Axial Skeleton
Lab # 4
Skeleton Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton
Axial Skeleton Skull
Vertebral column
Thoracic cage
The SkullAxial Skeleton I
Skull
1- Frontal (1) 2- Parietal (2) 3- Temporal (2) 4- Occipital (1) 5- Sphenoid (1) 6- Ethmoid (1) 7- Ear ossicles (6)
1- Nasal (2) 2- Lacrimal (2) 3- Inferior nasal concha (2) 4- Palatine (2) 5- Vomer (1) 6- Zygomaticus (2) 7- Maxilla (2) 8- Mandible (1)
Cranial bones
Facial bones
CRANIAL BONES
PARIETAL BONE
TEMPORAL BONE
OCCIPITAL BONE
LACRIMAL BONE
FRONTAL BONE
SPHENOID BONE
ETHMOID BONE
NASAL BONE
MAXILLA
MANDIBLE
ZYGOMATIC BONE
Coronal suture Squamous suture
Styloid process
Mastoid process
External auditory canal
Lateral view
Mandibular fossa
Condyloid process of mandible
CRANIAL BONES
FACIAL BONES
FRONTAL BONECoronal suture
SPHENOID BONE
Squamous suture
PARIETAL BONE
TEMPORAL BONE
Styloid process
External auditory canal
Mastoid process
Condyloid process of mandible
ETHMOID BONE
MANDIBLE
NASAL BONE
LACRIMAL BONE
ZYGOMATIC BONE
MAXILLA OCCIPITAL BONEAlveolar process
of maxilla
Alveolar process of mandible
Mandibular fossa
Lateral view
The Skull
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid
Nasal septum
Middle nasal concha
Inferior nasal concha
Vomer
Alveolar process of maxilla
Alveolar process of mandible
FRONTAL BONE
Anterior view
CRANIAL BONES
FACIAL BONES
MAXILLA
VOMER
MANDIBLE
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
LACRIMAL BONE ETHMOID BONE
SPHENOID BONE
Alveolar processes of maxilla
Alveolar processes of mandible
INFERIOR NASAL CONCHA
ZYGOMATIC BONE
Middle nasal concha (part of ethmoid)
NASAL BONE
TEMPORAL BONE
PARIETAL BONE
SPHENOID
Hypophyseal fossa or sella turcica
CRANIAL BONES
Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
Crista galli of ethmoid bone
Carotid canals
Jugular foramen
Foramen ovale
Foramen lacerum
Foramen ovaleForamen lacerum
Hard palate
Posterior cranial fossa
Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
SPHENOID BONE
OCCIPITAL BONE
TEMPORAL BONE
OCCIPITAL BONE
Inferior view Interior view
Palatine process of
maxillaPALATINE
BONE
SPHENOID BONE
VOMER BONE
Mandibular fossa Styloid
process
Mastoid process
Occipital condyles
Foramen spinosum
Foramen rotundum
Foramen magnum
Carotid canal
Jugular foramen
Optic foramina
Crista galli of ethmoid bone
Hypophyseal fossa
Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
CRANIAL AND FACIAL BONES ARE CONNECTED BY JOINTS, WHICH ARE INMOVABLE AND ARE
REFERRED AS SUTURES
1- Sagittal suture2- Coronal suture3- Lambdoid suture4- Squamous suture
Posterior view Superior view
OCCIPITAL BONE
PARIETAL BONE (right)
PARIETAL BONE (left)
FRONTAL BONE
SUTURES
Sagittal suture
Coronal suture
Lambdoid suture
PARIETAL BONE FRONTAL
BONE
OCCIPITAL BONE
TEMPORAL BONE
SPHENOID
ETHMOID
Squamous suture
SUTURES
MANDIBLE
Mastoid process
TEMPORAL BONE
PARIETAL BONE
PARIETAL BONE
PARIETAL BONE
PARIETAL BONE
OCCIPITAL BONE
FRONTAL BONE
Posterior view Superior view
Coronal suture
Sagittal suture
Lambdoid suture
OCCIPITAL BONE
Lambdoid suture
SINUSES: They are air-filled chambers in the interior of some bones
PARIETAL
Midsagittal view
OCCIPITAL
FRONTAL
TEMPORAL
Styloid process
Mastoid process
Hypophyseal fossa
Crista galli
Sphenoidal sinus
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid
Cribriform plate of ethmoid
PALATINE BONE
Palatine process of maxilla
SPHENOID ETHMOID
Frontal sinus
MAXILLA
VOMER
PARIETAL
Midsagittal view
OCCIPITAL
FRONTAL
TEMPORAL
Cribriform plate of ethmoidSPHENOID
ETHMOID
Hypophyseal fossa
Sphenoidal sinus
Crista galli
Frontal sinus
Ethmoidal sinus
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid
Palatine process of maxilla
PALATINE BONE
Styloid process
Mastoid process
Mandibular notch
Mandibular angle
Ramus of mandible
Mental foramen
Lateral view
The Mandible
Alveolar margin
Mandibular condyle
Coronoid process
Mandibular foramen
FONTANELS: Are areas of fibrous tissue that connect the cranial bones of the infant. The connection are quite flexible, so the skull can be distorted during delivery without damage
Anterior or frontal fontanel
Anterolateral or sphenoid fontanel
Posterolateral or mastoid fontanel
Posterior or occipital fontanel
Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Temporal bone Occipital
bone
Sphenoid bone
Squamous
suture
Coronal suture
Lambdoidal suture
Anterolateral (sphenoid) fontanel
Posterior fontanel
Anterior fontanel
Posterolateral (mastoid) fontanel
Lateral View of Fetal Skull
Fetal Skull
Vertebral body
Spinous process
Transverse processVertebral foramen
Vertebra (prototype)
Inferior articular surface
Inferior view
Superior articular surface
Atlas
Axis
Dens of axis
Transverse ligament
Superior articular facet
Cervical curve
Thoracic curve
Lumbar curve
Pelvic curve
Vertebral Column of an Adult
Lateral view
C7T1
T12L1
L5
Atlas (C1)
Axis (C2)Intervertebral
discs
Intervertebral foramina
Coccyx
Sacrum
Atlas (C1) Axis (C2)
Superior view Superior view
Vertebral foramen
Vertebral foramen
Posterior arch
Transverse process
Anterior arch
Lamina
Spinous process
Superior articular facet Dens
Transverse process
Transverse foramen
Superior articular facet
Vertebral foramen
Body
Cervical Vertebra
Superior view Lateral view
Spinous process
Superior articular facet
Transverse foramen
Spinous process
Inferior articular process
Body
Transverse process
Transverse process
Bifid tip of spinous process
Superior articular process
Superior articular process
Vertebral foramen
Transverse costal facet for tubercle of rib
Body
Body
Thoracic Vertebra
Superior view Lateral view
Inferior notch
Spinous process
Superior articular facet
Superior costal demifacet for
head of rib
Superior articular process
Superior costal demifacet for
head of rib
Inferior costal demifacet for
head of ribSpinous process
Transverse process
Vertebral foramen Body
Body
Lumbar Vertebra
Superior view Lateral view
Spinous processSuperior articular processSuperior
articular process
Superior articular
facet
Transverse process
Spinous process Inferior articular process
Superior view
Lateral view
Thoracic (12) Cervical (7) Lumbar (5)
A comparison of vertebrae from cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions
Intervertebral foramina are passageways for spinal nerves running to or from the enclosed spinal cord
Intervertebral foramina
Vertebral foramen
Transverse foramina
Together, the vertebral foramina of successive vertebrae form the vertebral canal , which encloses the spinal cord
Transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae are passageways for vertebral artery (and vein, no shown)
Anterior view
Posterior view
Sacrum and Coccyx
Coccyx
Sacrum(Fused components of 5 vertebrae)
S1
S2
S3S4
S5
Coccyx (3 to 5 coccygeal
vertebrae)
Superior articular processes
Median sacral crest
Sacral foramina
Lateral sacral crest
Sacral hiatus
11
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8 9 9
T1
They are connected to the sternum by separated costal
cartilages
True or vertebrosternal
ribs (ribs 1-7)
False ribs (ribs 8-12)
T12
L1
1 1
2 2
3 3
44
55
6
7 7
6
Floating ribs Floating ribs
The Thoracic Cage
Floating or vertebral (11,12)
Vertebrochondral (8,9,10)
Costal cartilages
12 1211 11 1010
Sternum
Anterior view
Rib
Articulation between the ribs and thoracic vertebrae
Superior view
Posterior (vertebral)
end
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process
Neck
Head
Anterior (sternal) end
Tubercle
Tubercle Transverse costal facet
Demifacet
Neck
Head
SternumSternum
Inhalation
Exhalation
Movements of curve ribs affects the volume
of the thoracic cage Rib cage elevates and diaphragm contracts
Rib cage returns to the
normal position and diaphragm
relaxes
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