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WARRIORS,
WEAPONS, ANDHARNESS FROM
THE 5TH–10TH CENTURIESIN THE CARPATHIAN BASIN
Editor
Călin Cosma
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Academia RomânăInstitutul de Arheologie și Istoria Artei din Cluj-Napoca
Seria Series Reihe
INTERFERENŢE ETNICE ŞI CULTURALEÎN MILENIILE I A CHR – I P CHR
ETHNIC AND CULTURAL INTERFERENCES IN THEST MILLENNIUM BC TO THE ST MILLENNIUM AD
ETHNISCHE UND KULTURELLE INTERFERENZEN IM JAHRTAUSEND V CHR – JAHRTAUSEND N CHR
Editori Editors Herausgeber der Reihe
Nicolae Gudea Călin Cosma Aurel Rustoiu
VOL XXII BAND
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Warriors, weapons, and harnessfrom the 5th–10th centuries
in the Carpathian Basin
Mega Publishing House
Cluj-Napoca2015
Editor Călin Cosma
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DP and cover:
Francisc Baja
Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României Warriors, weapons, and harness from the 5th–10th centuries in the Carpathian Basin /ed.: Călin Cosma. - Cluj-Napoca : Mega, 2014 Bibliogr. ISBN 978-606-543-551-3
I. Cosma, Călin (ed.)
623.44(498)"06/10"
© Călin Cosma, 2015
Cover image I:Reconstruction proposal of the Avar military chieftain from the cemetery at eiuș
(drawing Narcisa Șugar, Institute of Archaeology and History of Art, Cluj-Napoca).
E M | www.edituramega.roe-mail: [email protected]
Te volume was financed by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for ScientificResearch, CNCS – UEFISCDI, project number PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-0278
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Contents
Nicolae GudeaÜber die gotischen Foederaten an den Grenzen der römischen Provinzen an der Unteren Donau ( Jahrhundert-Mittedes Jahrhunderts) Eine archäologische Behandlung im Licht der Waffen
Michel KazanskiLes influences steppiques dans l’équipement militaire et équestre des Slaves (V e–VIIe siècles)
Alpár Dobos W eapons and weapon depositions in the late row-grave cemeteries in Transylvania
Aurel RustoiuShooting the evil. “Scythian” arrowheads in Avar age graves from the Carpathian Basin
Gabriel T Rustoiu Marius Ciută A n avar warrior’s grave recently discovered at Unirea-Vereşmort (Alba county)
Ivan Bugarski A xe, Battle Axes and Battle Knives from Avar-Time Graves in Vojvodina
Jozef ZábojníkSaxe und andere Waffen westlichen Ursprungs auf dem Gräberfeld aus der Zeit des awarischen Khaganats in Valaliky-
Všechsvätých
Csiky Gergely A metrical approach in the study of Avar-age polearms
Szenthe Gergely R anderscheinungen einer Randkultur. Awarische Männerrepräsentation und mediterraner Einfluss inRandgebieten des Karpatenbeckens (erste Hälfte Jh N Chr)
Călin Cosma A var warriors in Transylvania, Sătmar and Maramureş, Crişana and Banat. Archaeological landmarks on the politicalstatus of western Romania in the Avar Khaganate
Naďa Profantová The horse harness, spurs and stirrups in Bohemia in 8th and 9th century
Michal HoleščákEarly medieval arrowheads from the area of todays Slovakia
Dan Băcueţ-CrişanEarly mediaeval arrows discovered in Sylvanian Basin (Romania)
Valeri Yotov The find of Sfântu Gheorghe Covasna County () questions which might be raised
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Aurel DragotăBattle-axes in the cemeteries from Banat, Crişana and Transylvania (10th century)
Florin Mărginean A n insight on social status around the year 1000 AD, reflected by the funeral inventory of some graves found on the
Lower Mureș Valley*
Erwin Gáll
A n attempt to classify the stirrups dating from the 10th century and the first quarter of the 11th century in theTransylvanian Basin the CrișanaPartium and the Banat with an outlook to the Carpathian Basin
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A xe, Battle Axes and Battle Knives from Avar-Time Graves in VojvodinaIvan Bugarski
Institute of Archaeology Belgrade
ivanbugarski@gmailcom
Abstract The article analyses the somewhatneglected finds ofthe battle axes andthe battle knives
fromthesouthernpartoftheAvarKhaganateJustasinthecaseofaxessizeoftheobjectsisthemaincriterionfordistinguishingbetweentheknivesandthebattleknivesItisconcludedthatthebattleaxeswereacommontypeofweaponinAvarusewhilethebattleknivesconstitutetheleastcharacteristicgroupoftheirweapons
KeywordsAxesBattleAxesBattleKnivesAvarsVojvodina
InthispaperIwillpresentthesomewhatneglectedfindsofatoolandcertaintypesofweaponsfromthesouthoftheAvarKhaganatethatisfrompresent-daynorthernSerbianprovinceofVojvodinaandtheircontextsThebattleaxesandthebattleknivesarenotamongthemostfamousAvarweaponslikeforexampletheirreflexbowsAtthattimeaxesand
battleaxessharedthesameshapesoriginatinginthedistantpast
artefactsofthesamedesignweretobeusedforcenturiesafterwardsSofarexcludingtherecenteffortsbyFrigyesSzücsi battleaxesfromAvarterritoryhavenotbeenprocessedasawholeandthesporadicfindsofbattlekniveswerebroughttogetherinasectionofanarticlebyGergelyCsiky Thusonemayconcludethatthetwogroupshavenotbeenstudiedsufficientlyandthateventhefunctionofthefindsisnotresolvedinanunambiguousway
ThemajorityofAvar-timeaxesincludingtheonestobepresentedisofasimpletriangularshapeSomeofthem–theaxe-hammers–havetheirbacksflattenedDespitetheaxesbelongingtoparticulartypologicalgroupsareofacommondesignthereareno identicalspecimensSomewhatdifferentaretheso-calledL-shapedaxesalsoknownfromthecontextspreceding andfollowingthe Avardominationtime
ApartfromaddingthefindsfromthesouthernpartoftheKhaganatetotheexistingrecordsthearticle’saimistohelpresolvetheissueofthefunctionaluseoftheaxesandtosomeextentofthatoftheknivesaswellIronknivescomprisethemostabundantgroupofutensilsinAvaruseTheyarecommonlyfoundinbothgenders’gravesandinthoseofchildrenandarethusseenasthemostelementarypossessionofafreeAvar Mostoftheknivesaresmallinsizebuttherearealsolargeronesupto cminlengthandmoreItisnotalwayseasytodistinguishbetweentheknivesandthe
Ricz egAkhmedovVorontsovRupnik egKirpichnikov–TXIGórecki–Ryc– Szücsi
Csiky Szücsi– egQuastAbb egKouřilAbb Iotov–ObrGóreckiRyc– Kovačević
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130 I B
battleknives(shortseaxes Kurzseaxe )andperhapsunlikeseaxesingeneral thelattergroupoffindsdidnotcompriseacharacteristicclassofAvarweaponry
An Axe and the Battle Axes
We willstart our surveywithan atypicalaxefind fromLovćenac(Szeghegy) It wasfound ac-cidentallyinaccordingtosomevaguementionsinahorseman’sgraveorinadoublebur-ialperhapsmalewhichalsoproducedhorsebonesAchainandasilverearringfromthisgravewouldratherrefertoawomanhavingbeenburiedalongsidethe(horse)manRelyingonthesefindsandthe Salona–
Histriatypepursebucklethegraveisusuallydatedtothefirsthalfofthesev-enthcentury butthankstoasolidusof Emperors Heraclius and HeracliusConstantine minted between and
itsdatecanbenarroweddowntothesecondquarterofthatcenturyThebulkofthefindsisillustrated
in an archive photograph ( Fig )Togetherwithaceramicpotthegraveproduced a wooden bucket and a rarefindingofthecoppercauldronAheavilycorrodedspearheadandthefragmentsofaswordandashield(?)camefromthisgrave too aswell astwoiron stir-rupswithcircularloopsasickleandanaxeThissimpleaxeis cmlongandwasrecentlyclassifiedasvarianta-H-IofSzücsi’sdetailedtypologywhichcon-siderstheformsofcuttingedgessock-etsandbuttsIthasbeensuggestedthatthisisabattleaxe amattertobediscussedbelow
The next finds come from Aradac(Aradka) This cemetery also includ-ing a certain number of Germanic fu-neralscanbedatedtotheEarlyandMiddleAvarPeriodsiefromtheend
ofthesixthcenturytoaroundtheyear Grave (III) produced a sheetstrap-end which belongs to the ear-
cf Csiky Csiky Vinski Somogyi Garam ADAM VinskiDimitrijevićKovačevićVinskiSl Somogyi
GaramAbb Szücsi DimitrijevićKovačevićVinskiSlGaramCurtan Nadj NadjTXXV
Fig. 1 – Lovćenac, a selection of finds, after Garam 1982.
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131 Axe Battle Axes and Battle Knives from Avar-Time Graves in Vojvodina
liestFAphaseofZábojník’sseriationdatedupuntilacastbronzematricefromtheendofthesixthandthefirstthirdoftheseventhcenturies asimilarlydated Salona–Histriatypebuckleandaso-calleddisentanglinghook ItispossiblethattherewasalsoaswordinthisgraveandanaxefindshouldbementionedaswellThebattleaxeis cmlong andbelongstotheb-Avariantofthereferencetypology Grave(III)canbedatedtotheendofthesixthandthefirstthirdofthe
seventhcenturies( Fig )
Fig. 2 – Aradac, grave 3 (III), a selection of finds, after Nadj 1959 (no scale).
Thesecondaxefromthiscemeterywasfoundingravewhichcontaineda veryinterestingassemblageofGermanicmilitaryequipmentAlongtheright-handedgeofthegravepitfromtoptobottomtherewereneatlyarrangedpartsofashieldthebattleaxeandthreethree-wingedar-rowheadsoneofthemperforatedsucharrowswereusedtocausefiredamageTheshieldisveryinterestingWithitshandlepartlypreservedandtheumbo sans boutonitresemblesafindfromthe VišeGrobalja cemeteryatViminaciumTheuseof suchshieldsoccurredalreadyinthesecondhalfofthefifthcenturybutthemajorityofthefindscamefromlatercontextsThroughouttheseventhcenturytheseweretypicaloftheLombardsinItalyandthereisanotherGermanicprobablyGepidicfindfromtheterritoryoftheAvarKhaganateInthisgravetherewasalsopresumablyaquiverhookThe cmlongbattleaxeisofasimpledesign( Fig )ItwasonlymentionedinthearticlebyFrigyesSzücsibutwasnotattributedtoanyofhisvariants
The grave was dated to the second half of the sixth century A massive silver earring and a
bone purse-clasp cannot assist us in dating it more accurately Given the context of the funeral
and the fact that the published ground plan of the cemetery does not present the graves excavated
in (one of them being grave ) it can only be suggested that this grave dates from the end of
the sixth and the first half or the first two thirds of the seventh century Around another
Middle Avar culture emerged and Roman and Germanic features in Avar cemeteries can no longer
be traced
ZábojníkTaf Abb DimitrijevićKovačevićVinskiTXVIIcf Garam–Taf Tabelle Uenze–Abb Varsik–Taf IVIGaramafTabelle NadjSl NadjTXXVI Szücsi NadjY()– KovačevićBugarskiaSl NadjY() IvaniševićKazanskiMastykova–Fig NadjY()
Szücsi NadjY NadjY() Nadj Vida
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132 I B
Fig. 3 – Aradac, grave 108, after Nadj 1973 (no scale).
TheNovaLederataquadriburgiumabridgeheadoftheLederatafortificationsystemonthenow-inundatedSapajaislealongtheBanatshoreoftheDanubeisthelocationofahighlyinterestinggravefromtheEarlyMiddleAgesThissinglegravewasdugintothedebrislayerinthewell-exploredfortandproducedaceramicvesselandabattleaxeRegrettablythefindsarepoorlyillustratedinthe
otherwisedetailedpublicationbyDanicaDimitrijević ThepotrepresentsarelativelysmallgroupofvesselsofaneasternnomadicoriginlabeledasIIIBgroupinthetypologybyTivadarVidaMostlikelyitbelongstotheIIIBcsubgroupcharacteristicoftheEarlyandMiddleAvarPeriods
ThequoteddrawingisnotaccompaniedbythescaleanddimensionsofthetwoobjectsarenotmentionedinthearticlebyDimitrijević Yetifthescalewasatthebattleaxewouldbeca cmlongandthevesselca cmhighwhicharebothusualsizes( Fig )Thegravewasdatedtothesev-enthcentury andmistakenlytotheeighthinamorerecentaccountbutitsdatingmaybeplacedwithinthelastthreequartersoftheseventhcentury
Jovanović
Dimitrijević–Sl Vida–Abb Taf Dimitrijević–Sl Dimitrijević– ADAM
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133 Axe Battle Axes and Battle Knives from Avar-Time Graves in Vojvodina
Fig. 4 – Sapaja, grave finds, after Dimitrijević 1984 (no scale).
ThefindfromSelenča(Bácsújfalu)againcomesfromaveryvaguelydescribedcontext( Fig )
Byallappearancesinseveralhorsemens’gravesratherthanahoardweredamagedproducingavarietyofarchaeologicalfindscollectedbytheworkersThefindsweredatedtothefirsthalf ortothelastquarteroftheseventhcentury ThelattersuggestionismoreaccurateifwetakeintoaccounttheseriationorderingofAvarbeltpieceswhichaccordingtoZábojník’sworkcomefromtheMSIandMSIIphases(––) Thegildedhorseharnessfittings areverymuchlikethosefromthegravesoftheso-calledTótipuszta-Igargroupandverycharacteristicarethesil- versheetharnessfittingshavinganalogousfindsinKunágotaandOzoradatedbycoinsofEmperorConstantineIV andinKunszentmártonTwopairsofstirrupswithcircularloopswerecollectedaswellandfivesnufflebitsFromSelenčathereisanothercoppercauldronandsomeveryinterest-ingsilversheetfittingsperhapsofaknife
Asforweaponryaspearheadandahelmetcheek-piecewerefoundaswellasatotalofsevenironarmuorplates ItisnotsurprisingthatthepartofahelmetparticularlyrareinAvarusegainedsomeattentionwhileanaxefinddidnotTheironbattleaxefromSelenčais cmlong Itbe-longstoSzücsi’sb-Bvariant
AxesfromthelargeunpublishedBankertcemeterynearBačkaTopola(Topolya)wereonlylistedinafootnoteamongtheotherfindsfromthesiteAfteranalyzingtheveryscantavailableinforma-tiontheBankertcemeterymaybedatedtotheMiddleandLateAvarPeriods(ca–)ratherthantotheseventhandthefirsthalfoftheeighthcenturies
VinskinDimitrijevićKovačevićVinskiADAM Tomka– VinskiDimitrijevićKovačevićVinski ADAM VinskiTVIDimitrijevićKovačevićVinski–SlTXI ZábojníkTaf –Abb VinskiTVIDimitrijevićKovačevićVinskiSl BónaFigs DimitrijevićKovačevićVinskiTXIcf VinskiTXVII–GaramTaf CsallányTaf II VinskiTV–SlDimitrijevićKovačevićVinskiSl GaramAbb VinskiTVIDimitrijevićKovačevićVinski– Tomka DimitrijevićKovačevićVinskiTXI Bugarskia–nFig
cf GladCatno DimitrijevićKovačevićVinskiSl Szücsi Mrkobradn cfADAM
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134 I B
Fig. 5 – Selenča, a selection of grave finds, after Vinski 1958, Dimitrijević /Kovačavić/ Vinski 1962, Bugarski 2006a (no scale).
ThefindfromMandjelos(Nagyolaszi)isofalaterdateTheaxewasfoundingraveofthisLate Avarcemetery( Fig )ina contextwhichalsoproducedthe beltpieces matchingZábojník’stypesfromtheSSIIIphaseThusgrave canbedatedbetweentheyearsandThisL-shapedbattleaxeis cmlong ItisnotwithoutanalogousfindsfromAvarcontexts Fromanaccidentallyuncoveredwarrior’sgraveattheJandalocalityinStariSlankamen(Szalánkemén)alsointheSremRegioncameaheavilycorrodedbattleaxe cmlongaccompaniedby characteristicLateAvarbeltelementswhichonthebasisofreferenceseriationcanbedatedtothesecondhalfifnottothelastquarteroftheeighthcentury Thisaxeisnotillustrated
ZábojníkTaf Abb TadinTVIIIIII egZábojníkObrseefootnotesandabove DimitrijevićKovačevićVinskiSl–KovačevićADAM Zábojník–Taf Abb
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135 Axe Battle Axes and Battle Knives from Avar-Time Graves in Vojvodina
Fig. 6 – Mandjelos, grave 6, after Tadin 1995 (no scale).
ThreeLateAvargraveswerefoundbychanceinnear-byZemunPolje(Zimony)intheperipheryofamulti-layeredsiteinthelocationofRomanmutatioAltinaTwograveswerefemaleandthethirdwasofawealthymalewearinggildedbeltgarnitureofMediterraneanorigin whosepiecescanbeat-tributedtotypesoftheSSIIIphaseofZábojník’stypology Despiteprevioussuggestions thegravecanbedatedto–Thesameburialproducedtwobeadsaswellanda cmlongbattleaxe( Fig )belongingtothea-I-IItypeofFrigyesSzücsi
TwoaxescannotbedatednarrowlyThefirstfindcamefromgraveattheŽutaJamacem-eteryinMaliIdjoš(Kishegyes)This cmlongaxewitha cmwidecuttingedgewaslistedinanoldaccountbyKálmánGubitzaandattributedtothe-H-ItypeofSzücsi’sclassificationbutthegraveitselfisnotdatedmorepreciselyThecemeterycanbedatedtobetweentheendofthesixthandtheendoftheeighthcenturies FromtheTelečkasiteinKulathereisanaccidentalfindfromwhenbrickfactoryworkersapparentlyruinedseveralgravesFromoneofthemapairofgolden
Szent-EndretypeearringsandaskullwerecollectedandsometwometersfromthisgraveanaxewasfoundAnotherinterestingfindingwasaBronzeAgeceramicvesselThe Szent-Endretypeearringsaredatedtothelastquarterofthesixthandespeciallytothefirsthalfoftheseventhcentury ortoitsopeningtwothirdsbutitcannotbeclaimedthattheaxetoocamefromtheEarlyAvarPeriod
Dimitrijević–TI–V ZábojníkTaf –Abb KovačevićMrkobradnADAM DimitrijevićTVI Szücsi Gubitza–
Szücsi cf VinskiMrkobradnADAM– Velenrajter Ormándy–Abb – Balogh
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136 I B
LastlytwomorefindsfromVojvodinaarementionedinSzücsi’slistsbutthesearenotaxesThe cmlongobjectfromtheMiddleAvarcemeteryBogojevoI(Gombos)waslabeledasanaxeonlywithcautionandinthefirstpublicationitwasdescribedasacsákány(pick)AndatoolfromtheCiglanaPoletcemeteryinVrbas(Verbász)wasattributedtothegroupof“doublehammeraxes” Yetsuchfindingsdonothavecuttingedgesandthereforeitissemanticallyincorrecttolabelthem
asaxesMoreoverthoseAvar-timehammerswererecentlydescribedasgoldsmiths’toolsperhapsvom römischen Typ
Fig. 7 – Zemun Polje, grave finds, after Dimitrijević 1966 (no scale).
The Battle Knives
WehavenotedsomedifficultiesifnotinconsistenciesindistinguishingbetweentheknivesandthebattleknivesIfwesticktothecommon cmbladelengthcriterionthereareonlyfourbattleknivesfromAvar-timegravesinVojvodinatobediscussedinoursurveyTobesurethereareafur-thercoupleofca cmlongknivesbutthatwouldbethefulllengthofaknife(includingtang)notofitsbladeonly FollowingHeinrichHärkesuchobjectsmaybelabeledaslargeknives“becausetheyaretoosmalltoberealweaponsandinordertoavoidconfusionwithshortseaxes[]although
borderlinecasesobviouslyexist(astheywouldwithvirtuallyanyothersubdivisionofbladesizes)”
ThefirstbattleknifetobepresentedherecomesfromtheMokrin(Homokrév)cemeteryinnorth-ernBanatHorseman’sgravewasrichinfinds( Fig )AmongthevarietyofcorrodedironobjectstherewerepartsofhorseridingequipmentincludingstirrupsTheobjectsservingthispurposeweremadeoutofboneaswellTherewereseveralthree-wingedarrowheadsandtwoironknivesoneofthem cmlongwithpartlypreservedbronzesheetsheath
VinskiDimitrijevićKovačevićVinskiADAM SzücsiFig Cziráky NagyTXXIII Szücsicf SzücsiFig
BálintPl RáczTaf – NadjTIIBunardžićCatnoFig Härke RanisavljevTXXII–XXIV
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137 Axe Battle Axes and Battle Knives from Avar-Time Graves in Vojvodina
Fig. 8 – Mokrin, grave 62, a selection of finds, after Ranisavljev 2007 (no scale).
Themostcharacteristicfindfromgraveisthesilversheetstrap-end
attributabletotheseriationtypesfrombothFSandMSphasesthatisuptotheyearsandAtTiszafüredsimilarstrap-endsaredateduptoInhiscitedmonographAleksandarRanisavljevdatedtheMokrincemeteryuptotheyearwhentheKutrigurshavingbeende-featedbytheAvarslefttheCarpatianBasin butinareviewofthisbookitwasnotedthatsomefindsbelongtoalaterdatewithintheseventhcenturyuptoorevenalittlelater
FromagraveatthePionirskaStreetsiteinBečej(Óbecse)thereisan-otherbattleknifeItis cmlongandtracesofclothandwoodarepre-servedbycorrosion( Fig )Apart froma fragmentedbronze linkonly asmall( cm)ironknifewascollectedfromthisruinedgraveYetjudgingbythepositionofthegraveatthiscemeterywhereAvargravesofdifferentdatesaredistributedinspatiallydistinctzonesitmightwellbepresumedthatgravewasfromtheearliergroupofburials
The third battle knifecomes from horseman’s grave atthe VojkacemeteryintheSremRegionThebronzesheetstrap-endfromthisgravecan beassigned tothe MSII seriation phase(–)andthesmallcastbronzebucklewithapairofnarrowsheetfittingsmatchesthefindsfromaMiddleAvargraveatthePerleksiteinBečej andfromNovéZámky
ZábojníkTaf Abb GaramAbb – Ranisavljev
Bugarskib Mikić-AntonićSlTVII–Plan BugarskibTXXIXXXX ZábojníkT– Mikić-Antonić–Sl
Fig. 9 – Bečej, grave 15, afterMikić-Antonić 2012 (no scale).
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138 I B
cemetery The mlongswordisnotpreservedbuttheelipticbronzesheetpommelfitting isresemblingthefindfromtheKölked-FeketekapuBcemetery Atotalofsixreflexbowboneplatescomefromthisgravealongwiththreethree-wingedarrowheadsQuiverboneplateswerefoundaswellanalogoustothefindfromahorseman’sgraveatSolymár ThegravealsoproducedapairofhighlycorrodedstirrupsnotoftheearliesttypesinAvaruseandthehorseharnesswasdecorated
withgildedandroundbronzesheetfittingsnoneofthempreservedThebattleknifewasfoundundertherightfemuroftheskeletonItis cmlongandthankstocorrosiontracesofthewoodensheatharepreservedaswellassixrivetsoncefixingthegrip( Fig )
Fig. 10 – Vojka, grave 94, after Bugarski 2006b (no scale).
ČilinskáTXXXVIII– Bugarskib–TXXX–
Kiss–Taf Bugarskib–TXXX–– TörökTaf IX BugarskibTXXIX– BugarskibTXXIX–
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139 Axe Battle Axes and Battle Knives from Avar-Time Graves in Vojvodina
FromanaccidentallyfoundgraveinApatintheDunavskaStreetsite comesanotherbattleknifeThisheavilycorrodedand’arch-likecurved’weaponis cminlengthUnlikethe cmlongsword(sabre?)thebattleknifeisnotillustrated EvenifthedescriptionoftheartefactisnotclearenoughitsdimensionssuggestthattheauthorswererighttolabelitasabattleknifeThiswarrior’sgravealsoproducedathree-wingedarrowheadOnthebasisofthecharacteristiccastbronzebeltelements–the
strap-endthebuckleandthebelt-fitting –thegravecansafelybedatedtoZábojník’sSSIIphase(–)
Discussion and Conclusions
SometenaxesfromthesouthoftheAvarKhaganatewereprocessedinoursurveyThelargestfindisfromLovćenac cmlongwhiletherestoftheaxesarebetweenand cminlengthonlythefindsfromZemunPoljeandMaliIdjošareand cmlongrespectivelySimilarlyshapedaxesfromByzantinecontextsaslargeastheLovćenaconearecommonlydescribedastools andtheaxesinAvargravesareusuallyseenasweapons InhismonographonEarlyMediaevalBulgarianweaponryValeryIotovgroupedmorphologicallysimilaraxesofbothsizestohistypevariantsA-C
statingthatthesetenth-andeleventh-centuryobjectsmighthavebeenusedasbothtoolsandweap-onsThesamewasbelievedforEarlyMediaevalaxesfromCroatiaHoweveronthebasisofgraveassemblagesMajaPetrinecthinksthatthefindsofdifferentdimensionswerealltools
IbelievethatthesizeofanaxeiscrucialforjudgingitsfunctionaluseIfwetakethesizeoftheobjectsastheprincipalcriterionfordistinguishingtheLovćenacfindwasatoolandtherestofthelistedaxeswereweaponsWecanseethattheirsizewasstandardizedandithasalreadybeenbreeflysuggestedthatthe– cmlongaxesinAvarusewereinfactbattleaxesItislikelythatthesamecanbesaidofthe– cmlongfindstheburialfromZemunPoljewasalreadydescribedasawarri-or’sgraveInthelateeighthcenturythereweremanyothermeansofwarriorrepresentationatthedisposalbutitseemsthatthesinglepieceofweaponryinthisgravetestifiesthattheburiedwealthypersonamongothersocialrolescouldhavebeen(seenas)amilitarypersonaswell
SimilarlyFrigyesSzücsistatedthattheaxeswiththeircuttingedgeslessthan– cminwidthwereusedasweaponsThesizeofanobjectisdirectlyrelatedtoitsweightDouble-sizedaxesaremuchheavierForexamplethe– cmlongironaxesfromKeszthely-Fenékpusztaarefivetosixtimesheavierthanthe– cmlongonesItisobviousthatthetwoclassesofaxesmusthavebeenmanipulatedindifferentwaysandconsequentlyusedfordifferentpurposes
TherearealsocontextualgroundstooptforthissolutionInLovćenacthewarriorstatusofthedeceasedwasunderscoredbygravegiftslikespearswordandperhapsshieldandalongwiththeaxeanothertoolwasplacedinthegrave– asickleBearinginmindotherinterpretationsofsuchfindsinAvargravessicklesareanimportanttestimonyto agriculturalactivitiesofapopulationoftendescribedasnomadicToputsuchtoolsinagravecouldmeanthattheburiedpersoninthiscaseawarriorhadsomecontrolovertheagruculturalproductionaswellorthatthesocietybelievedthatthetoolsmightbeofsomevaluetohimintheafterlife
OntheotherhandthecontextofgraveatAradactestifiesthatthesmallerfindsarebattleaxesAsmentionedabovetheshieldtheaxeandthearrowswereneatlydistributedalongthegrave’sedgeItseemstomethatsuchadisplayofwarriorattributeswasnottobedisturbedbyplacingatool DimitrijevićKovačevićVinskiSl DimitrijevićKovačevićVinskiSl– ZábojníkTaf Taf Abb cf Garam–Abb – egBavantCatnoPl XXXVIIIJankovićJankovićŠpeharCatnoTXZIV egKiss IotovTLII–– Petrinec–Sl BugarskiIvanišević
Dimitrijević–Kovačević Szücsi RupnikAbb Slivenska cf DaimBugarskia–
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inthemiddleofitSotheaxeswerenotputingravesbecauseofthepowerofironinitself butchieflyasweaponsInheavilymilitarizedsocietiessuchastheAvars’thesymbolicvalueofaweaponwassurelymoreappreciatedthanthatofatool
Thiswasparticularlysointhecaseofchildrens’burialsItwassuggestedrecentlythatthesym-bolicpowerofgrave-goodsincreasesincaseswheretheageofthedeceaseddoesnotcorrespondto
thestatusvalueoftheobjectsdepositedintheirgravesThereforethesinglefindofabattle-axeinchildrens’burialsmayhaveservedasasymboloftheprojectedfuturestatusofasoldier Thisinter-pretationoftheaxefindsissupportednotonlybythegravesofAvaryouthbutbytheninth-tenthcenturiesrecordfrompresent-dayCzechRepublicaswell Furthermorechildrenwereburiedasiftheywerewarriorsinthecemeteriesofthesixth-seventhcenturiesUpper-Ob’cultureinSiberiaandinAnglo-Saxoncemeteries
GraveatAradacisimportantforyetanotherreasonbyallappearancesitwasaGermanicburialofanearlydateearlierthantherestofthecontextsprocessedhereThebattleaxeswereinmorefrequentAvaruseonlyfromtheMiddleAvarPeriodonwards andourrecordfromthesouth-ernpartoftheKhaganatefollowsthesamestatisticaltrendMorepreciselyfromtheEarlytotheMiddleAvarPeriodthenumberofaxeswasontheincrease(caof them)whiletheremaining
majorityofthefindsdatefromtheLateAvarPeriodTheearliestspecimensclusterinTransdanubia–buteventhereinsmallnumbers–andfromtheMiddleAvarPeriodthebattleaxesoccureastoftheDanubeaswell
InthatrespectonemayraisethequestionwhetherthebattleaxeswereintroducedtotheAvarsbytheirGermanicsubjectsTheconclusionofGergelyCsikyis thateventheTransdanubianAvarsdidnotundergosignificantinfluencesfromtheGermanicMerovingianworldinthesphereofweap-onry AsopposedtotherecordfromItalyaxesareveryrareinLombardcemeteriesinpresent-day WesternHungary andinGepidiccemeteriesintheTiszaRegiontherewereno findsofthiskind
AsalreadymentionedthebattleaxeswerenotamongthemostfamousAvarweaponsbutevenifthelatestlistbyFrigyesSzücsiwasnotcompleteatotalofaxesfromAvar-timegraveswerepresentedOutofthisnumberofthefindscamefromgravesofadultmalesandtherestfromthoseoftheoldandtheyoung Forcomparisonthetotalofcuttingweapons(seaxesswordsandsabres)andspearswerelistedbyGergelyCsikyUnlikeinthecaseofaxesinthecourseoftimefromtheEarlytotheLateAvarPeriodtheirnumberwasdecreasing SometenyearsagoRaimarKorylistedtheremainsoflamellararmoursfromaroundAvarburialseachmaleandfemaleandchildrens’The finds ofarmour plates werevaguelyseen asa reflection ofAsiantraditionsinmalegravestheycouldsymbolicallyrepresenttheprofessionofthedeceased andingravesofwomenandchildrentheyperhapshadacertainapotropaicvalueattachedtothemAsarmourplatesweremorecommoninAvargravesthanhelmetsorshieldsonecanonlyconcludethattheoffensiveweaponswereinmuchmorefrequentusethanthedefensiveones
Kovačević Bugarskiet al – Bugarskiet al egDaimTaf B–A–Garam– Profantová–Abb Borodovskij Stoodley GaramAbb Csiky– Szücsi– Csiky BónaHorváth cf BónaNagyCsehet al Szücsi Szücsi–
Csiky–n Korycf Bugarskia Bóna Zábojník Kovačević–
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141 Axe Battle Axes and Battle Knives from Avar-Time Graves in Vojvodina
ThusthenumberofbattleaxesinmaleAvar-timegravesisconsiderablylargerthanthenumberofarmourplatesItalmostapproachesthenumberofspearsandthespearswerethemostfrequentweapontypefoundinAvarhorsemen’sgravesThiscanonlymeanthatthebattleaxes werechar-acteristicAvarweaponsandyettheyweresomewhatneglectedintheliteratureItseemstomethattherearetwo mainreasonsforsuchamodeststatusFirstthebattleaxesoftheAvartimedonot
displaydistincttypologicalfeaturesbutthosewidespreadinbothchronologicalandterritorialtermsSecondlymostofthemcomefromthelateseventhcenturyandlateronthatisfromthetimewellbeyondthescopeofwrittensourcesNamelythereareno historicalaccountsofAvarbattleaxesTheotherclassesofAvarweaponryandhorsemen’sequipmentareforexamplediscussedinthe
StrategikonanimportantsourcefromthefinalyearsofthereignofEmperorMauricereferringtothebattlestyleoftheAvarsOrmorepreciselytothatoftheirmilitaryelite AftertheearlystagesofAvarEuropeanhistorythrustingandthrowingweaponsdecreaseinnumberswhilethenumberofthebattleaxeswasontheincreaseByallappearancesthiscoincideswithradicalchangesinpoliticalandmilitaryrealityaftertheAvardisasteratConstantinopleafterwhichtherewereno furtherfierceattacksagainstByzantiumandwiththegeneraldevelopmentsinmilitarytacticsandequipment
JustasinthecaseofaxessizeoftheobjectsisthemaincriterionfordistinguishingbetweentheknivesandthebattleknivesThelengthof cmandoverisusuallyattributedtothebattleknivestheshortestvariantofseaxesThisismostlyinlinewiththeestimationbyHeinrichHärkewhothinksthatshortseaxesare cmormoreinbladelengthSuggestingtheminimum cmbladelengthasaparameterGergelyCsikyclarifiedandslightlymodifiedthisdivisionThusitiscrucialtomakeadistinctionbetweenthefulllengthofaknifewhichincludesthetangandthebladelengthaloneWhile the origin ofseaxeswaslongbelievedto bean Easternonetheir presencein theKhaganate–chieflyinitsnorthernandwesternfringes–isoftenexplainedasCarolingianinfluenceontheAvarsThemajorityofthefindsdatesfromthelateseventhandtheeighthcenturies butasalreadymentioneduntilrecentlytheywerenotlistedinacomprehensiveway
As regards the short seaxesiethe– cmlongbattleknivestheyaredocumentedintheEasternPannoniancemeteriesconnectedtotheMerovingianworldandinthecemeteriesoftheremainingGepidicpopulationinTransylvaniaTheiroccurrenceintheseGermanicburialsisoftencombinedwiththespathafindsInAvarcontextssuchweaponsappearduringtheopeninghalfoftheEarlyAvarperiodtobereplacedwithothertypesofseaxeslateron YetlongkniveslabeledasthebattleonesalsocomefromMiddleAvargravesatTiszafüred OutofeightshortseaxescollectedbyCsikysevenaredatedtotheEarlyAvarphasesixofthemcomefromtheKörnyecemetery TheseventhweaponagravefindfromBudapestisdatedtotheMiddleAvarPeriodAccordingtotheirbladelengthstwomoreknivesprocessedbytheauthormaybeascribedto thebattleknivesThreesuchknivesweremeasuredwiththeirbladelengthsofand cm
AlthoughsmallinnumbersourcasesshowthatinthesouthernpartoftheKhaganatethebattleknivesoccurinthesecondhalfoftheEarlyAvarPeriodandlateroninthemiddleandlatephasesoftheirdominationRegardlessofthedatingthegravesproducingsuchfindsbelongto horsemen
andwarriorsJustliketheknivesfrompresent-dayHungary theywereusuallyaccompaniedwithswordsandbowsarrowheadsOntheotherhandtwospecimensfromourrecordwerefoundin
Csiky–cf Curta– Szücsi– Maurice Kory Ostrogorski– ČilinskáPetrinec HärkeTable Csikyn cf Härke cf Csiky–
Csiky Garam SalamonErdélyi cf Csiky cf Csiky
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horsemen’sgravesWiththeirbladesjustexceeding cmonaverageitappearsthatthekniveslistedhereweresomewhatshorterthanthosepresentedbyGergelyCsiky
Toconcludeitappearsthatevenintheabsenceofspecilaizedmetallographicstudieswecancomeclosetodeterminingthefunctionofthesurveyedobjectsonthebasisof theirsizeandafterstudyingthemosttellingarchaeologicalcontextsinwhichtheyoccurredAtleastinAvartimesmall
axeswerethebattleaxesacommonbutneglectedtypeofweaponintheiruseandthelargestkniveswerethebattleonesconstitutingtheleastcharacteristicgroupofAvarweapons
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