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Autistic Spectrum
Disorder ASD
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HISTORY
Leo Kanner introduced the
label early infantile autism in
1943.
Kanner's reuse ofautismled todecades of confused terminologylike infantile schizophrenia, andchild psychiatry's focus onmaternal deprivation led to
misconceptions of autism .
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QUICK FACTS ABOUT AUTISM
1 in 250 births
Cost of lifelong care can bereduced by 2/3 with earlydiagnosis and intervention
Fastest-growingdevelopmental disability
10 - 17 % annual growth
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What is Autism?
Autism is a complex, life-long biologicaldisorder of development that results in socialinteraction problems, communicationdifficulties, and restrictive or repetitiveinterests and behaviors.
Autism affects information processing in thebrain by altering how nerve cells and theirsynapses connect and organize; how this
occurs is not well understood
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AutisticDisorder
(Autism)
Pervasive
DevelopmentalDisorder, NOS
(PDD-NOS)
AspergersDisorder
Pervasive Developmental Disorders/Autism Spectrum Disorders
Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
Retts Disorder
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Pervasive DevelopmentalDisorders
Communication
Restricted andRepetitive Behaviors
Reciprocal SocialInteraction
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Impairments in:a. Nonverbal behaviors: eye
gaze, facial expression,body postures, andgestures to regulate socialinteraction
b. Peer relationshipsc. Seeking to share
enjoyment, interests, orachievements with otherpeople
a. Delay in, or lack ofdevelopment of, spokenlanguage
b. Impairment in the abilityto initiate or sustain aconversation with others
c. Stereotyped and repetitiveuse of language oridiosyncratic language
Motor stereotypes
Repetitive behaviors
Narrow Interests
Rituals, routines
Preoccupation with
parts of objects
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ASD
One of three recognized disorders in theautism spectrum , the other two being
Asperger syndrome, which lacks delays in
cognitive development and language, and
Pervasive Developmental Disorder-NotOtherwise Specified (commonly abbreviatedas PDD-NOS), which is diagnosed when thefull set of criteria for autism or Asperger
syndrome are not met.
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Symptoms
Children and adults with autism have difficultieswith everyday social interaction. Their ability to
develop friendships is generally limited as istheir capacity to understand other people'semotional expression.
People with autism can often haveaccompanying learning disabilities but everyonewith the condition shares a difficulty in makingsense of the world.
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Autismaffects the
amygdala,cerebellum,and many
other partsof the brain.
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Levelsof Cognitive Functioning
55 70 85 100 115 130 145
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
MEAN = 100
STANDARD DEVIATION = +/- 15
Approx. 70-75% ofindividualswith autism
Approx 45% of individuals withASD
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Genetic disordersAbout 1015%
Mental retardation mental retardation has
been reported as anywhere from 25% to 70
Epilepsy, with variations in risk of epilepsydue to age, cognitive level, and type of
language disorder Sleep problems affect about two-thirds -
symptoms of insomnia such as difficulty in
falling asleep
Several other conditions are common inchildren with autism . They include:
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"Reality to an autistic person is aconfusing, interacting mass of events,
people, places, sounds and sights. Thereseems to be no clear boundaries, order ormeaning to anything. A large part of mylife is spent just trying to work out the
pattern behind everything.
- A person with autism
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DIAGNOSIS
Autism can be reliably diagnosed by or before agethree.
Symptoms are usually detected during infancy,although a formal diagnosis is generally not madeuntil the child fails to develop functional language byage two.
Approximately 20 percent of children with autismreportedly experience a "regression"; that is they haveapparently normal development followed by a loss of
communication and social skills.
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Diagnosis of ASD
For a diagnosis of autism six criteria must be
met: At least two impairments in social interaction.
One impairment in communication skills.
Restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped behavior. Two impairments in any of the three stipulated
areas.
DIAGNOSIS
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OCCURENCE
Boys are three-to-four times more likelyto be affected by autism than girls.
Autism occurs in all racial, ethnic, andsocial groups.
An autistic culture has developed, with
some individuals seeking a cure andothers believing autism should beaccepted as a difference and not treated
as a disorder.
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Deletion (1), duplication (2) andinversion (3) are all chromosomeabnormalities that have beenimplicated in autism.
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Is there a Cure ?
Although there is currently no known cure forautism, autism is treatable.
Persons with autism can make progress if they
receive appropriate, individual intervention.
Pre-school children who receive intensive,individualized, behavioral interventions show
remarkable progress.
In addition, limited pharmacological interventionsare available to treat specific symptoms ofautism.
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What Causes Autism?
In the majority of cases, no specific underlying cause canbe identified .
However, a variety of factors are being investigated:
infectious, metabolic, genetic, and environmental
factors.
In rare cases, autism is strongly associated with agents
that cause birth defects.
Controversies surround other proposed environmentalcauses, such as heavy metals, pesticides or childhood
vaccines
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What Causes Autism?
Autism probably results from a geneticsusceptibility that involves multiple genes.
To date, genetic causes for one disordercommonly accompanied by autism and
one autism-spectrum disorder have beenidentified, Fragile X and Rett syndrome,respectively and genetic "hotspots" formore classic autism have been indicated.
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What Causes Autism?
Fragile X is the most common, geneticallyinherited form of mental retardationcurrently known and produces many of
the same behaviors and symptoms asautism.
Rett syndrome, which affects only girls, is
a progressive brain disease that producesa loss of language/social skills that issimilar to autism and is classified as anautism spectrum disorder.
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What can you do to help??
Spread the word, thefirst step is awareness.
April 2 is InternationalAutism Awareness day
The Autism Society ofIndia can get youstarted! Visit -
www.autism-india.org
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Some facts and statistics
40% of all children with autism wait more than threeyears for a clear diagnosis
An estimated 535,000 people have autism in the UK
Around 70% of people with autism have an IQ below70 (the average IQ of the population is 100). This is
classed as a learning disability. Some people withautism have normal or high intelligence.
Many people with Asperger's have normal or aboveaverage intelligence and can lead independent lives.
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The Internet has helped autistic
individuals bypass nonverbal cues andemotional sharing that they find sohard to deal with, and has given thema way to form online communities andwork remotely.
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GET INVOLVED
Autism is puzzlingdoctors and scientists
everywhere.
But by making morepeople aware more
resources can beorganized towards thegoal .
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Three wise sayings
There is nothing new under the
sun
Nothing exists until it has a name
Nature never draws a line without
smudging it
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