Availability of Low-GWP Alternatives Options for Near Term & Longer Term Transitions
OZONACTION NETWORK FOR LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
OCTOBER 6-8 2010 Mexico, D.F.
Cindy Newberg, Branch Chief
Alternatives & Emissions Reduction Branch
US Environmental Protection Agency
Scope of Presentation
• Context: ODS and HFCs
• Availability of Substitutes: Different Sectors at
Different Times
– Specific Examples
• SNAP
• Summary
Relationship Between Ozone Depleting Substances and Greenhouse Gases
Ozone Depleting Substances(Halogen Gases)
Greenhouse Gases
CFCs
HalonsHFCs
HCFCs
HFC-23HFC-134aHFC-125
CO2
CH4
SF6
PFCs
N2O
CFC-113CFC-12CFC-11
H-1211H-1301
Carbon Tetrachloride(CCl4)
Methyl Chloride(CH3Cl)
Methyl Bromide(CH3Br)
Methyl Chloroform(CH3CCl3)
Many Substitutes Available and More on the Way
• “The ultimate choice of technology to phase-out HCFCs will be based on ozone depletion and also climate impact, health, safety, affordability and availability, as Decision XIX/6 requires”
May 2010 TEAP XXI/9 Task Force Report Assessment Of HCFCs and Environmentally Sound Alternatives
• 2010 TEAP Progress Report– Substitutes for many sectors and sub-sectors available– Additional substitutes under development– Global acceptance for alternatives strengthening– Potential to skip higher-GWP HFC alternatives, go directly to
lower GWP alternatives
Sectors Will Transition at Different Times
• Various factors will influence speed of transition– Domestic and regional requirements, e.g., European F-Gas
rule– Availability of alternatives– Advanced design options that reduce charge size– Global expansion of air-conditioning and refrigeration– Proven technologies, ability to avoid multiple transitions– Opportunity to focus on sectors instead of chemicals
• Examples follow
Potential Near Term Transition: Motor Vehicle Air Conditioning
Passenger Cars and Light Duty Trucks:
Buses and Trains:
Available Options: Commercial Refrigeration
Stand-AloneEquipment
Condensing Unit Systems
Multiplex Rack Systems
Changing Chemicals Is Not Only OptionAdvanced Refrigeration System Designs: • Distributed systems & indirect systems available
– Distributed systems can lower refrigerant charge by 30–50% – Indirect systems can lower refrigerant charge by 50–80%
• Europe: indirect systems are norm• US: distributed systems ~40% of new installations and
indirect systems are gaining significant market share
Supermarkets can reduce HFC use by changing system designs
Available & Near Term Options: Unitary A/C
Alternatives to R-407C & R-410A: - lower GWP HFCs, e.g., HFC-32 - HCs and CO2 - potentially HFOs, blends
U.S. HFC Consumption (MMTCO2eq)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Mobile AC
Foams
Refrigeration
Stationary AC
Other Sectors
AC Projected
BAU
Cap
Mitigated
How U.S. Could Meet HFC Phasedown
Known Reduction Opportunities
Country “A” Baseline
• Makeup– 20% Mobile AC (HFC)– 5% Refrigeration (HFC)– 20% Refrigeration (HCFC)– 30% Stationary AC (HCFC)– 20% Foam (HCFC)– 5% Other Sectors (HCFC)
• Growth Rates:– 10% 2010-2030 (majority of HCFC
phased out)– 1% 2030-2050 (population growth)
Baseline
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
How Country “A” Could Meet the HFC Phasedown
Country A HFC Consumption (% of Baseline)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Mobile AC
Foams
Refrigeration
Stationary AC
Other Sectors
AC Projected
BAU
Cap
Mitigated
Identifying Safer Alternatives• USEPA evaluates & lists substitutes that reduce
overall risk to human health & environment• Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) program
reviews: – ODP and GWP – Flammability– Toxicity– Contributions to smog– Aquatic and ecosystem effects – Occupational health and safety
• 400+ substitutes reviewed for end uses in 8 sectors: – Alternatives acceptable, unacceptable, or acceptable with
use conditions • Prohibited or restricted e.g., from use in occupied
settings, unacceptable where safer alternatives exist for same uses
• SNAP evaluating substitutes that, compared to current options, offer significantly lower- or no-GWP choices
• Lower-GWP alternatives in SNAP review (examples):– Proposed acceptable with use conditions:
• HCs for stand-alone commercial refrigeration
• HCs for residential refrigerator/freezer
• HFO-1234yf for new motor vehicle air conditioners
• CO2 for new motor vehicle air conditioners
What’s Ahead for SNAP?
Summary
• Suite of known alternatives, technologies, and better handling can significantly reduce HFC consumption in near and long term
• Considering HCFCs and HFCs together allows for focus on the sectors, rather than chemicals– In some cases, may reduce need for multiple transitions
• Today there are substitutes for many sectors and sub-sectors available
• Additional substitutes under development– Similar to ODS phaseout
Questions and Comments
• Thank You
• For More Information, Visit:– U.S. EPA’s Website on Ozone Layer Depletion:
• http://www.epa.gov/ozone/strathome.html
– Information and analysis of Amendment Proposal including sector fact sheets:
• http://www.epa.gov/ozone/intpol/mpagreement.html
Top Related