AVIATION TRAINERS
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ATTACK HELICOPTERS
IN THE
RECONNAISSANCE ROLE
LEADER TRAINING PROGRAM
AVIATION TRAINERS
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PURPOSE
PROVIDE A BASIS FOR DISCUSSION TO ADDRESS TTPs FOR EMPLOYMENT OF ATTACK HELICOPTERS IN THE RECONNAISSANCE ROLE
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BLUF
“SUCCESSFUL RECONNAISSANCE IS THE PRECURSOR TO ALL SUCCESSFUL OPERATIONS.” FM 100-5
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AGENDA
• RECONNAISSANCE DEFINITIONS
• FUNDAMENTALS OF RECONNAISSANCE
• MISSIONS
• PLANNING
• EXECUTION
• CONCLUSION
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RECONNAISSANCE DEFINITIONS
“RECONNAISSANCE IS A DIRECTED EFFORT TO COLLECTINFORMATION ABOUT ENEMY AND THE FRIENDLY COMMANDER’S AREA OF OPERATIONS.” FM 100-40
“RECONNAISSANCE IS A MISSION UNDERTAKEN TO OBTAIN INFORMATION BY VISUAL OBSERVATION, OR OTHER DETECTION METHODS, ABOUT THE ACTIVITIES AND RESOURCES OF AN ENEMY, OR ABOUT THE METEOROLOGIC, HYDROGRAPHIC, OR GEOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A PARTICULAR AREA.” FM 17-95
“THE MAIN PURPOSE OF RECONNAISSANCE IS TO GAIN INFORMATION OF TACTICAL IMPORTANCE ABOUT THE ENEMY, TERRAIN, AND WEATHER.” FM 1-114
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FUNDAMENTALS OF RECONNAISSANCE
“MORRGD”“MORRGD”
• CONTINUOUS AND MMAXIMUM RECONNAISSANCE FORCES FORWARD
• OORIENT ON THE RECONNAISSANCE OBJECTIVE
• RREPORT INFORMATION RAPIDLY AND ACCURATELY
• RRETAIN FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT
• GGAIN AND MAINTAIN ENEMY CONTACT
• DDEVELOP THE SITUATION RAPIDLY
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GAIN AND MAINTAIN ENEMY CONTACT
• PARAMOUNT TASK FOR RECONNAISSANCE UNITS• MUST DETERMINE SIZE, COMPOSITION, STRENGTH, AND INTENTIONS OF ENEMY FORCES• SURVEILLANCE COMBINED WITH STEALTH IS THE PRIMARY TECHNIQUE, COUPLED WITH TARGET HANDOVERS TO ASSETS IN DEPTH• FIRE AND MOVEMENT IS UTILIZED IAW METT-T• ONCE GAINED, CONTACT IS NOT BROKEN
“IF YOU DON’T HOLD THE ENEMY BY THE NOSE, YOU CAN’T KICK HIMIN THE ASS.” PATTON
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ORIENT ON THE RECONNAISSANCE OBJECTIVE
• COMMANDER’S FOCUS THEIR RECON EFFORTS THROUGH RECON OBJECTIVES• CLEAR TASK AND PURPOSE IS DELINEATED TO THE SCOUTS• RECONNAISSANCE OBJECTIVES MAY BE TERRAIN OR ENEMY ORIENTED• ASSIGNED WITH THE LOOKERS / SHOOTERS CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS IN MIND• IPB AND PIRs HELP IDENTIFY THE COMMANDER’S RECON OBJECTIVES
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ORIENT ON THE RECONNAISSANCE OBJECTIVE
• COMMANDER’S MUST REMAIN FOCUSED ON THE RECON OBJECTIVE REGARDLESS OF WHAT IS ENCOUNTERED DURING THE MISSION. FM 100-40/17-95/1-114
“THOSE WHO DO NOT KNOW THE CONDITIONS OF THE MOUNTAINS AND FORESTS, HAZARDOUS DEFILES, MARSHES AND SWAMPS, CANNOT CONDUCT THE MARCH OF AN ARMY.” SUN TZU
(CONT’D)
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RETAIN FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT
• RECONNAISSANCE ASSETS MUST BE ABLE TO MANEUVER ON THE BATTLEFIELD• SCOUTS MUST NOT BECOME DECISIVELY ENGAGED• INITIATIVE, TERRAIN, AND KNOWLEDGE OF THE ENEMY FACILITATES MANEUVER• PRIMARY MEANS OF RECONNAISSANCE IS BY STEALTH
“COMMANDER’S MANEUVER THEIR FORCES TO CREATE THE CONDITIONSFOR TACTICAL AND OPERATIONAL SUCCESS.” FM 100-5
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REPORT INFORMATION RAPIDLY AND ACCURATELY
• RECONNAISSANCE INFORMATION LOSES VALUE AS TIME PASSES• COMMANDER’S REQUIRE INFORMATION QUICKLY TO MAKE DECISIONS• SCOUTS MUST REPORT EXACTLY WHAT THEY SEE• NEGATIVE SPOT REPORTS OR SEEMINGLY UNIMPORTANT INFORMATION MAY BE CRITICAL TO THE FIGHT
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REPORT INFORMATION RAPIDLY AND ACCURATELY
• IPB AND CCIR DELINEATE TO THE SCOUTS WHAT THE RECONNAISSANCE FOCUS IS FOR REPORTING• BATTLE AND TARGET HANDOVERS ARE CRITICAL FOR INFORMATION FLOW AND SUSTAINMENT OF EFFORT FM 100-40 / 17-95
(CONT’D)
“TELL THE TRUTH ABOUT WHAT YOU SEE AND WHAT YOU DO. THERES AN ARMY DEPENDING ON US FOR CORRECT INFORMATION.” STANDING ORDER, ROGER’S RANGERS
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DEVELOP THE SITUATION RAPIDLY
• QUICK SITUATION DEVELOPMENT FACILITATES RECONNAISSANCE• RECON ASSETS MUST DEPLOY IMMEDIATELY UPON CONTACT• MUST AGGRESSIVELY SCOUT FOR GAPS, WEAKNESS, AND FLANKS OF ENEMY• RECONNAISSANCE BY FIRE MAY BE NECESSARY TO GAIN REQUIRED INFORMATION• MUST HAVE BATTLE DRILLS AND SOPs THAT ADDRESS ACTIONS ON CONTACT• FIRE AND MANEUVER
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AIRCRAFT CAPABILITIES
WEAPONSSUPPRESSION POINT TGT FLIR DTV
TGT RECFLIR DTVTGT ACQ
ENDURANCEAIRCRAFT
30MM2.75” RKT
HELLFIRE 2 HR 10 MIN 6.5 KM 3.5 KM 6.0 KM8.0 KMAH-64AW/ 1 AUX TANK 3 HR 40 MIN
UHF/VHF/SINCGARS
(127X)
HELLFIRE 2 HR 10 MIN50 CAL
2.75” RKT 8+ KM 8+ KM 8+ KM5.0 KMOH-58D KW
UHF/VHF/SINCGARS
(25X)(37.3X)
(39.8X)
72 MIN VIDEO RECORD
8MM VIDEORECORD
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MISSIONS
• RECONNAISSANCE–ZONE–AREA–ROUTE–RECON IN FORCE
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PLANNING
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BATTALION PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
• CDR’S INTENT • CRITICAL TASKS TO BE ACCOMPLISHED• TASK ORGANIZATION• START POINT, RELEASE POINT, AND DESIGNATION OF THE OBJECTIVE MISSION• CONSTRAINTS/RESTRICTIONS• CRITICAL POINTS IDENTIFIED AS CHECKPOINTS• NAIs• IPB• FARP EMPLOYMENT
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BATTALION PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
• GROUND COMMANDER’S SCHEME OF MANEUVER• LOCATION OF FRIENDLIES• FIRE (FA, MORTARS, CAS)• CCIRs• FOLLOW-ON MISSION• PASSAGE OF LINES / BHO
(CONT’D)
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R&S PLANNING
• NORMALLY PLANNED BY THE S2 AND COORDINATED WITH THE S3 TO CONFIRM OR DENY THE S2’s TEMPLATING• TREND: R&S PLANNING NOT FOCUSED• TREND REVERSAL - APPOINT “CHIEF OF RECONNAISSANCE” WHO IS NOT THE S2 OR S3, BUT HAS TASKING AUTHORITY • RECOMMEND A/S3 AS CHIEF OF RECON• PLANNING CELL INCLUDES A/S2, A/FSO, A/S4• CHIEF OF RECON RESPONSIBLE FOR PLAN/PREPARATION/EXECUTION OF RECON EFFORT
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R&S PLANNING
• INTELLIGENCE REQUIREMENTS ARE PRIORITIZED FOR R&S MISSIONS AND REFINED AS SPECIFIC INSTRUCTION ORDERS• ECONOMY OF EFFORT IS NECESSARY WHEN REQUIREMENTS OUTWEIGH ASSETS• S2 PLANS SECONDARY REQUIREMENTS FOR ALL ASSETS
(CONT’D)
“COMMANDERS MUST FOCUS INTELLIGENCE. THEY MUST DECIDE WHAT THEY NEED TO KNOW FOR THE OPERATION TO SUCCEED. THIS INCLUDES ESTABLISHING CLEAR PRIORITIES FOR INTELLIGENCE AND TARGETS. MY GOAL WAS TO LIMIT MY QUESTIONS TO SIX.” GENERAL FREDRICK FRANKS JR.
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PLANNING TREND REVERSAL
AIR / GROUND INTEGRATION
• C2 RELATIONSHIP OF AIR / GROUND TROOPS... NORMALLY SQDNs HAVE CONTROL. AIR / GROUND TEAMS MAY BE FORMED AS NECESSARY DURING THE MISSION• AIR TROOP ROTATION PLAN AND MISSIONS• GROUND TROOP MISSIONS • CRITICAL TASKS TO BE PERFORMED BY EACH AIR AND GROUND ELEMENT
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PLANNING TREND REVERSAL
FIRE SUPPORT PLANNING
• OBSERVER PLAN
• COMMUNICATIONS PLAN FROM OBSERVER TO FSO
• FIRE SUPPORT COORDINATION MEASURES
• TARGETING PROCESS
• TASK AND PURPOSE OF EACH TARGET (CDR’S CONCEPT / INTENT FOR FIRES)
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PLANNING TREND REVERSAL
COMMANDER’S GUIDANCE / INTENT
• CRITICAL TASKS TO BE ACCOMPLISHED
• ENGAGE / BYPASS CRITERIA
• TASK AND PURPOSE OF RECONNAISSANCE FORCE / SECURITY FORCE
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CONTROL MEASURES• LATERAL BOUNDARIES• START POINT (SP)• CONTACT POINTS (CP)• COORDINATION POINTS• CHECK POINTS• PASSAGE POINTS (PP)• LINE-OF-DEPARTURE (LD)• BATTLE HANDOVER LINE• AIR CORRIDOR• PHASE LINES (PL)• TRPs• TIRS• LIMIT-OF-ADVANCE (LOA)• NAIs
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CONTROL MEASURES
A B
B C
LD/BHL
PLMIKE
PLPETE (LOA)
LD/BHL
PLMIKE
PLPETE (LOA)
SP
RP
20
SP
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LOA
LD LD
LOARECON FORCE
HA/FAA
BATTALION EMPLOYMENTTECHNIQUES
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LOA
LD LD
LOA
RECON FORCES
A B
HA/FAA
BATTALION EMPLOYMENTTECHNIQUES
AVIATION TRAINERS
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LOA
LD LD
LOA
RECON FORCES
A B B C
BATTALION EMPLOYMENTTECHNIQUES
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COMPANY PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
• BATTALION TASK ORGANIZATION• OPTICS AND WEAPONS RANGES OF AIRCRAFT• WEAPONS LOAD• STATION TIME VS WEAPONS LOAD• RELIEF / BHO PLAN• ALL CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE BATTALION
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WEAPONS LOAD
• WEAPONS SHOULD BE CONFIGURED TO PROVIDE SUPPRESSIVE FIRES TO ALLOW FREEDOM TO MANEUVER AND INCREASED STATION TIME
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ACTIONS ON CONTACT
• DEPLOY / REPORT • DEVELOP THE SITUATION
• CHOOSE COA
• RECOMMEND COA
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RECONNAISSANCE METHODS
• STEALTH • AGGRESSIVE RECON
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EXECUTION
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ZONE \ AREA RECONNAISSANCE
CRITICAL TASKS• RECONNOITER ALL TERRAIN WITHIN THE ZONE / AREA• INSPECT AND EVALUATE BRIDGES WITHIN THE ZONE / AREA• FIND AND REPORT ALL ENEMY FORCES WITHIN THE ZONE / AREA• LOCATE ALL FORDS AND CROSSING SITES• LOCATE ALL MINES AND OBSTACLES WITHIN THE ZONE / AREA• LOCATE BYPASSES AROUND BUAs, OBSTACLES, AND CONTAMINATED AREAS• REPORT RECONNAISSANCE INFORMATION
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ZONE RECONNAISSANCE
LOA
PL
LD
PL
PL
PL
LOA
LD
NAI
NAI
NAI
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AREA RECONNAISSANCE
ALT LZ
PAMLZ
SUE
OBJ GOLD
3020
PL
PL
LDLD
PL
PL
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ROUTE RECONNAISSANCECRITICAL TASKS
• RECON AND DETERMINE TRAFFICABILITY OF THE ROUTE• RECON ALL TERRAIN THE ENEMY CAN USE TO DOMINATE• MOVEMENT ALONG THE ROUTE• RECON ALL BUAs ON THE ROUTE• RECON ALL LATERAL ROUTES• INSPECT AND EVALUATE BRIDGES AND FORDS
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ROUTE RECONNAISSANCECRITICAL TASKS
• RECON ALL DEFILES, OBSTACLES, AND BARRIERS• LOCATE BYPASSES FOR ALL OBSTACLES AND BUAs• FIND / REPORT ALL ENEMY THAT INFLUENCES ROUTE• REPORT ROUTE INFORMATION
(CONT’D)
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ROUTE RECONNAISSANCE
SP
RPLOALOA
PL
LD LD
PL
PLPL
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RECON IN FORCE
HA/FAA
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MOVEMENT TO CONTACT
EA SMASH
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CONCLUSION
• RECONNAISSANCE IS A MISSION, NOT A PLATFORM• ATTACK HELICOPTERS PROVIDE A MAJOR CONTRIBUTION TO RECONNAISSANCE THROUGH FLEXIBILITY, SPEED, OPTICS, AND FIREPOWER• PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS MUST INCLUDE ORGANIC WEAPONS RANGES AND OPTICS CAPABILITIES/LIMITATIONS• R&S PLANNING IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS
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ENGAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
10
2030
40
50
SECURITY
REMOTE SHOOTERS
REMOTE SHOOTERSSCOUT DESIGNATORS
LEAD WING
RED TM FIRESFOR LEAD SCOUT
BLUE TM FIRES FORWING SCOUT
SCOUTs PROVIDEFIRE DISTRIBUTIONUSING TRP 30
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ENGAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
1020 30
40
SECURITYREMOTE SHOOTERS
REMOTE SHOOTERS
LEADRED TM FIRESFOR LEAD SCOUT
BLUE TM FIRES FORCHALK 3 SCOUT
SCOUT PLT LDR CONTROLSFIRE DISTRIBUTIONUSING TRPs 20 & 30 AND IS RESPONSIBLE FOR FIRE SUPPORT
PLT LDR
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ENGAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
REMOTE SHOOTERS REMOTE SHOOTERS
LEADWING
AH-64D
LEAD LBA W/RADAR SCANS EA
WING LBA W/RADARPROVIDES SECURITY AND SCANS IN ATM
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ENGAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
REMOTE SHOOTERS REMOTE SHOOTERS
LEADWING
AH-64D
PF1 PF2 OWN PF4 PF5 PF6LEAD LBA W/RADAR ASSIGNSPRIORITY FIRE ZONESAND TRANSMITS TOLBA W/O RADAR FORRF MSL REMOTE ENGAGEMENTS
PF1 PF2
OWN PF4
PF5 PF6
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MOVEMENT TECHNIQUESTRAVELING
TMs TOGETHER IN COMPANY FORMATION
TMs SEPARATE INCOMPANY FORMATION
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MOVEMENT TECHNIQUESTRAVELING OVERWATCH
LOALOA
HVY PLT OVERWATCHSLT PLTs MOVE FORWARD
LT PLT MOVES FORWARD
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MOVEMENT TECHNIQUESBOUNDING OVERWATCH
LOALOA
HVY PLT OVERWATCHSLT PLTs BOUND
SUCCESSIVE
LT PLT BOUNDS FORWARD
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MOVEMENT TECHNIQUESBOUNDING OVERWATCH
ALTERNATING
LOALOA
LT TM SETS, THENOVERWATCHES HVYTMs BOUND
HVY TM WAITS FORLT TM TO CALL SET,THEN BOUNDS
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