen Regent to son, Louis XV
Rubens is known for his fleshy,sumptuous female nudes, plumpwomen still called Rubenesquetoday.. His colors inspired byTitian
Ran large studio w/ assistants,collaborated with Van Dyck andBrueghel (descended fromRenaissance Bruegel)
Garden of Love, Rubens, oil on canvas…
shows courtly ladies visual & tactile effects of the garden…
In France & Flanders, Rubens & Poussin were from rival schools. Rubens was anaturalist & Poussin was a classicist… followers were called Rubenistes or Poussinistes
French Royal Academy made a system to evaluate painting vs. drawing and grademaster artists… Poussin was stronger in drawing, Rubens in painting & vivid colors
Baroque Art in Northern FlandersThe Dutch Golden Age
• Still lifes term coined inHolland, such as thispainting by Clara Peeters
• Educated, literate Dutchenjoyed portraits, stilllifes, and genre scenes
• Demand for art & printsfrom merchant class,unlike France & Italy
• Group portraiture also aDutch specialty withartists Hals & Rembrandt
Still life with flowers, fruit, andpretzels, Clara Peeters
The Dutch Golden Age,continued…
• Landscapes such as thisVermeer were in demand
• Low horizon to show flatDutch country side,canals, and beautifulskies
View of Delft, 1665, Jan Vermeer
The Jewish Cemetery, Jacob van Ruisdael, 1660. Spiritual meanings of thelandscape, vanitas theme? Allegory of transcience, rainbow shows hope.
Still Life with a watch, Pieter Claesz. Still li fes often showed a theme of the brief natureof life and beauty, with hints of death, a wilting flower, a skull, or other reminder..VANITAS…time passes with the watch? “breakfast piece” like Clara Peeters
Officers of the Haarlem Militia Company, Frans Hals, Oil on Canvas, 6’ x 9’, Livelycomposition, social event, strong diagonals. Positions reflect their ranking. IMPASTOtechnique, very painterly like Velasquez.
Self Portrait, Judith Leyster
Originally thought to beHals’ painting…
Judith looks confidentlyback at the viewer, as doesher subject the fiddler
Caravaggio’s realism,drama, lighting…
Participated in the HaarlemGuild and could takestudents…
Known for informal scenesof daily life
Like who in theRenaissance?
REMBRANDT: IMPORTANTDUTCH BAROQUE ARTIST
•Known for psychologically intenseportraits (self portrait here from1658)
•Internalized spirituality, reflectedsuffering & personality
•In his later works, realism relatesto the spirit of inner meaning notsurface details
•Studied under Lastman, a historypainter who’d worked in Rome
•Learned tenebrism, naturalism,drama
•Interested in both science andfaith.
•Like Rubens, used assistants andran large workshops.
Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp, Rembrandt, 1632. Rembrandt transforms Hals’ groupportrait into a dramatic narrative… Cadaver is shockingly green while students leanforward to study the anatomy of the arm.
TENEBRISM: white collars emphasis the dramatic lighting
The Night Watch (Captain Frans Banning Cocq Mustering His Company):commissioned group portrait @ narrative…girl w/chicken may be company mascot
Originally known as Night Watch, name remains today, but it was cleaned and is not asdark today.
Rembrandt did Three Crosses series ofetchings (prints)
Jan Vermeer genrepaintings&portrait such as
The Girl with the Pearl Earring
Notice the lighting
Believed to have used a“camera oscura”
Still meditative paintings withsingle source of light
Cliphttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYtcOw11S-A&feature=related
Woman Holding a Balance
Jan Vermeer
1664
Metaphor for eternaljudgment
(Christ Last Judgmentappears behind her)
Vanitas theme oftranscience of life
Baroque Art in SPAIN•Profound influence ofCaravaggio & his followers
•Ecstatic religiosity plus intenserealism/tenebrism
•Still lifes, genre paintings, andreligious paintings were popular
•Catholic Counter-Reformationstrong-scenes of saints beingmartyred
•Velasquez best knownSpanish Baroque painter
Saint Serapion by Zurbaran shows theBaroque drama, tenebrism
Young Beggar, Murillo, oil oncanvas, mid 17th century
Spanish Baroque master
Influenced by Velasquez
Genre scene
Painted sentimental andtouching works both religiousand secular
Flashcard not in book
Water Carrier of Seville, DiegoVelazquez
Oil on canvas, 41” x 31”, 1619
Early work of Velasquez showsintense interest in Caravaggiotenebrism
Deceptively simple genre scene-sacred quality about the expressions,the clear water, handing over glass
Water jug is masterfully rendered
Juan de Pareja, DiegoVelazquez
Oil on canvas,
Velasquez was courtpainter to King of Spain,genius portraitist.
Went to Italy to paint thePope and wasn’t asrecognized
Painted Pope Innocent
"Velazquez evidently decidedto paint a portrait that wouldshow the Romans what hecould do. He chose as hissubject his assistant and friend,Juan de Pareja (c. 1610-70).Amazingly, this man wastechnically a slave; we stillhave the document ofmanumission with whichVelazquez formally set himfree. However, we can seefrom Velazquez painting thatthe two were undeniablyequals. That steady look ofself-controlled power can evenmake us wonder which of thetwo held a higher opinion ofhimself. It is a daring picture inthat it almost eschews the useof color. This is a dark man,with wonderful coppery skin,set against an indeterminatebackground, where even therich velvets of the sleevesappear dim."
Pope Innocent X• Is this Popeinnocent?
• How doesVelasquezcapture hispersonality?
Francis Bacon
Study After Valasquez’s Portraitof Pope Innocent X
1953oil on canvas
The Surrender at Breda, The Lances, Oil on Canvas, 10’ x 12’, 1634-35
Depicts 1625 victory of Spanish over Dutch in Breda
Graciousness of Spanish victors, more dignified, organized
Cross formed over distant lake, symbol of Catholic victory, mutual respect of both sides
Las Meninas
Diego Velasquez
Oil on canvas
10’5” x 9’
1656
One of most famousand analyzedpaintings
WHAT DO YOUTHINK THEMEANINGS ARE???
Princess at center
Attendants… ladies inwaiting, dwarfs, dog
Pyramidic socialcomposition
King/Queen reflected inmirror??? Or is it apaintingt?
Velasquez shows himselfat work, with Knightsemblem
Why are dogs and dwarfsshown?
Baroque Art inFRANCE•Louis XIV, the Sun King builtthe gorgeous palace atVersailles
•Poussin & Lorrain landscapepainters, Poussin moreclassical in style.
•Georges La Tour didCaravaggesque drama andtenebrism
Palais du Versailles
Hall of Mirrors,Versailles(flashcard)
Begun 1678
Msaterpiece ofBarqouearchitectureJulesHardouin-Mansart
Rebuild huntinglodge ito palace
Louis XIVaudiencechamber,bedroom
Vast garden.Landscapearchitecture
Hall of Mirrors,flickering use oflight
Mary Magdalen with the SmokingFlame, Georges de la Tour,French, 1640
She contemplates looking at thecandle flame
Skull (vanitas) theme aboutbrevity or temporary nature ofhuman life
Diagonals of tilted legs, head,triangle of light around candle
T------sm?
Was Claude Lorrain a Poussiniste or a Rubeniste? Why?
Baroque undulating lights anddarks
Ornate, rich decoration
Simpler exteriors
Benedictine Monastery Church,Melk, Austria
Saint Paul’s Cathedral, London
1675-1710
Christopher Wren, Architect
Designed after Great Fire ofLondon destroyed Gothic church
Facade-dark light contrasts, sidesrecede
Borromini inspired bell towers
Actually 3 domes inside
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