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Page 1: Badrinath And Prerna Aggarwal

Water Management for Permanent Shelters for

for the Tribes in Andaman and Nicobar Islands after Tsumani (2004)

By

Badrinath KPrerna Aggarwal

IIT Roorkee

Page 2: Badrinath And Prerna Aggarwal

92°

NICOBAR ISLANDS

Port Blair

ANDAMAN ISLANDS

TSUNAMI 26.12.2004

An earthquake of magnitude (RICHTER scale) location : the Indian OceanTotal Deaths : (According to US geologic survey)

9.0

283,100

background...

Site : A Hypothetical Housing

: Post Tsumani

permanent housing

: Andaman and Nicobar

Islands

Significance

Region

Challenges : More than just water harvesting ....

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The Weather

Daily averagemin/max °C

temperatures

Wind

Rainfallin mm

January

February

March

April

May

JuneJuly

August

September

November

December

OctoberWINTER

MONSOON

SUMMERMONSOON

23-29

22-30

23-31

26-32

24-31

24-29 24-29

24-29

24-29

24-29

24-29

23-29

N-NE5 knots

N-NElight

variable light

W-SWsqually

highlyvariable

N-NEvariable

N-NE5 knots

N-NElight

W-SWsqually

W-SWsqually

W-SWsqually

W-SWsqually

157 29

26

23

71

363569435

516

329

205

436

water situation analysis...

Absence of Perennial Streams

Islands receive plenty of rainfall for atleast 8 months of the year.

T h e r e f o r e t h e m a x i m u m dependency is on the fresh water received from the rainfall which is pure and free of contamination.

The groundwater became saline due to reach of sea in the lands, bringing with it a lot of salts and taking the top fertile layer of the land down the slope.

The large net works of pipes are broken breaking the system , so w a t e r s u p p l y t h r o u g h conventional piping system has failed

Due to high rainfall the soil has low infiltration rates , So Efficient means to manage grey water and black water

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Low-cost

Less Maintenance

Ease to use and manage

Potential of generating revenue

AIM

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the project...

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Since the Sea brought a lot of saline into the inlands and sweeping back top fertile

layer rendering irrigation helpless,

-Cultivation of salt tolerant rice varieties

-Diversification of rice crop to vegetables.

-Multi-enterprise agriculture comprising of saline aquaculture, salt tolerant forest and

fruit trees, grasses, medicinal and aromatic crops etc.

-Use of soil binding salt tolerant grasses and tree species (Casuarina, coconut,

banana etc.) also providing fodder to cattle.

Recommendations for Post Tsunami,

Recommendations...

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Harvesting at Domestic level for Domestic Purposes

Harvesting at Communal Level for Revenue Generation

Reuse of Grey Water for plantation after RZ Treatment

Anaerobic Digestion of Faeces - reuse as a fertilizer

Generation of Liquid Fertilizer from Urine

Water Management Scheme...

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24 sqm

9 sqm

36 sqm

10 sqm10 sqm

6 sqm

Frontyard

Total Catchment Area : 85 sq m for each unit

Entry Entry

36 sqm

10 sqm

24 sqm

6 sqm

9 sqm 9 sqm

Sizes of Different Areas for Rain Catchment

Harvesting for Domestic Purpose...

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Water consumed per household per day = 80 l

No. of Family members in a house = 5

Total water consumed per day = 80 l x 5 = 400 l

Total water consumed per year = 400 l x 365 = 146,000 l

Total water consumed per day = 80 l x 5 = 400 l

Area of Catchment (A) = 85 sqm

Average Annual Rainfall (A) = 3000 mm

Run off Coefficient (C) = 0.6

Annual Water Harvesting Potential = 153,000 l

Annual Water Harvesting Potential > Total water consumed per year

rain water analysis...

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tank capacity...

Let No. of Family members in a house = 5

No. of Days during the dry season = 100

Drinking Water = 10 liters per person per day

No. of liters per day = 50 liters

No. of liters of drinking water required for the dry season = 50 liters x 100 days

= 5000 liters

Additional Safety factor of 20%= 1000 liters

Capacity of tank required = 6000 liters

Therefore each house is provided with two tanks of 3200 litres each

Cost of each tank is 1100 - 1200 Bhat ( Provided by UNESCO )

Expected Cost for each tank = 1320 - 1440 Rs

Average Expected Cost for each tank = 1380 Rs

Annual Water Harvesting Potential = 153,000 l

Amount spent by family = 1380 x 2 = Rs 3760

Amount spent by per liter at the end of first year = 3760/153000 = Rs 0.024

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Schematic Diagram showing the diversion of rain water to the domestic tank

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Composition of level filter- easy to construct

domestic

20 cm gravel layer

30 cm sand layer

20 cm gravel layer

Porous bed

Plug removed after rain to drain off first flush water sediment

Inlet pipeLarge Diameter pipe to retain the first flush water

Every house is to be provided with 2 tanks of 3200 l each tank , which can be installed at a price of around Rs 1300-Rs 1400

Down pipe made of bamboo atleast 100 mm diameter (provided with a 20 mesh wire screen at the inlet to prevent dry leaves and other debris from entering it).

1.5 m wide

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Bamboo gutter 15 cm dia

Roof

Fix the gutter holders with ropeor iron wire or nails

TREE TWIG

cutting plane

Part of twig to be cut Part of twig for fixing to rafter

Detail of the Gutter

Gutters have a uniform slope of 5 percent large enough to collect the heavy runoff from high-intensity rain.

Bamboo Gutters...

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A Hypothetical Housing for a 120 Families affected in Tsunami is considered in the Region of Great Nicobar of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Improved Scheme ...

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Sectional Detail of Jalkund

Earth rammed cushion of dry leaves

250 m LPED Sheet mLow Pressure Effluent Dosing

3.0 cm thick coat of dung and mud mortar

The Jalkund is made up of

?clay and cow-dung plastering

? 3–5 cm cushioning with dry pine leaf,

?laying down of 250 mm LDPE black

agri-film

? covering with 5–8 cm bamboo thatch.

Harvesting for Employment...

Concept of Jalkund

Seepage : No seepage upto 30,000 l

Evaporation :Can be minimized by

thatch roof ( 80 % reduction ) and

neem oil @10ml/sq m ( 40 % reduction )

4m5m

1.5 m

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Each Jalkund has a capacity of 30,000 litres

The Water Stored in the Jalkund can be used for

Production of vegetables like tomato

Production of medicinal plants

Aquaculture and Duck rearing

Poultry

Piglets Rearing

Cattle Rearing

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Flow chart showing diversified use of stored water during off-season.

Integrated homestead farming(Maintained with stored water in Jalkund)

Fish ProductionLive Stock ProductionCrop Production

Vegetables Field Crops Medicinal plants

Fish seedingling and Maturedfish Production

Pig Duck Poultry

Benefits of Jalkund

Concept of Jalkund

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water capacity for cattle rearing...

Calculating amount of Water consumed by a Cow

Source : Research done in Oklahoma State University

Water Intake ( lbs /day )= 35.25 + 1.58 x ( Dry Matter Intake ) + 0.90 x ( Milk Yeild )

+ 0.11 ( Sodium intake gms/day + 2.65 (Weekly mean Temperature in fahrenheit )

Assuming a cow gives 20 litres of milk per day

Average mean temperature during dry season in Andaman = 26 deg C = 78.8 deg F ~ 80 deg F

Estimated Dry Matter Intake = 42 lbs/day

No. of Gallons of Water Intake =25.5 gallons / day

No. of litres of Water Intake =25.5 X 8.32 X 0.453 litres / day = 96.10 litres per day

Let us assume for every in every two houses one can afford a cow

Water Requirement during dry season = 96.1 x 100 = 96,100 for one cow

For 6 cows in a Row - Water Required = 576,600

Amount water received during the dry season = 150 mm

Water Required = 576,600 = 30,000 n + .15 x 20 x 1000 n

No. of tank required n = 16.47 ~ 17 No. of tanks provided n = 20

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Water Requirement for different activities...

1 litre per day for 90 days

10 litre per day for 100 days

500 ml per day for 100 days

12000 l during stress period

96 l for 100 days

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+1 litre / plant per day

250 sqm of Area

200 plants

10 x 100for days

Pig based harvesting...

For Medicinal plants like Alpina Galanga can be grown around the periphery, of Jalkund they don't require watering . They grow with the moisture content of the soil

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Poultry based harvesting...

+1 litre / plant per day

250 sqm of Area

200 plants

100 x 100for days

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+1 litre / plant per day

250 sqm of Area

200 plants

2 x

Fish and Duck based harvesting...

1000 fish seedling of 1 month age

25 fish of 5 month age

By this not only the farm income incresed but also the quality of water imporved

Grass Carp, (Ctenopharyngodon idella)and Golden hybrid tilapia

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Cost of making a Jalkund (capacity 30,000 l)

Unit price Total price

Particulars (Rs) (Rs)

Digging expenses 30/m3 900 Plastering with clay 2.50/m2 120

Cushioning with pine leaf 2.50/m2 120

Lining with LDPE black agri film (250 mm) 40/m2 2880 Thatching 2/m2 60

Fencing 2/m 75 Insecticide, etc. – 50 Total – 4205

First year cost/l stored water – 0.14

Second year cost/l stored water – Nil Third year cost/l stored water – Nil

Average cost/l stored water – 0.046

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Economic Impact Analysis...

Utilization of stored water in Jalkund (30,000 l capacity) during dry spell periods in diversified farm activities and its economic analysis

Net Benefit :

Farming Total water profit cost

activity requirement (l) Expenditure (Rs) Income (Rs) (Rs) ratio

Tomato– Tomato Pig Misc. Tomato Pig Jalkund Total Tomato Pig Total

pig use

18,000 10,000 2000 Hybrid seed – 500 Piglets – 5000 Making – 4205 14,205 3700 20,000 23,700 9495 1.67

Other inputs – 250 Feed – 4000 Polypipe – 250

Tomato– Tomato Poultry Misc. Tomato Poultry Jalkund Total Tomato Poultry Total

poultry use

18,000 5000 7000 Hybrid seed – 500 Chicks – 750 Making – 4205 10,955 3700 15,000 18,700 7745 1.71 (egg)

Other inputs – 250 Feed – 5000 Polypipe – 250 (egg) (egg) (egg)

12,000 15,700 4745 1.43 (meat)

(meat) (meat) (meat)

Tomato– Tomato Duck– Misc. Tomato Duck–fish Jalkund Total Tomato Duck–fish Total

du ck– fish use

fish 18,000 * – Hybrid seed – 500 Ducklings – 30 Making – 4205 5835 3700 1600 8800 2965 1.51

Other inputs – 250 Fish seed – 100 Polypipe – 250 (egg)

Feed – 500 2000

(fingerling)

1500

(mature fish)

*Not calculated.

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Grey Water Treatment ...

sand layer

Horizontal Planted Filters

distribution trench fi l led with bigger stones or gravel

Main filter body filled with coarse gravel

Collection trench filled with bigger stones or gravel

perforated pipe connected to swivel pipe for adjustable height

Outlet chamber

Final outlet

Plants varieties that may be used Canna (kalvazhai) and Colacasia (seppankizhangu)

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PRE-TREATMENT SETTLING TANK

MAIN TREATMENT PLANTED FILTER

POST TREATMENT POLISHING TANK

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Black Water Treatment ...

Anal Cleasing Water

Urine

Dry Faeces + Ash

Roof Zone Treatment Plant

Compost

Vertical Filter

Liquid Fertilizer

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Bath

Ash ContainerExhaust Pipe

Open able Metal covering

Faeces Pit

Grey water Store

Urine Store

Water ContainerLvl + 1.0 m

Lvl + 0.0 m

Plan at lvl + 1.5 m

Plan at lvl + 0.5 m

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Vertical Up Flow Filter containing of Husk

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Thank You