Axial skeleton:skull (cranium and facial bones) hyoid bone (anchors tongue and muscles
associated with swallowing) vertebral column (vertebrae and disks) bony thorax (ribs and sternum)
Appendicular skeleton:pectoral girdle (clavicles and scapulae)upper limbs (arms)pelvic girdle (sacrum, coccyx)lower limbs (legs)
Articulation- where joints meet, connect, and are formed.
Regions of the Human Skeleton
22 bones in skull6 in middle ears1 hyoid bone26 in vertebral column25 in thoracic cage
4 in pectoral girdle60 in upper limbs60 in lower limbs2 in pelvic girdle
206 Bones in a Human Adult Skeleton
The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton
Slide 5.20a
Forms the longitudinal part of the body
Divided into three parts
Skull
Vertebral column
Bony thorax
Bones of the Skull- Frontal View Bones of the Skull- Frontal View (10.4)(10.4)
Cranium:-8 sutured bones-Encases brain-Muscle attachment-Sinuses
Facial bones: -13 sutured bones-1 mandible
Human Skull: Human Skull:
Superior View of the Floor of Cranial Cavity (10.3)Superior View of the Floor of Cranial Cavity (10.3)
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Fetal Skull: Superior View (10.9)•Skull bones are still incomplete •Fontanels (“little fountain”):
•Unossified remnants of fibrous membranes•Pulse can be felt surging in these “soft spots”•Allow infants head to be compressed slightly during birth•Accommodate brain growth in fetus & infant
•Anterior fontanel remains soft until 1.5-2yrs of age•Others are replaced by bone by the end of the first year
Paranasal Sinuses Paranasal Sinuses (10.6)(10.6)
• Mucus lined, hollow, air-filled portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
• Mucoase of sinus help to warm and humidify inspired air
The Hyoid BoneThe Hyoid Bone
The only bone that does not articulate with another bone
Anchored by narrow stylohyoid ligaments to syloid process of temporal bone.
Serves as a moveable base for the tongue
Figure 5.12
The Vertebral ColumnThe Vertebral Column Vertebrae separated by
intervertebral discs
Spine has a normal curvature
Vertebrae vary in size and morphology
Each vertebrae named according to location:
7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
1 sacrum (5 fused)
1 coccyx (4 fused)
•Ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum, costal cartilages•True ribs -directly attached to sternum (1st seven pairs•Three false ribs are joined to the 7th rib•Two pairs of floating ribs
Thoracic CageThoracic Cage
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