AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
Accessing the Airspace UsingASTM International Standards
AUVSI Unmanned Systems North America 2007F38 Workshop
Washington, DC / 10 August 2007
ASTM International Committee F38 on ASTM International Committee F38 on Unmanned Aircraft SystemsUnmanned Aircraft Systems
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
F38 Mission & StrategyF38 Mission & Strategy
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
F38 Mission F38 Mission - Vision, Mission, and Operating Principles - Vision, Mission, and Operating Principles
The Vision for F38 is to help provide routine, safe UAS operations in civil airspace through standardization.
The Mission of F38 is to produce practical, consensus standards that facilitate UAS operations at an acceptable level of safety. These standards include the design, manufacture, maintenance and operation of unmanned aircraft systems as well as the training and qualification of personnel. Committee F38 supports industry, academia, government organizations and regulatory authorities.
F38 operates under the principles that practical standards are a cost effective means of promoting commercial success, and that consensus processes protect the balance of interests among stakeholders.
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
Increasing RegulationUnregulated
Voluntary Standards, Club
Practices
Comply w/ Industry
Standards
Light Sport Aircraft
Small:
Kites, Balloons, Rockets, Models
Large Aircraft,Airlines,
Overwater, & Int’l Ops
Moored Balloons, Kites, Unmanned Rockets,
Unmanned Free Balloons, Ultralights,
and Parachutists
F38 Outlined WorkflowF38 Outlined Workflow- Environmental Basis for Workflow- Environmental Basis for Workflow
Minimum regulation
Club Rules, Guides,
Insurance
Regulation via Standards
Show Compliance w/ Rules; can use TSO or Industry Standards with Increasing Reliability
and Assurance Requirements
General Aviation, VFR Ops
Transports, IFR Ops
Exp
erimen
tal Aircraft
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
Standards
Commercial success requires profitable return.
Which requires reducing risk. Transfer some
risk to insurers.
But insurers want predictability.
Which leads to profitable returns.
Which makes our industry safe
and reliable.
So they require us to abide by
standards.
F38 Outlined WorkflowF38 Outlined Workflow- Environmental Basis for Workflow / Business Case- Environmental Basis for Workflow / Business Case
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
About ASTM InternationalAbout ASTM International
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
ASTM International’s ASTM International’s Primary ObjectivePrimary Objective
… is to be the foremost developer and provider
of consensus standards, related
technical information, and services
having globally recognized quality
and market relevance.
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
The ASTM International The ASTM International Standards Development ProcessStandards Development Process
A Proven and Practical System that is Driven by Direct-Stakeholder
Participation, for Developing Voluntary, Consensus Standards for Materials,
Products, Systems & Services World-Wide.
A Portfolio of Approximately 12,000 Standards Used Internationally; 3,500
are the Basis of National Standards and Regulation in 76 Countries.
Always Reflect Current Technology as they are Continually Revised.
Over 31,000 Members from 130 Countries Participate on ASTM International
Committees; users from 175 countries.
Standards Development Process complies with WTO’s TBT Requirements.
No Project Costs.
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
ASTM International: ASTM International: The Power of PartnershipThe Power of Partnership
All stakeholders involved
Neutral forum with consensus-based procedures
Private and public sector cooperation
Adoptions of standards from E54, F37, F38 and F39 by DoD, FAA, CASA, DHS and other entities
MOUs with NATO, DOD, and Standards Bodies of 48 Countries
EXAMPLES:Product manufacturers • Federal agencies • Associations • Professional societies • UAS professionals and consultants • Financial organizations • Academia • Research institutions and laboratories
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
140 Technical Committees140 Technical Committees
A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel, & Related Alloys
B07 on Light Metals & Alloys
D02 on Petroleum Products & Lubricants
D20 on Plastics
E34 on Occupational Health & Safety
E54 on Homeland Security Applications
• E54.08 on Operational Equipment / Urban Search & Rescue Robots
F04 on Medical Devices
F37 on Light Sport Aircraft
F39 on General & Utility Category Aircraft Wiring Systems
F41 on Unmanned Undersea Vehicle Systems
A FEW OTHER EXAMPLES………
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
Specifically Designed to Support the development and Delivery of technical information – making it “uncomplicated”
ASTM’s InfrastructureASTM’s Infrastructure
Development of technical formation• Full administrative support through staff
management, editorial assistance, and
web infrastructure
Delivery of technical information • 200 global points of resale and electronic
flexibility of products
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
Time Frame for Time Frame for Developing InformationDeveloping Information
Complexity of the job
Urgency of needs
Time devoted by members
Utilization of new informational technologies
ASTM’s average standard
development time is 17 months
New committees average lesser
times of about 9 – 16 months
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
Technical Committee Technical Committee OrganizationOrganization
Committees form to address industry subjects, with subcommittees addressing specialized subsets.
Main Committee
Subcommittee.01
Subcommittee.02
Subcommittee.03
TG 1 TG 2 TG 1 TG 2TG 1 TG 2
Approved Standards Achieve Separate Subcommittee and Main Committee Approvals, as well as a Society Review and “Internal Audit.”
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
Members Have Instant Access to Rosters, Minutes, Agendas,
Ballot Items, & Workflow Submissions…
Website FunctionalityWebsite Functionality
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Minutes and AgendasSelect the Link to the
Desired Minutes/Agenda, & a Downloadable/Printable
PDF Appears.
Website FunctionalityWebsite Functionality
RostersLinks to members
with all Contact Information
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BallotsSelect the Link to the Desired Ballot (Listed by
Subcommittee), & Review a Ballot that Lists All Items Under Review. To View a Specific
Item, Click its Link, & a Downloadable/Printable PDF appears. Vote
on the Item (Affirmative, Negative, Abstain, or Provide Comments) by Simply Selecting the
Toggle.
Website FunctionalityWebsite Functionality
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F38 Standard Portfolio Strategy:F38 Standard Portfolio Strategy:Building the Safety CaseBuilding the Safety Case
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
- Mini UAS Airworthiness Standard- Remote Control - Visual Range Operations Standard- Remote Control Visual Range Pilot Training Standard - Mini UAS Operation Handbook
These standards contribute to:• Special Airworthiness Certification,
• Program letter• Safety checklist
• Certificates of Authorization (COA)• Approved Commercial Flight Under FAA Rules
F38 – Mini UAS Suite Portfolio PriorityF38 – Mini UAS Suite Portfolio Priority
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
F38 Outlined WorkflowF38 Outlined Workflow- Existing Subcommittee Structure- Existing Subcommittee Structure
What do you need to fly?…A System Safety Case
System Certification and Flight Authority
Operations protocols & component performance
Crew training & human factors consideration
F38.01 Airworthiness Standards• Safe design, construction, test,
modification, & inspection of the individual component, aircraft, or system; hardware oriented
F38.02 Operations Standards• Safe employment of the system within
the aviation environment among other aircraft & systems; procedure/ performance oriented
F38.03 Pilot & Maintenance Qualifications• Safe practices by the individuals
responsible for employing the system; crew oriented
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
What do you need to fly?• System Certification and Flight Authority• Operations protocols and component performance• Crew training and human factors consideration
You would need• Reliability and Airworthiness Standards
− Aircraft, Control Station, Datalink• Support Equipment Standards
− Launch & recovery equipment− Starters, power supplies, fueling / de-fueling, others
F38 Outlined WorkflowF38 Outlined Workflow- Existing Subcommittee Structure – Why?- Existing Subcommittee Structure – Why?
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
What do you need to fly?• System Certification and Flight Authority• Operations protocols and component performance• Crew training and human factors consideration
You would need• Standardized flight procedures• Standardized maintenance procedures• Safe separation from other airspace users• Others, of course
F38 Outlined WorkflowF38 Outlined Workflow- Existing Subcommittee Structure – Why?- Existing Subcommittee Structure – Why?
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
What do you need to fly?• System Certification and Flight Authority• Operations protocols and component performance• Crew training and human factors consideration
You would need• Pilot certification system
− Category and type, ratings, limitations• Criteria to certify air-crewmen
− Eligibility, Knowledge, Experience, Test Standards• Criteria to certify maintainers• Others, of course
F38 Outlined WorkflowF38 Outlined Workflow- Existing Subcommittee Structure – Why?- Existing Subcommittee Structure – Why?
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
Gap Analysis:Gap Analysis:Outlining F38 WorkflowOutlining F38 Workflow
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
Gap Analysis Objectives• To provide guidance for standards bodies and user groups
engaged in developing or adopting standards governing unmanned aircraft system design, manufacture, test, training, operation, and maintenance
• To identify gaps in standards coverage unique to needs of unmanned aviation
• To preclude duplicating existing standards already applicable to unmanned aviation
• To be the leader and first choice in standards deliverables for the UAS industry by delivering prompt and relevant standards products to industry
F38 Structure and WorkflowF38 Structure and Workflow- Gap Analysis Objective- Gap Analysis Objective
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
Crew QualificationsAirframe Maintainers Crew
MaterialsStructuresLanding GearLaunch DevicesMaintenanceEnvironmentalGeneral
ReciprocatingTurbineGeneratorsLaunch DevicesFuelsGeneralElectric
PilotNon-PilotSchoolsHuman Factors
- Batteries - Solar - Radioisotope
- Certificates - Ratings
ASTM WK5423 Certificates and Ratings Issued for UAV Pilots and Operators
UAS Operations
Airframe Power Plant Ground
MaterialsStructuresLanding GearLaunch DevicesMaintenanceEnvironmentalGeneral
ReciprocatingTurbineGeneratorsLaunch DevicesFuelsGeneralElectric
TaxiTakeoffLandings
- Batteries - Solar - Radioisotope
- GSE
ASTM
AirworthinessLevel 2 Airframe Power Plant Avionics
MaterialsStructuresLanding GearLaunch DevicesMaintenanceEnvironmentalGeneral
ReciprocatingTurbineGeneratorsLaunch DevicesFuelsGeneralElectric
Comm/NAVData LinksSafety / SAGeneralLevel 3
Level 4 - Batteries - Solar - Fuel Cell
- De-Anti-Icing - See & Avoid
Level 5ASTM F2585 Specification for Design & Performance of Pneumatic-Hydraulic UAS Launch System
F38 Structure and WorkflowF38 Structure and Workflow- Gap Analysis Structure (Supplement at End)- Gap Analysis Structure (Supplement at End)
- Launchers
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
Comm/Nav RTCA DO-187, DO-208, DO-278
Computers (SAE AS-2 works)
Safety/Sit. Aware MIL-STD 882
• Sense & Avoid ASTM F2411-04 Standard Specification for Design and Performance of an
Airborne Sense-and-Avoid System, RTCA DO-268
• Anti-icing/Deicing SAE AS5498, AIR 4367
• Transponders FAA TSO
Links Security-none; NATO STANAG 4586; RTCA DO-254;
SAE ARP4791
Software RTCA DO-178B
General (SAE AS-1 works); ARINC 429 (analog) and 629 (digital)
From the ASTM F38.01 Standards Roadmap: From the ASTM F38.01 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 - AvionicsLevel 2 - Avionics
F38 Structure and WorkflowF38 Structure and Workflow- Gap Analysis Structure (Supplement at End)- Gap Analysis Structure (Supplement at End) …An example of in-depth research…An example of in-depth research
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F38 Special AwardsF38 Special Awards
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
JIPT Discussion JIPT Discussion
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
UAS Airspace Integration Joint IPTUAS Airspace Integration Joint IPT
Tri-Service UAS Airspace Integration Joint Integrated Product Team (JIPT) chartered by the Air Force, Army, and Navy UAS Program Offices to coordinate related technology and standards development for worldwide airspace
Standards Development Activity Center serves as JIPT focal point for coordinating its standards needs with ASTM, FINAS, RTCA, SAE, other SDOs and the DSPO
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
JIPT Strategy for Airspace IntegrationJIPT Strategy for Airspace Integration
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
JIPT
Air Force (303 AESW)Army (SFAE-AV-UAS)
Navy (PMA-263) Service UAS PO
CollisionAvoidance
JUAS MRBPentagon
JCOECreech AFB
FAAPBFA(UAS SG)
DHSS&T
AirworthinessOperations
&Procedure
Command andCommunications
Systems Engineering &
Integration
Requirements Analysis
Modeling & Simulation
Standards Dev
Specialty Engineering
Test &Evaluation
Ac
tiv
ity
C
en
ters
USSOCOM
CJCS USD(AT&L)USD(I) USD(P) USD(C) ASD(HD)ASD(NII)CHAIR
GC,DoD DOT&E
USNUSA
USAFUSMC
UAS PTF
DoD Policy Board on Federal Aviation
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
Defense Standardization Program Office Defense Standardization Program Office
ADOPTION OF NON-GOVERNMENT STANDARDS
IN THEDEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
ANSIANSI
SAESAEIEEEIEEE
ASTMASTM NASNAS
Importance of NGSs to DoD
Access CommercialIndustrial Base
Cost Savings Current Technology
Reduced DocumentPreparation & Maintenance
Resources
BOTTOM LINE: DOD CANNOT AFFORD TO SUPPORT A DEFENSE-UNIQUE INFRASTRUCTURE
Benefits of Adoption
Adoption Not Necessary for Use, BUT…..Adoption Not Necessary for Use, BUT….. Visibility via ASSIST databaseVisibility via ASSIST database Measure of confidence in documentMeasure of confidence in document Identifies DoD Technical Focal PointIdentifies DoD Technical Focal Point Adoption notice may provide application Adoption notice may provide application
and other guidanceand other guidance ADOPTION DOES NOT MEAN NGS ADOPTION DOES NOT MEAN NGS
MUST BE USED -- ONLY THAT MUST BE USED -- ONLY THAT SOMEONE IN DoD IS USING NGSSOMEONE IN DoD IS USING NGS
DoD Adoption Process
DoD ActivityIdentifies NeededNGS Under Dev
Contact LSAfor Approval
to Adopt NGS
Adopting ActivitySubmits Form to
Record in ASSIST
Adopting ActivityParticipates on
NGS Committee
ProjectApproval?
Adopting ActivitySends Unified DoDComments to Comm
Adopting ActivityCoordinates Draft NGS Within DoD
CommentsResolved?
Pursue Alternative& Cancel Adoption
Adopt NGSPrepare Adoption
Notice; Submit WithNGS to DoDSSP
Latest Edition Adopted NGS Listed
In ASSIST
NO
YES
NO
YES
Which NGS Organization?
Requiring Activity Must DecideRequiring Activity Must Decide 90% DoD Adopted NGS From Only 10 90% DoD Adopted NGS From Only 10
NGS OrganizationsNGS Organizations
ASTM(2572)
SAE(3242)
AIA(1177)
ANSI(272)
UL(212)
ASME(210)
EIA(205)
ISO(77)
NEMA(77)
AWPA(62)
Copies of Adopted NGS
Adopted NGS listed in the Acquisition Adopted NGS listed in the Acquisition Streamlining and Standardization Streamlining and Standardization Information System (ASSIST) database Information System (ASSIST) database
website: website: www.assist.daps.dla.milwww.assist.daps.dla.mil NGS DeveloperNGS Developer Commercial Data VendorsCommercial Data Vendors
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Membership Notes Membership Notes
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
Defining F38’s “Balance”Defining F38’s “Balance”
Member Type• Individual• Corporation• Temporary (courtesy trial membership)
Classification• Producer: Seller of products and services• User: Buyer of products and services• General: Other interested parties
Voting Status• Tracked by:
− Type− Classification− Interest (i.e., company or organization)
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
F38 MembershipF38 Membership
211 Members• 12 Countries
• 4 Continents
Bahamas 1
Canada 4
Chile 1
Finland 1
France 1
Germany 1
Japan 7
South Korea 1
Singapore 4
Sweden 4
Taiwan 3
United Kingdom 2
United States of America 181
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
F38 MembershipF38 Membership
Membership by Classification
115
42 47
7
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Producers Users General Unclassified
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
F38 Structure and Workflow F38 Structure and Workflow F38.01 on Airworthiness StandardsF38.01 on Airworthiness Standards
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
F38 Outlined WorkflowF38 Outlined Workflow- F38.01 on Airworthiness: Existing Standards- F38.01 on Airworthiness: Existing Standards
F2411-07 Standard Specification for Design and Performance of an Airborne Sense-and-Avoid System
F2501-06 Standard Practices for Unmanned Aircraft System Airworthiness
F2505-06 Standard Practice for Application of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Aviation Regulations Part 21 Requirements to Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) F2512-07 Standard Practice for Quality Assurance in the Manufacture of Light Unmanned Aircraft System
F2584-06 Standard Practice for Maintenance and Development of Maintenance Manuals for Light Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS)
F2585-06 Standard Specification for Design and Performance of Pneumatic-Hydraulic Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Launch System
F2612-07 Standard Practice for Design and Manufacture of Turbine Engines for Unmanned Aircraft System
F2667-07 Standard Practice for Design and Manufacture of Compression Ignition Engines for Unmanned Aircraft System
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
WK6783 FAR Part 27 Review For Civil Unmanned Rotorcraft (CUR) Requirements
WK7067 Continued Operational Safety Monitoring of the Light Unmanned Airplane Systems (UAS)
WK7977 Standard Practice for Design and Manufacture of Reciprocating Engines for Unmanned Aircraft Systems
WK13686 Guide for Suggested Procedures for Applying for a Special Certificate of Airworthiness (CofA) Experimental (UAS) or a Type Certificate for an Unmanned Aircraft System
WK13935 Standard Guide for Mini UAS Airworthiness
WK15881 Specification for Design and Performance of UAS Recovery Systems
F38 Outlined WorkflowF38 Outlined Workflow- F38.01 on Airworthiness: Proposed Standards- F38.01 on Airworthiness: Proposed Standards
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
• Assure public safety
• Target the single man operation
• Sufficient, not excessive
• Limit to Visual Range and Remote Control operations
− Includes altitude hold type functions
− RC is always connected
• Design so users can and will use it
F38 – Mini UAS AirworthinessF38 – Mini UAS Airworthiness
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
Design and PerformanceDesign and Performance
Standard sequence found in FAR 23:
Applicability
Flight
Structure
Design and Construction
Powerplant
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
Topics CoveredTopics Covered
Design and PerformanceRequired EquipmentQuality AssuranceAcceptance TestsAircraft Operating InstructionsMaintenance and Inspection ProceduresIdentification and Recording of Major Repairs and Major AlterationsContinued Airworthiness
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
Issues still openIssues still open
Pilot Operating Handbook description
Whether or not we need more specifics in QA
Further development of test procedures
Decision on Specification or Guide
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
F38 Structure and Workflow F38 Structure and Workflow F38.02 on Operations Standards F38.02 on Operations Standards
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
Existing• F2395-07 Standard Terminology for
Unmanned Air Vehicle Systems• F2500-07 Standard Practice for
Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Visual Range Flight Operations
Proposed• WK13989 Mini-UAS, Visual Range
Operators
F38 Outlined WorkflowF38 Outlined Workflow- F38.02 on Operations:- F38.02 on Operations: Existing and Proposed Standards Existing and Proposed Standards
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
WK13989 Mini-UAS, Visual Range OperatorsWK13989 Mini-UAS, Visual Range Operators
Hazard and Risk Analysis
Mitigation and Company Operating Procedures
How to use Airworthiness, VR Operations, and VR-RC Pilot documents• Aircraft handbook and maintenance -- documentation• Types of operations -- documentation• Training, Qual, Currency and Documentation
Part 91 operations – not for sport or recreation• Business Aviation Operation model
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
Organization of StandardOrganization of Standard
1 Company Organization2 Company Safety Management System3 Operational Control4 Operating Requirements5 Emergency Procedures and Equipment7 Qualifications and Training8 Record Keeping9 Aircraft Maintenance10 Security Procedures11 Transportation of Dangerous Goods12 Company Forms13 Company Directives
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F38 Structure and Workflow F38 Structure and Workflow F38.03 on Operator/Maintainer Quals. F38.03 on Operator/Maintainer Quals.
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
Existing• F2635-07 Standard Classification for Unmanned Aircraft
Pilot Certification
Proposed• WK8962 Standard Practice for Remote Control Pilots
Operating within Visual Range (awaiting publication)• WK11174 Commercial Pilot Unmanned Aircraft Practical
Test Standards • WK11425 Private Pilot Unmanned Aircraft Practical Test
Standards
F38 Outlined WorkflowF38 Outlined Workflow- F38.03 on Pilot and Maintenance Operations: - F38.03 on Pilot and Maintenance Operations: Existing and Proposed Standards Existing and Proposed Standards
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
Existing Pilot ClassificationExisting Pilot Classification
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F2635 UAS Pilot ClassificationF2635 UAS Pilot Classification
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AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
Summary & Moving ForwardSummary & Moving Forward
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
F38 Outlined WorkflowF38 Outlined Workflow- Proposed New Areas - Proposed New Areas
F38 Proposed/Additional Subcommittee Structure
• F38.0x – Payloads (Proposed)− Standard test methods for payloads to comply w/S&A− Standard payload interfaces− IP messaging service
• F38.0x - Support Equipment (Proposed)− Launch equipment (Rail, rocket, air)− Recovery equipment (Arresting gear, nets, etc.)− Fueling / de-fueling− Ground power, backup power− Test Equipment− Toolkits− Transport equipment (Containers, towing, etc.)
• F38.0x – Control Stations (Proposed)
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Supplement: Gap AnalysisSupplement: Gap Analysis
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
SupplementSupplement- Gap Analysis in Detail- Gap Analysis in Detail
Recalling Subcommittee Structure:• F38.01 Airworthiness Standards• F38.02 Operations Standards• F38.03 Pilot & Maintenance Qualifications
The Gap Analysis Will• provide guidance for standards bodies and user groups engaged in developing or
adopting standards governing unmanned aircraft system design, manufacture, test, training, operation, and maintenance
• preclude duplicating existing standards already applicable to unmanned aviation• identify gaps in standards coverage unique to needs of unmanned aviation
• Roadmap Key: ASTM F38 standards in progress - in orange ASTM approved standards – in yellow
Outstanding needs – in red
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
Crew QualificationsAirframe Maintainers Crew
MaterialsStructuresLanding GearLaunch DevicesMaintenanceEnvironmentalGeneral
ReciprocatingTurbineGeneratorsLaunch DevicesFuelsGeneralElectric
PilotNon-PilotSchoolsHuman Factors
- Batteries - Solar - Radioisotope
- Certificates - Ratings
ASTM WK5423 Certificates and Ratings Issued for UAV Pilots and Operators
UAS Operations
Airframe Power Plant Ground
MaterialsStructuresLanding GearLaunch DevicesMaintenanceEnvironmentalGeneral
ReciprocatingTurbineGeneratorsLaunch DevicesFuelsGeneralElectric
TaxiTakeoffLandings
- Batteries - Solar - Radioisotope
- GSE
ASTM
AirworthinessLevel 2 Airframe Power Plant Avionics
MaterialsStructuresLanding GearLaunch DevicesMaintenanceEnvironmentalGeneral
ReciprocatingTurbineGeneratorsLaunch DevicesFuelsGeneralElectric
Comm/NAVData LinksSafety / SAGeneralLevel 3
Level 4 - Batteries - Solar - Fuel Cell
- De-Anti-Icing - See & Avoid
Level 5ASTM F2585 Specification for Design & Performance of Pneumatic-Hydraulic UAS Launch System
F38 Structure and WorkflowF38 Structure and Workflow- Gap Analysis Structure (Supplement at End)- Gap Analysis Structure (Supplement at End)
- Launchers
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
The ASTM F38.01 Standards Roadmap: The ASTM F38.01 Standards Roadmap: Level 1 - AirworthinessLevel 1 - Airworthiness
AirworthinessLevel 2 Airframe Power Plant Avionics
MaterialsStructuresLanding GearLaunch DevicesMaintenanceEnvironmentalGeneral
ReciprocatingTurbineGeneratorsLaunch DevicesFuelsGeneralElectric
Comm/NAVData LinksSafety / SAGeneralLevel 3
Level 4 - Batteries - Solar - Fuel Cell
- De-Anti-Icing - See & Avoid
Level 5ASTM F2585 Specification for Design & Performance of Pneumatic-Hydraulic UAS Launch System
- Launchers
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
Materials…………………………..MIL HDBK 5 (metals), 17 (composites)Structures…………………………MIL-HDBK 1530; MIL-STD 403ALanding Gear…………………….JIS W2502; FAA TSO-C62d; MIL-T-504; SAE ARP1493A Wheels/Brakes/Skid Control ARP1595A, ARP1907A, ARP813B, SAE ARP1311B,Gears/Struts/ Couplings ARP1598AAIR1494A, AIR4566, SAE AIR5487, AS1188TiresLaunch Devices…………………. ASTM F2585 Standard Specification for the Design
and Performance of a Pneumatic UAS Launch SystemRecovery Devices………………. WK15881 Specification for Design and Performance of UAS Recovery SystemsEnvironmental……………………(see next chart) RTCA DO-160C,
• External MIL HDBK 237• Internal (Onboard)
General…………………………….14 CFR 21, 23, 25, 27, 29; ASTM F2501-06 Standard
Practices for Unmanned Aircraft System Airworthiness, ASTM F2501 Recommended Practices for Unmanned Aircraft System Airworthiness
The ASTM F38.01 Standards Roadmap: The ASTM F38.01 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 – AIRFRAME (under Level 1 Airworthiness)Level 2 – AIRFRAME (under Level 1 Airworthiness)
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
General SAE ARP147E (terminology), ARP780B (symbols)External
• Altitude (TPH) MIL-STD 202, 810; RTCA DO-160; NEBS GR-63-CORE• De-icing/Anti-icing (see Avionics/Safety; SAE AC-9C work)• Rain, ice, lightning, etc. SAE AIR1168/4, ARP 5577; MIL-STD 810; RTCA DO-
160• Salt, fog, dust, etc. MIL-STD 820; ASTM B117 Practice for Operating Salt Spray
(Fog) Apparatus• Fungus ASTM D120 Specification for Rubber Insulating Gloves,
D470 Method for Crosslinked Insulations and Jackets for Wire and Cable, D518 Method for Rubber Deterioration-Surface Cracking; MIL-STD 810; RTCA DO-160
• EMI, HERO, etc. MIL-STD 461D, 646; SAE ARP1972, ARP5583, ARP5889• Solar weather JEDEC JESD-89
Internal (Onboard)• Temperature SAE AIR64B, AIR89D, AIR1277B, AS8040A• Pressure SAE AIR1168/7• Humidity SAE AIR1609A, ARP987A• Shock/Vibration/Accel MIL-STD 167, 202, 331 (catapult/arrested landing), 810• Acoustic SAE AIR1826
The ASTM F38.01 Standards Roadmap: The ASTM F38.01 Standards Roadmap: Level 3/4/5/6 - EnvironmentalLevel 3/4/5/6 - Environmental
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
Reciprocating Engines 14 CFR 33, 34, 36; SAE AS25109, AS1B, ASTM WK9561 Design and Manufacture of Compression Ignition Engines for Unmanned Aircraft System
• Propellers 14 CFR 35; SAE ARP355, AS107, AIR1872
Turbines 14 CFR 35, 34, 36; SAE ARP748A, AIR1872, ASTM WK9560 Practice for Design and Manufacture of Turbine Engines for Unmanned Aircraft System Electric
• Batteries IEC Std 952-1; MIL-B-8565; IEC 21/466/CD
• Solar (Photovoltaic) IEC 61427:1999• Radioisotope SAE AIR1213
Generators/Starters SAE AS13Fuels ASTM D910 Specification for Aviation Gasolines,
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels• Systems/Instruments SAE AIR1408, AS407, AS431, AR1326• Tanks SAE AIR4069A, AS5502A, AMSS8802B
General (SAE E-25 works); MIL-STD-8879c
The ASTM F38.01 Standards Roadmap: The ASTM F38.01 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 - PowerplantsLevel 2 - Powerplants
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Comm/Nav RTCA DO-187, DO-208, DO-278
Computers (SAE AS-2 works)
Safety/Sit. Aware MIL-STD 882
• Sense & Avoid ASTM F2411-04 Standard Specification for Design and Performance of an
Airborne Sense-and-Avoid System, RTCA DO-268
• Anti-icing/Deicing SAE AS5498, AIR 4367
• Transponders FAA TSO
Links Security-none; NATO STANAG 4586; RTCA DO-254;
SAE ARP4791
Software RTCA DO-178B
General (SAE AS-1 works); ARINC 429 (analog) and 629 (digital)
The ASTM F38.01 Standards Roadmap: The ASTM F38.01 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 - AvionicsLevel 2 - Avionics
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
The ASTM F38.02 Standards Roadmap: The ASTM F38.02 Standards Roadmap: Level 1 - OperationsLevel 1 - Operations
UAS Operations
General Flight Ground
TerminologySymbology
VFRIFR
Payloads
TaxiTakeoffLandings
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
Terminology ASTM F2395-05 Terminology for Unmanned Air Vehicle Systems, AIAA R-103-2004
Symbology SAE ARP4155, ARP5289
The ASTM F38.02 Standards Roadmap: The ASTM F38.02 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 - GeneralLevel 2 - General
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
VFR 14 CFR 91, ASTM WK3135 Guide for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Flight Authorization, WK10504 Practice for Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Visual Range Flight
Operations
IFR 14 CFR 91, 95, ASTM WK3135 Guide for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Flight Authorization
Payloads Universal Interface; IEEE-1394b; SAE AS5609 SAE AS8039
• Data Recorders SAE AS8039
• Returnable
− Sensors SAE AIR4911, AS1212 (SWAP), AIR1277 (SWAP)
− Relay/ Broadcast Eqmt SAE J1113/28, J551/4, ARP5583 (HIRF)
• Deliverable 14 CFR 91
− Weapons Positive Control, Weapon Safing: SAE AIR5532
− Cargo SAE AS1325, AS5385, ARP1409, AS25959
− Aerial Refueling SAE ARP1665, AS1284
Business Aviation Practices WK13989 Mini-UAS, Visual Range Operators
The ASTM F38.02 Standards Roadmap: The ASTM F38.02 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 - FlightLevel 2 - Flight
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
Taxi SAE ARP693, AIR1589, AIR4096 (FOD), ARP5898
Takeoff SAE AIR852, AS8044, AIR4096. ARP4104
Landing SAE ARP1070, AIR1739, ARP181, ARP4102, AIR4243, ARP69
Airports UA Accommodation at Alternates-none; 14 CFR 139; SAEARP5910, AIR1845, AIR5387, ARP4084, AIR1335
AGE SAE AIR1247, AIR1375, AIR4286, AS4852, AS5488
The ASTM F38.02 Standards Roadmap: The ASTM F38.02 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 - GroundLevel 2 - Ground
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
The ASTM F38.03 Standards Roadmap: The ASTM F38.03 Standards Roadmap: Level 1 - QualificationsLevel 1 - Qualifications
Crew Qualifications
Crew Maintainers Special
PilotsOperatorsSchoolsHuman Factors
A&P MechanicsSchoolsHuman FactorsGeneral
Commercial
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
Pilots 14 CFR Part 61, 67; F2635 Standard Classification for Unmanned Aircraft Pilot Certification
Non-Pilot Aircrew 14 CFR 63, 65, 67Schools 14 CFR 141, 142; SAE ARP5453Human Factors SAE ARP4033, ARP4107 (HF Glossary), (SAE G-10 works)
The ASTM F38.03 Standards Roadmap: The ASTM F38.03 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 – Crew, Maintainer, SpecialLevel 2 – Crew, Maintainer, Special
A&P Mechanics JI8152 (in work)
Schools 14 CFR 147; JI8152 (in work)
Human Factors (SAE G-13 works)
General 14 CFR 43; F2584-06 Standard Practice for Maintenance and Development of Maintenance Manuals for Light UAS
Commercial Operators 14 CFR 119, 121, 133, 137
Crew
Special
Maintainer
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
CASA UA25 Australian regulation for certification and operation of unmanned aircraft; MIL-HDBK 516; ASTM F2501 Recommended Practices for Unmanned Aircraft System Airworthiness
The ASTM F38 Standards Roadmap: The ASTM F38 Standards Roadmap: GeneralGeneral
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
Standards exists and explicitly written for UA• ASTM F2411 Standard Specification for Design and Performance of an Airborne Sense-and-
Avoid System, ASTM F2501 Recommended Practices for Unmanned Aircraft System Airworthiness, ASTM F2505 Practice for Application of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Aviation Regulations Part 21 Requirements to Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)
Standard exists and directly applicable to UA (“as is”)• ASTM D910 Specification for Aviation Gasolines
Standard exists and applicable to UA (aviation qualified), but focused elsewhere• SAE AIR4911, video interface for entertainment vice reconnaissance systems “The purpose
of this document is to establish the requirements for sensor/video interconnect subsystems. These requirements have been driven predominantly, but not exclusively, by aerospace-type military platforms and commercial aircraft. These requirements are intended to be used as the criteria to establish a sensor/video interconnection standard that will foster the development of common hardware to simplify the total interconnectivity of future avionics platforms.”
Standard exists on topic, but indirectly applicable to UA (“thread”)• IEC 61427:1999, photovoltaic (solar) cells
No suitable standard exists• UA (none) vice aircraft carrier (MIL-STD 331) catapults
The ASTM F38 Standards Roadmap: The ASTM F38 Standards Roadmap: Findings – 5 CategoriesFindings – 5 Categories
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
Many UAS relevant topics covered in existing standards.
Documentation gap for airworthiness now covered in F2501, incorporating over 300 standards.
F38 recognizes these existing standards, and focuses on addressing identified gaps now and in the future.
Subcommittees and lead writers assigned to address the identified ‘gaps’ in UAS standards.
Best Practices draft standards be structured along same lines as briefing and expanded/updated to identify such gaps in standards.
New F38 members sought with expertise directly applicable to these gaps.
The ASTM F38 Standards Roadmap: The ASTM F38 Standards Roadmap: Conclusions & ActionConclusions & Action
AUVSI Unmanned Systems NA 2007 / Washington, DC © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.
ASTM International Committee F38ASTM International Committee F38on Unmanned Aircraft Systemson Unmanned Aircraft Systems
QUESTIONS?
Daniel A. Schultz ASTM International Director, Committee Support
+1 610-832-9716
www.astm.org
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Jeff Goldfinger L-3 Communications F38 Membership Secretary
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