AUDIT CHECKLIST TO REDUCE POTENTIAL EXPOSURE TO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
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CONTENTS
Introduction............................................................................................................................................................1EmergingInfectiousDiseases.................................................................................................................................1EffectsofIndustrialActivity.................................................................................................................................. 3
EffectsonaProject.................................................................................................................................................4PreventionandMitigation..................................................................................................................................5
Vermin/Pest Animal Control and Management Checklist ................................................................................... 9
Vermin/PestAnimalControlMeasures............................................................................................................11On-SiteInfrastructureChecklist........................................................................................................................... 14
On-SiteInfrastructureControlMeasures.........................................................................................................17On-SiteWorkerHealthChecklist......................................................................................................................... 21
WorkerHealthProtectionMeasures................................................................................................................ 23Off-SiteCommunityHealthChecklist................................................................................................................... 25
CommunityHealthProtectionMeasures.........................................................................................................27Hunting,Bushmeat,andWildlifeTradeChecklist...............................................................................................29
Hunting,Bushmeat,andWildlifeTraffickingControlMeasures...................................................................... 31
HabitatandBiodiversityManagementChecklist................................................................................................33
Habitat and Biodiversity Management Measures............................................................................................ 34
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Glossary
Bushmeat Wildmeatharvested/huntedforfoodconsumption.Thetermistypicallyusedinthecontextofthetropicsorsub-tropics.
Emerginginfectiousdisease Infectiousdiseasewhoseincidenceinhumanshasincreasedinrecentdecadesorthreatenstoincreaseinthenearfuture.Thesediseasesincludenewinfectionsresultingfromchangesorevolutionofexistingorganisms,knowninfectionsspreadingtonewgeographicareasorpopulations,previouslyunrecognizedinfectionsappearinginareasundergoingecologictransformation,andoldinfectionsre-emergingasaresultofantimicrobialresistanceinknownagentsorbreakdownsinpublichealthmeasures.ExamplesincludeEbolavirus,Marburgvirus,Zikavirus,andcertainavianinfluenzaviruses(definitionadaptedfromtheU.S.CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention).
Forestperimeter/edge Transitionareasbetweenonetypeofhabitatandanotheralongthe“edge”ofanecosystem.Thesemaybecreatedincertainlandscapeconversion,e.g.forestclear-cutting,andmayintroduceopportunitiesforcontact(e.g.humansandwildlife,domesticanimalsandwildlife)between“within”forestand“outer”forestareas.
Fragmentation Changesthatproducefragmentsoflandversussinglecontiguouslandscapes.Thesemayincreasethepotentialforforestorotherhabitatedgesandmayinterruptwildlifecorridors.
Invasivespecies Introducedspecies(alsoknownasinvasivealien,exotic,ornon-nativespecies).Mayalsobeapest.Establishmentofinvasivespeciesmayresultinchangesinecologicaldynamicswitheffectsofnaturalresourceprovision(e.g.changesinwaterquality),andmaythreatennativebiodiversityaswellasservingasvectorsforintroducedorlocalpathogens.
Pest/nuisanceanimal Ananimalassociatedwithnegativeencountersordamagestohumanpopulations,agricultural/livestockproduction,ornaturalresources,potentiallyincompetitionforresources(e.g.space,food,water).Thistermishighlysituation-dependent.
PPE Personalprotectiveequipment,suchasmasks,gloves,coveralls,andotherequipmentthatcanhelpprovideabarrierforexposure.Toadequatelyprotectagainstcertainexposures,specializedequipment,trainingonuse,andfittestingshouldbeprovided(e.g.forcertaintypesofmasks).
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Wildlife Wildformofnon-domesticplantsandanimals.Typicallydomesticanimalsthatlivefreeinthewildareconsideredferalanimalsratherthanwildlife.Somespecieshavewildanddomesticforms,suchasSusscrofa,whichincludestheEurasianwildboarandthedomesticpig.
WildlifeTrade Animals(mayalsoincludeplants)sourcedforhumanuse(e.g.food,petorluxurytrade,ormedicinalapplication.)Wildlifetradeistypicallydifferentiatedbylegalorillegal/illicitbasedonlocal,national,andinternationalregulations.
ZoonoticDisease/Zoonoses Diseasecausedbyaninfectiouspathogentransmittedfromananimaltoahuman.Zoonosesmaybeknownornovel/emerging.Whileevolutionary/genetictraitsshapezoonoticpotentialandtheseverityofdiseaseproduced,thetransmissionofzoonoticpathogensfromananimaltohumanrequiressomeopportunitytofacilitatecontactforexposure.Onceaninitialspillovereventoccurs,somezoonoticdiseasesmaybetransmittedfromperson-to-person.
Glossary
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AUDITCHECKLIST
INTRODUCTION
The2014-2016EbolaoutbreakinWestAfricabroughttolightthedevastatingeffectsofemerginginfectiousdiseasesonlocalpopulationsaswellastheseveredisruptiontoeconomiesandtotheindustriesoperatinginthearea.Theneedfortoolstoassistindustryinpreparingfor,andideallypreventing,futurepotentialoutbreaksandassociatedworkplaceandcommunitydisruptionswasapparent.Thispackageofmaterialsisdesignedtohelpoperatingfacilitiesassesswheretheyhavevulnerabilitiestoemerginginfectiousdiseases.Itbeginswithabriefdescriptionofthedynamicsofinfectiousdiseaseemergenceandtheirpotentiallinkagesto,andimpactson,extractiveindustries.Followingthebackgroundsectionarecheckliststhatcanbeusedtoidentifypossibleareasofvulnerability.Followingeachchecklistarecontrolmeasuresthatfacilitiescoulduseifnonearealreadyinplace.Themitigationmeasureslistedproviderepresentativemeasures.Noteverycontrolmeasureisnecessaryinalllocations.Aftercompletingthechecklists,eachfacilityshouldconsultwithalocalexperttoaddresspotentialvulnerabilitiesanddeterminetheappropriatesite-specificcontrolmeasures.
Theoriginalversionofthischecklistwastestedatseveralminingfacilitiesandwithconsultantswhoworkintheextractiveindustries.Thisversionreflectstheinputreceivedfromthoseandotherconsultations.Thisisintendedtobealivingdocumentandwillbeupdatedasneeded.
Zoonoticdiseasesemergingfromanimalstohumansmayormaynotspreadfurtherviaperson-to-personinfections(rabiesvirusdoesnot,whereastherewaswidespreadhuman-humanEbolavirustransmission).Theprimaryemphasisofthischecklistandassociatedplanningtoolistargetingzoonoticdiseasepreventionatprimaryandsecondarysources,addressingexposurefromanimal(domesticorwild)tohuman,orexposurefromcontaminatedmedia.Whilesomeofthemitigationmeasureshighlightedinthistoolmayalsosupportprevention,earlydetection,andcontrolofotherdiseases,theyshouldbeviewedascomplementarywithexistingvector-borne,foodsafety,andworkerandcommunitydiseaseguidelines.
EMERGINGINFECTIOUSDISEASES
Nearlythree-quartersoftheknownzoonotic(transmittedfromanimalsororiginallyofanimalorigin)emerginginfectiousdiseases(EIDs)originateinwildlife.Threewildanimalgroups,whichcompriseapproximately70percentofmammalspecies,areconsideredmostlikelytospreadnewviralinfectionstopeople:bats(e.g.CoronavirusresponsibleforSARS,aswellasMarburgandHenipahviruses),rodents(Lassa,Hantavirus,andMonkeypoxviruses),andnon-humanprimates(Ebolaandyellowfeverviruses).Peoplecontractthesediseasesbycontactingwildlifepathogenswhetherthroughinhalingaerosolizedcontaminatedfecesandurine;throughdirectcontactviascratches,
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bites,andbodilyfluids—suchasbloodandsaliva—thatcanoccurduringhuntingandfoodpreparation;orthroughingestingcontaminatedfood,water,orundercookedmeat.Figure1illustratesareasoftheworldthathavebeenidentifiedas“hotspots”fortheemergenceofunknowninfectiousdiseases.Themapwaspreparedwithinformationonprioremergence(1940–2004)andassociatedriskfactorssuchaspopulationdensityandmammalianbiodiversity.
Figure 1: Relative Risk Map of Emerging Infectious Diseases from Wildlife
Manyanimalspecies–includingpeople–carryzoonoticdiseases.Diseasessuchasinfluenza(e.g.H5N1)orEbolawerefirsttransmittedfromwildlifeorlivestocktopeopleandthenbyperson-to-personexposure.Deforestationandhabitatfragmentation,andthedegradationandpracticesassociatedwiththem,arechangingtheinteractionsbetweenpeopleandwildlife.Forexample,asnewroadsareopenedinpreviouslyundisturbedareas,somewildlifespecieswillseekalternatefoodandshelterresourcesorbehuntedforconsumptionorsale,bringingthemintoclosercontactwithpeople.Insomecases,theexistingpopulationhasbuiltupimmunitytothesetypesofdiseasesfromongoingexposure.However,newpopulationsmaynothaveimmunity.Inaddition,livestockandwildlifemayserveasintermediaryhostsforvector-bornediseases(e.g.RiftValleyFever,YellowFever),potentiallyputtingpeopleatadditionalrisk.Thus,vectorcontrolisrelevantforzoonosesprevention,particularlywhereland-usechangesaretakingplacethatmaysupportvectorhabitat.Ashasbeendemonstratedbythe2014-2016EbolaoutbreaksinWestAfrica,areasparticularlyvulnerabletooutbreaksofanynoveldisease,orknowndiseaseingeneral,arethosewithalimitedhealthcareinfrastructureandpoorinfection-controlmechanisms.
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EFFECTSOFINDUSTRIALACTIVITYTable1summarizessomeindustryactivitiesthatcanincreaseorexacerbatethepotentialofzoonoticdiseaseexposure.
Table1:IndustrialActivitiesthatCouldModifyZoonoticDiseaseDynamics
IndustryActivity Effect ZoonoticDiseaseIssues
Construction/operationoffacilities,workcamps,roads,pipelines,railroads,etc.
• Modifiesexistingwildlifeandvectorhabitat
• Wildliferangecanberestricted- existingwildlifecorridorscanbeaffectedresultinginrestrictedrangeorclosercontactbetweenpeopleandwildlife,orgreaterpressureonpopulationsorecosystemsinfragmentedordegradedhabitat
• Wildlifecansearchfornewfoodandsheltersourcesinworkcampsandanynewsettlements
• Machinery/equipmentmayintroduceinvasivespecies
• Increaseshuman-wildlifecontact
• Newpathogensmaybeintroducedtothehabitatthroughinvasiveordomesticspecies
• Newinteractionsamongwildlifespeciespreviouslyneverincontact
Roadways,transportationroutes,transmissionlines
• Modifiesexistingwildlifeandvectorhabitat
• Increasesaccesstoremoteundevelopedareas
• Increasesbushmeathuntingorwildlifetrade
• Caninterferewithmigrationcorridorsandwaterflows
• Increaseshuman-wildlifecontact
• Potentialconsumptionofbushmeat
• Potentialwidergeographicspreadofdisease
• Increaseaccessibilityfordomesticandperidomesticanimals
Infrastructurefacilities(includingon-sitehousingcateringfacilities,housing&laundry,sewagetreatmentplants,surface-waterrunoffcontrol,dams,andcontainmentfacilities)
• Opensewage,water,andfoodcanattractwildlife
• Increaseshabitatforperidomesticanimals
• Insect-breedinghabitatcreatedormodified
• Increasespotentialhuman-wildlifeorvectorcontactifstructuresarenotsufficientlywildlife/vectorproofed
Watermanagement(includingcreationofnewwaterbodies,alteringexistingwaterbodies,andchangesindrainagepatterns)
• Insect(vector)breedinghabitatcreatedormodified
• Animalwateringareascreatedormodified
• Increasescompetitionforwaterresources
• Foodandwaterstoragecontainerscontaminatedbynuisancewildlife
• Increasespotentialforshareduseofandcompetitionforwaterbetweenpeopleandwildlife
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IndustryActivity Effect ZoonoticDiseaseIssues
Project-inducedmigration/displacementandresettlement(campfollowers,jobseekers,family,serviceworkers,movementofhouseholds)
• Increasespopulation• Stressescommunity
infrastructure,includinghealthsystems
• Introducesanimmunologicallysusceptibleimmigrantpopulation
• Altersfoodsupplychains
• Increasesperson-to-personcontact
• Increasespotentialforevolutionand/oramplificationofdisease
Agriculturalproduction(includingandclearingforagriculture,andfoodandwastestorage)
• Modifiesexistingwildlifeandvectorhabitat
• Providesfoodsourceforwildlife
• Maybeattractivetopests
• Increaseshuman-wildlifecontact
• Increaseswildlife-domesticanimalcontact
• Increasespotentialforwildlife-livestockdiseasetransmission
ModifiedfromIFC’sIntroductiontoHealthImpactAssessment
EFFECTSONAPROJECTIfworkersareexposedtoanovelorknowninfectiousdisease,theworkplacecanbeaffectedinmultiplewaysincluding:
• Causingillnessoroutbreaksamongemployeesthattranslatestoalossinproductivity• Requiringtemporaryclosureoffacilityand/ordelayedprojectschedule,thusreducingcash
flow• Resultinginillnessordeathofemployeesorcommunitymembers• Increasingbusinessliabilityrisks/cost–specificallyincreasedinsurancepremiumsand
increasedstaffturnover• Increasingdemandontheproject'shealthcareinfrastructure,particularlyiflocal
infrastructureisinadequate• Disruptingtransportandtravelofpersonnelandgoods• Distortingmanagementresponsibilitiesandresourcesduetoemergencyplanningand
responsescenarios• Damagedreputation
Thewidespread2014-2016EbolaoutbreakinthreeWestern-Africacountriesillustratestheeconomicramificationsofalarge-scaleoutbreakofazoonoticdisease,andprioroutbreaksofMarburgvirusoriginatingfromspilloverfrombatsinminingsites(KitakagoldmineinUgandain2007andGoroumbwamineintheDemocraticRepublicofCongoin1998-2000),includingonethatledtoatwo-yearmineshutdowninUganda,showthepotentialeconomicimpactofevenisolatedoutbreaks.1
1KnustBetal.“MultidistrictOutbreakofMarburgVirusDisease-Uganda,2012.”TheJournalofInfectiousDiseases.2015;212Suppl2:S119-28.
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PREVENTIONANDMITIGATIONThefocusofthesepreventionandmitigationmeasuresisonthereductionandeliminationofexposuretopathogensfromrodents,bats,andnon-humanprimates.Byaddressingcertainhigh-riskpathogentransmissionpathways,someoftheapproachesmayalsohelpminimizeexposuretofood-borne,water-borne,andvector-borneandothercommunicablediseases;however,specificapproachesforcontroloftheseshouldbesoughtviaotherresources(astheymayinvolveparticularintegratedpestmanagementtechniques,waterinfrastructurerequirements,andotherstrategiesoutsideofthescopeofthisAuditChecklist).Similarly,whilesomemeasuresreinforcebiodiversityconservation,theseguidelinesarenotintendedtobecomprehensiveforbiodiversitymanagement.Additionalresourcesshouldbeconsultedfortopicsoutsidethescopeoftheseguidelines(e.g.invasivespeciespreventionandcontrol).
ExpertsfromtheU.S.AgencyforInternationalDevelopment(USAID)EmergingPandemicThreatsprogramhaveidentifiedkeypreventionstrategiesthatacompanycouldadoptaswellasauditcheckliststoidentifythosedepartments,divisions,andareasofanoperatingfacilitythatmaybevulnerabletozoonoticdiseaseexposureandtransmission.Box1liststheprioritymitigationmeasuresthatafacilitycanundertaketodecreaseexposureto,andtransmissionof,emergingandexistinginfectiousdiseases.
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Becausezoonoticdiseasepreventionneedsamulti-facetedapproach,manydifferentdepartmentswouldbeinvolvedinanyaudit.Divisionslikelytobeinvolvedincludehealth,safety,andenvironment;communityrelations;socialorcorporateresponsibility;medical;campservice;foodservices;andpossiblyothers.Althoughthesechecklistsandtheaccompanyingmitigationmeasuresarefocusedonzoonoticdiseases,theidentifiedvulnerabilitiesapplytothebroadercontextofmaintainingworkerandcommunityhealthbyreducingthepotentialtransmissionofcommunicable,andfood,water,orvector-borneinfectiousdiseases.
Theoverallaimofthemitigationmeasuresistoreducepotentialcontactbetweenwildlife(includingitsfluidsandexcreta),people,anddomesticanimalsinadditiontoreducingdiseasetransmission
Box1:PriorityMitigationMeasures
1. Establishafoodsafety,water,andsanitationprogramtoensurepropersanitationandhygieneamongworkersandcanteenoperators(improvedsanitationandwastemanagement/accesstocleanfoodandwater).Considerintegratingpestcontrol/managementintothisprogram.
2. Provideadequatelivingfacilitiesthatarerodent,bat,andvector-proof.
3. Provideworkerswithhealtheducationthatincludesinformationonbasicsanitation,foodandwatersafety,infectioncontrol,zoonoticdiseasesandhealthhazardsfromhunting,andslaughteringandconsumingbushmeat.Thiseducationshouldbepartofthelargercorporatehealthandsafetyculture,sothatemployeestrusttheinformationtheyreceiveandshareitwiththeircommunities.
4. Implementhuntingandwildlifetradecontrolswithinallprojectoperationalareas(e.g.,roads,loggingconcessions,campboundaries,camp,etc.).
5. Developadiseaseoutbreakresponseplanincoordinationwiththelocalhealthdepartment.
6. Provideroutinehealthscreeningandsurveillanceforworkers,andincludeabaselinediseaseassessmentandaroutineimmunizationplan.
7. Establishanon-sitehealthclinicforworkers.
8. Improvecommunityhealthandveterinaryinfrastructure.
9. Provideemployeeswithadequatesourcesofproteinoraccesstoproteintominimizebushmeathuntingandconsumption.
10. Minimizeroadandcorridorconstructionandhabitatdisturbance/degradation/fragmentation(e.g.,maintainwildlifecorridors,engagewithgovernmentandothercompaniesonplanning).
11. Conductbaselinebiodiversitysurveysandroutinemonitoringincompliancewithestablishedguidelines.Implementanotificationsystemtoreportwildlifediseaseandmortalityincidentstoappropriatelocalauthorities.
12. Assessthepotentialfordirectandindirectcontactofworkersandanimalsandemployriskmitigationmeasurestopreventcontact(biting,scratchingetc.)andexposuretopathogens(urine,feces,saliva)(e.g.useofpersonalprotectiveequipment,hygienecapabilities,etc.).
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pathwaysamongpeople.Themitigationmeasuresarenotcomprehensive.Rather,theyrepresentactionsavailabletoafacilitytorespondtovulnerabilitiesidentifiedinthechecklists.Certainmitigationmeasuresmayproveunfeasibleorill-advisedbecauseofthestageoftheproject,itssize,orotherfactors.MostmeasureshavebeendrawnfromexistingrecommendedbestmanagementpracticesdevelopedbyinternationalbanksincludingtheWorldBankandInternationalFinanceCorporation,andorganizationssuchastheInternationalUnionforConservationofNature,InternationalCouncilonMiningandMetals,andtheEnergyandBiodiversityInitiative,aswellasresearchers.Themitigationmeasuresareseparatedintothechecklistcategories(e.g.,On-siteInfrastructure,WorkerHealth)andincludeprioritiesforeachcategory.Whendeterminingmitigationmeasurestoimplement,thefacilityshouldconsultwithlocalexpertstoaddresssite-specificvulnerabilitiesandappropriatecontrolmeasures.
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CHECKLISTS
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VERMIN/PEST ANIMAL CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT CHECKLISTRodents and other “pest” wildlife can carry zoonotic disease and are attracted to food storage, agriculture, and waste.
Yes No N/A Notes
1. Couldon-siteornear-sitefeaturesattractwildlife(foodstorage,foodwastestorage,wasteaccumulation,openwatersources,agriculturalproduction–grainorfruitproduction–livestock,pets)?
2. Arevermincontrol/managementmeasuresinplacetominimizeinteractionwithwildlifeortopreventwildlifefromaccessingbothtemporaryandpermanentfacilities?
a. Dotheyaddress:
i. Foodstorageprotection
ii. Foodwastestorageanddisposal
iii. Housingprotection
iv. Saferemovalofanimaldroppingsandnests
v. Wastedumpsorlandfillscontrols
vi. Foodcropprotection
vii. Livestockprotection
viii. Watersourceprotection
3. Arespecificmeasuresinplacetomanagethefollowing
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Yes No N/A Notes
typesofwildlifeandferalanimals:
a. Rodents
b. Bats
c. Non-humanprimates
d. Otherspeciesofconcern(e.g.dogs,etc)
Ifyouanswerednotoquestionsthathaveshadedboxes,seeVerminorPestAnimalControlMeasures.
VERMIN/PEST ANIMAL CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT CHECKLIST
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VERMIN/PESTANIMALCONTROLMEASURES
Planning/Management
• Developaverminorpestanimalcontrolmanagementplaninconsultationwithlocalcommunitiesbasedonthefollowinginformation:o Thepotentialnuisancespeciesknownorsuspectedinthearea;o Thepotentialissuesthatwillarisewithpestornuisancewildlifewithinthevicinityoftheproject
(i.e.dogsorrodentsatwastedumpsorsiteswheregarbageisstored);ando Thelocationoftheprojectareainrelationtonuisancewildlifehabitatincludingprotectedareas,
existingsettlement(s),and/orcontinuousforest.
• Establishprotocolsandpoliciesregardingthecontrolofnuisanceanimalsthatataminimumconformtolocallaws.
• Establishaprocessforequipmentsanitationmeasurestopreventinvasivespeciesintroductions(potentialpests),ifpossible.
• Wherelivestockarepresenton-site,biosecuritymeasuresshouldbeusedtoreduce/eliminatewildlifepredation/interactionandwildlifeaccesstolivestockfoodandwatersources.
• Hireastaffmemberfromthelocalcommunity(providingtraininginenvironmentalmanagementandhuman-animalconflictresolutionasneeded)toserveasapointofcontacttodealwithwildlifeissuesastheyarrive.Thispersoncanactasaliaisonbetweenthecompanyandstakeholders,includingcommunities,government,conservationpartners,and/orindependentresearchers.
• Educateemployeesandlocalcommunitymembersonnuisancewildlifeissues(e.g.cropraiding,foodandwasteinvasions)andmeasurestobetakentoreducecontactbetweenpeopleandwildlife,andlivestockandwildlife.
• Developplansforestablishingbufferzonesbetweenforestsandcultivatedareas,settlementsandprojectfacilitiestodiscouragewildlifefrominvadingareasoccupiedbypeople.Theyshouldnotcontainplantspeciesthatattractnuisancewildlife.Forexample,teaplantationsandchilipeppersthatborderprotectedareaskeepapesout.
MeasurestoLimitContactwithPestorNuisanceAnimals
Wildlifemaybecomepestornuisanceanimalswhentheyseekoutfoodorshelteratcampsorfacilities.Stepsshouldbetakentominimizeattractivenessofhousingandfoodandwaterstorageareastopestspecies,andtomaintainsufficientareasofhabitatandcorridorstominimize/preventwildlifedisplacementandintrusionintoareaswherepeoplearepresent.Whilepestanimalcontrolmaybenecessaryincertainsettings(e.g.residences,canteen,andfoodstorageareas),blanketcullingmeasuresaroundatemporary
PriorityMeasures
1. Establishafoodsafety,water,andsanitationprogramtoensurepropersanitationandhygieneamongworkersandcanteenoperators(improvedsanitationandwastemanagement/accesstocleanfoodandwater).
2. Developanintegratedpestcontrolandmanagementplan.
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camporpermanentfacilityarerarelyappropriateandmayhavenegativeoutcomes(forexample,theymayopenupanicheforestablishmentofotherpestanimals,maychangediseasedynamics,maythreatenbiodiversity,mayreduceyieldofpositiveecosystemservices,mayexposepeopleandotheranimalstoharmfulchemicals,etc.).Thus,inadditiontohealthexperts,wildlifeauthorities/environmentmanagersshouldbeconsultedondecision-makingforpestcontrol.
Rodents,Bats,Non-HumanPrimates
• Maintaingoodhygienebycoveringandsealingwater,food,andwastecontainers.• Ensurethatwatersourcesarenotcontaminatedwithwildlifefecesandurine.• Restrictaccesstowildlifehabitats,ifpossible.• Establishmanagementprocedurestopreventdiseasetransmissiontodomesticanimals(e.g.,donot
house,feed,orletlivestockgrazeundertreeswherebatsroostsolivestockwillnotconsumecontaminatedfruitremnantsdroppedtothegroundbybats.Constructlivestockpens,preferablymadeoutofhedgestopreventnon-humanprimate(NHP)-livestockcontact).
Rodents
• Workwithprofessionalstodeveloprodentcontrolstrategiesthatareappropriatetothesite.• Constructgrassembankmentsinagriculturalfieldssothatrodentshaveplacestohide.• Rodentprooffarmbuildings,facilities,andhousesbypatchingholesininfrastructureandreinforcing
buildingentrypointswithgnaw-resistantmaterial(e.g.metal).• Reduceand/orremovenestingandburrowingsitesby:
o Removingpilesofdebrisorvegetation;o Maintainingshortanddisturbedfallowareas;o Cuttingvegetationdown,especiallyneardwellingsandfacilities;o Settinguptrapsinholesoffences,facilities,andhomes;o Frequentweeding;ando Installingdurablefences.
Non-HumanPrimates
• Reducecroppalatabilitybysprayingcapsicumoncrops.• Constructlivestockpens,preferablymadeoutofthornhedgestopreventNHP-livestockcontact.• Placecorrugatedzincsheetsaroundfruittreesthatarenotconnectedtoacanopy.• Buildlivehedgeswithlocalspeciesthatareunattractivetonon-humanprimatestoisolatecrops
fromforestedge.Interspersewithunpalatablecropssuchaschili,tea,andsisal.
Bats
• Batproofbuildings,facilities,andhousesbypatchingholesinhomes,buildings,andfacilitiesunderroofoverhangs;ineavesandvents;cracksaroundwindows;throughspacesunderill-fittingboards;andaroundpipes.
• Formicrobats,constructbathouseswithinone-quartermileofapermanentwatersource,andasclosetotheiroriginalrangeaspossible.
• Ensureroostingsites(e.g.,trees)offruitbatsremainundisturbedandmaintainasufficientamountofavailableforage(e.g.,fruittrees)duringtheprojectdevelopmentphase.
• Theuseofanon-toxicbird-repellent,Methiocarb,hasbeenknowntodeterbats.• Plantdecoynativefruittreesasbuffersaroundorchards.
OtherPests
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• Maintaingoodhygienebycoveringandsealingwater,food,andwastecontainers.• Employintegratedpestmanagementprogramstoreducevectorabundanceandpotentialfor
breeding,aswellascontactwithpeople.• Assesspresenceofferalanimals(e.g.dogs,feralswine)todeterminepotentialcontaminationrisks
andtakeappropriateaction(e.g.rabiesvaccinationcampaignsfordogs).
AdaptedFrom
Arlet,MalgorzataandFreerkMolleman.2007.“RodentsdamagecropsmorethanwildlifeinsubsistenceagricultureonthenorthernperipheryofDjaReserve,Cameroon.”InternationalJournalofPestManagement.53(3):237-243.
Belmain,Stevenet.al.2002.“Assessmentoftheimpactofrodentsonruralhouseholdfoodsecurityandthedevelopmentofecologically-basedrodentmanagementstrategiesinZambeziProvince,Mozambique.”NaturalResourcesInstitute.FinalTechnicalReport.
TheFundforAnimals.2003.“CoexistingwithWildlifeFactSheet#1.”
Hockings,K.andT.Humle.2009.BestPracticeGuidelinesforthePreventionandMitigationofConflictsBetweenHumansandGreatApes.Gland,Switzerland:IUCN/SSCPrimateSpecialistGroup(PSG).40pp.
Meerburg,B.G.,M.Bonde,F.W.A.Brom,S.Endepols,A.N.Jensen,H.Leirs,J.Lodal,G.R.Singleton,H.J.Pelz,T.B.Rodenburg,andA.Kijlstra.2004.“Towardssustainablemanagementofrodentsinorganicanimalhusbandry.”NJAS:52-2.
Pongsiri.M.J.,J.Roman,V.O.Ezenwa,T.L.Goldberg,H.S.Koren,S.C.Newbold,R.S.Ostfeld,S.K.Pattanayak,andD.J.Salkeld.2009.“Biodiversitylossaffectsglobaldiseaseecology.”Bioscience59(11):945-954.
Mickelburgh,Simon,AnthonyHutson,andPaulRacey.1992.“OldWorldFruitBats:AnActionPlanfortheirConservation.”IUCN/SSCChiropteraSpecialistGroup.
Stenseth,NilsChr,HerwigLeirs,AndersSkonhoft,StephenA.Davis,RogerP.Pech,HarryP.Andreassen,GrantR.Singleton,MauricioLima,RobertS.Machang’u,RhodesH.Makundi,ZhibinZhang,PeterR.Brown,DazhaoShi,andXinrongWan.2003.“Mice,rats,andpeople:thebio-economicsofagriculturalrodentpests.”FrontiersofEcologyandtheEnvironment.1(7):367-375.
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ON-SITEINFRASTRUCTURECHECKLISTMaintaining a healthy work force and reducing potential contact with animals or their excreta reduces the risk of zoonotic disease transmission.2
Yes No N/A Notes
ON-SITEHOUSINGPestscanresideinon-sitehousing.Inaddition,inadequatespace,foodstorage,sanitation,etc.canamplifydiseasetransmission.
1. Areworkershousedontheworksite?
a. DothelivingquartersconformtoWorkers’accommodation:processesandstandards:guidancebyIFCandtheEBRD?3
i. Arethereadequatebedsforthenumberofworkers?
ii. Arethereadequatewashingfacilities?
iii. Arethereadequatesanitationfacilities
iv. Aretheresufficientwastedisposalfacilities?
FOODFoodcanbecontaminatedbypestanimalsatanystepofthefarm-to-tablecontinuum.Inaddition,certainfoodsmaybemorevulnerabletodiseasecontaminationsuchasmeat,milk,eggs,etc.
1. Areworkersfedattheworksite?
a. IsaHazardAnalysisCriticalControlPoint(HACCP)systemorcomparablefoodsafetyprograminplace?4
2Most of the questions in the On-SiteInfrastructureChecklist aretaken or adapted from IFC and EBRD n.d. Workers' Accommodation: Processes and Standards - Aguidance note by IFCandthe EBRD.3 http://www1.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/topics_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/ifc+sustainability/publications/publications_gpn_workersaccommodation4 http://www.fda.gov/food/foodsafety/hazardanalysiscriticalcontrolpointshaccp/default.htm
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ON-SITEINFRASTRUCTURECHECKLIST
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b. AreWHO’sFiveKeystoSaferFood5orcomparablesafetyguidesimplemented?
c. Isfoodstoredinrodent-prooflocationsorcontainers?
d. Aremeasuresinplacetoensurethatmeatisonlyboughtfromvendorswhodonotsellbushmeat?
e. Aremeasuresinplacetoinspectfruitsandvegetablesandtowashandpeelwhereappropriatetopreventservingfoodthathasbeencontaminatedbyanimals(presenceoffeces,bitemarks)
WATERWatercanattractwildlifeandbecomecontaminated.Itcanalsosupporthabitatforvectorsthatcancarryandtransmitpathogens.
1. Isthesitecheckedregularlyforstanding/stagnantwater,structures,ordebristhatcanactasinsectbreedingareasorattractanimalsseekingwateringholes?
2. Doworkershaveaccesstoanadequateandconvenientsupplyoffreepotablewater?
3. Doesdrinkingwatermeetnational/localorWHOstandards?
a. Isdrinkingwaterqualitymonitoredortreatedregularly?
4. Arewaterstoragetanksthatareusedfordrinkingwatercoveredtopreventthewaterfrombecomingpolluted,contaminated,orvectorbreedingareas?
5http://www.who.int/foodsafety/consumer/5keys/en/)
ON-SITEINFRASTRUCTURECHECKLIST
16 AUDITCHECKLIST:July2017
WASTEMANAGEMENTSolidwaste,sewage,andfoodwastecanattractpestanimals.6
1. Arewastewater,sewage,food,andanyotherwastematerialsdisposedofaccordingtolocalorIFC/WorldBankstandards?7
2. Hasneedforpersonalprotectiveequipmentbeenassessedandputinplaceforwaste-handlingpersonnelinlinewithwasteclassificationdefinitionsforhazardous,non-hazardouswaste?
3. Arecontainersfortrashcollectionprovidedandemptiedonaregularbasis?
4. Ispest/vectorcontrolanddisinfectionconductedthroughoutandsurroundingthelivingandkitchenfacilities?
5. Isvectormanagementaddressedaspartofmanagementplansforanycompany-managedwastedisposalfacilities?
6. Isvectormanagementaddressedaspartofmanagementplanforanystandingwatersources,suchasinsecticideapplication?
7. Ifthereisanon-sitelandfill,arefoodwastescoveredregularly?
8. Ifthereisanon-sitelandfill,isanintegratedpestcontrolprograminplacetocontrolvermin?
Ifyouanswerednotoquestionsthathaveshadedboxes,seeOnsiteInfrastructureControlMeasures.
6Heathcareandbiologicalwasteisnotaddressedspecificallyinthisaudit,butreferencestoinformationonthesetypesofwastedisposalareincludedintheOn-SiteInfrastructureControlMeasures(e.g.forhealthclinic,abattoirandrelatedwaste).7Waterandsanitation,includingwastewaterandsewage:http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/e22c050048855ae0875cd76a6515bb18/Final%2B-%2BWater%2Band%2BSanitation.pdf?MOD=AJPERESWastemanagement,includingfoodwaste,trash,andlandfills:http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/1cd72a00488557cfbdf4ff6a6515bb18/Final%2B-%2BWaste%2BManagement%2BFacilities.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&id=1323162538174
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ON-SITEINFRASTRUCTURECONTROLMEASURES
TheWorkers'Accommodation:ProcessesandStandards:AGuidanceNotebyIFCandtheEBRDprovidesminimumstandardsforworkerlivingfacilities,potablewater,wastewaterandsolidwaste,canteenandcookingfacilities,foodsafety,andmedicalfacilities.Relevantbenchmarkswithrespecttothetransmissionofzoonoticdiseaseinclude:
General
• Livingfacilitiesarelocatedtoavoidfloodingandothernaturalhazards.• Thelivingfacilitiesarebuiltwithadequatematerials,arekeptingoodrepair,andarekeptcleanand
freefromrubbishandotherrefuse.• Thebuildingsiteisadequatelydrainedtoavoidtheaccumulationofstagnantwater.• Forfacilitieslocatedinhotweatherzones,adequateventilationand/orairconditioningsystemsare
provided.• Pestextermination,vectorcontrol,anddisinfectionarecarriedoutthroughoutthelivingfacilitiesin
compliancewithlocalrequirementsand/orinternationalorlocalbestmanagementpractices.Wherewarranted,pestandvectormonitoringshouldbeperformedonaregularbasis.
• Ensurefoodisfullycooked,andfruitsandvegetablesarewashedthoroughlywithtreatedwater.
Water
• Accesstoanadequateandconvenientsupplyoffreepotablewaterisalwaysavailabletoworkers.Dependingonclimate,weatherconditions,andaccommodationstandards,80to180litersperpersonperdayareavailable.
• Drinkingwatermeetsnational/localorWHOdrinkingwaterstandards.• Alltanksusedforthestorageofdrinkingwaterareconstructedandcoveredtopreventwaterstored
thereinfrombecomingpollutedorcontaminated.• Drinkingwaterqualityisregularlymonitored.
PriorityMeasures
1. Assureworkercampmeetshygieneandsanitationcriteria/guidelinesasprovidedbytheWorldBank/IFC/EBRD/WHO.
2. Ensurethatlivingfacilitiesarebuiltwithadequatematerials,arekeptingoodrepair,andarekeptcleanandfreefromrubbishandotherrefuse,andmeetWorldBank/IFCstandardsfordensity.
3. Ensurewastewater,sewage,food,andanyotherwastematerialsareadequatelydischarged,incompliancewithlocalorWorldBankstandards–whicheverismorestringent–andwithoutcausinganysignificantimpactsoncampresidents,thebiophysicalenvironment,orsurroundingcommunities.
4. Investineitheron-sitehealthclinic/resourcesorcommunityhealthclinic/infrastructure.5. Improvebiosafetyofon-sitefoodproduction(ifany)orassurethatfoodsafetyfollowsHACCPor
internationallyrecognizedsafefoodguidelines(canteen,cookingfacilitiesarekeptinacleanandsanitarycondition).
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• Wastewater,sewage,food,andanyotherwastematerialsareadequatelydischargedincompliancewithlocalorWorldBankstandards–whicheverismorestringent–andwithoutcausinganysignificantimpactsoncampresidents,thebiophysicalenvironment,orsurroundingcommunities.
• Standingwatersourcesthatcannotbeadequatelycoveredmayrequireinsecticideorothermeasurestodiscouragevectorbreedingsitesorcontrolvectorpopulations.
SolidWaste
• Containersspecificallyforrubbishcollectionareprovidedandemptiedonaregularbasis.Standardsrangefromprovidinganadequatenumberofrubbishcontainerstoprovidingleak-proof,non-absorbent,rust-andcorrosion-resistantcontainersprotectedfrominsectsandrodents.Inaddition,itisbestpracticetolocaterubbishcontainers30metersfromeachshelteronawooden,metal,orconcretestand.Containersmustbeemptiedatregularintervals(tobedeterminedbasedontemperaturesandvolumesgenerated)toavoidunpleasantodors.
• UseWorldBanksitingcriteriaforestablishinglandfills.8
• Forlandfills,promptlyemplace,compact,andcoverwastesindefinedcells,especiallywastesuchasfoodwasteswithpotentialtoattractverminandflies.
• Atlandfills,useanintegratedpestcontrolapproachtocontrolverminlevels,treatinginfestedareassuchasexposedfacesandflankswithinsecticideifnecessary.
• Atlandfills,gradetheareaproperlytopreventpondinginordertominimizeinsectbreeding.
Bedrooms/Dormitories
• Rooms/dormitoriesarekeptingoodconditionandareairedandcleanedatregularintervals.Theyarebuiltwitheasilycleanedflooringmaterial.
• Sanitaryfacilitiesarelocatedwithinthesamebuildingsandprovidedseparatelyformenandwomen.
• Residentsareprovidedaminimumof10to12.5cubicmeters(volume)or4to5.5squaremeters(surface).
• Aminimumceilingheightof2.10metersisprovided.• Onlyareasonablenumberofworkersshouldsharethesamedormitoryroom.Standardsrangefrom
twotoeightworkers.• Alldoorsandwindowsshouldbelockable,andprovidedwithmosquitoscreenswhereconditions
warrant.• Aseparatebedforeachworkerisprovided.Thepracticeof“hot-bedding”(shiftsleeping)shouldbe
avoided, particularlyifadequatehygieneandcleaningmeasuresarenotsupported.• Theminimumspacebetweenbedsis1meter.• Doubledeckbunksarenotadvisableforfiresafetyandhygienereasons.Wheretheyareused,clear
spacebetweenthelowerandupperbunkofthebedshouldbe0.7to1.10meters.• Eachworkerisprovidedwithacomfortablemattress,pillow,cover,andcleanbedding.• Bedlineniswashedfrequentlyandappliedwithrepellentsanddisinfectantswhereconditions
warrant(malaria).Incertainareas,laundryshouldbewashedwithbleachandhotwaterandallbedlinenandclothesshouldbeironedtomakesuretheyaredry.
• Providebednets,ideallyimpregnatedwithamosquito-repellentsolution.
8http://www.ingenieroambiental.com/nov/landfillsitingdesign.pdf
19 AUDITCHECKLIST:July2017
Sanitation
• Sanitaryandtoiletfacilitiesareconstructedofmaterialsthatareeasilycleaned.• Sanitaryandtoiletfacilitiesarecleanedfrequentlyandkeptinworkingcondition.• Anadequatenumberofhand-washingfacilitiesareprovidedtoworkers.Standardsrangefrom1
unitper15personsto1unitper6workers.Hand-washingfacilitiesshouldconsistofatap,basin,soap,andhygienicmeansofdryinghands.
• Anadequatenumberofshower/bathroomfacilitiesareprovidedtoworkers.Standardsrangefrom1unitper15personsto1unitper6persons.
• Showers/bathroomsareconvenientlylocated.• Shower/bathroomfacilitiesareprovidedwithanadequatesupplyofcoldandhotrunningwater.
Canteens
• Canteen,cooking,andlaundryfacilitiesarebuiltwithadequateandeasytocleanmaterials.• Canteen,cooking,andlaundryfacilitiesarekeptinacleanandsanitaryconditionandutilize
treated/potablewater.• Canteenshaveareasonableamountofdiningspaceperworker.Standardsrangefrom1to1.5
squaremeters.• Placesforfoodpreparationaredesignedtopermitgoodfoodhygienepractices,includingprotection
againstcontaminationbetweenandduringfoodpreparation.• Kitchensareprovidedwithfacilitiestomaintainadequatepersonalhygieneincludingasufficient
numberofwashbasinsdesignatedforwashinghandswithrunningwaterandsoap,andmaterialsforhygienicdrying.
• Foodpreparationsurfacesaresmooth,durable,andwashable.• Adequatefacilitiesforcleaning,disinfecting,andstoringcookingutensilsandequipmentare
provided.• Foodwasteandotherrefusearedepositedinsealablecontainersandremovedfromthekitchen
frequentlytoavoidaccumulation(seeseparatesectiononhealthcarewastemanagementbelow).• Whenimportingfoodforemployees,useasupplierthathasaninternationallyrecognizedfood
certificationsystem.Ifusinglocalfoodsuppliers,findareputablesupplier.Conductspotcheckstofindoutwherelocalsuppliersaresourcingfoodandhowthatfoodisstored.
HealthcareWasteManagement
Healthcarewastemanagementiscomplexandbeyondthescopeofthisaudit.Belowaresomeresourcesforadditionalinformation.
• WHO’sHealthCareWasteManagementwebsitehttp://www.healthcare-waste.org/basics/waste-steps/
• HealthCareWithoutHarm.“WasteTreatmentandDisposal.”https://noharm-global.org/issues/global/waste-treatment-and-disposal
• WHO’sSafemanagementofwastesfromhealth-careactivities,2014http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/85349/1/9789241548564_eng.pdf
• HealthCareWasteManagementGuidanceNote,May2000http://siteresources.worldbank.org/HEALTHNUTRITIONANDPOPULATION/Resources/281627-1095698140167/Johannssen-HealthCare-whole.pdf
20 AUDITCHECKLIST:July2017
AdaptedFrom
IFCandEBRD.2009.“Workers’accommodation:processesandstandards:AguidancenotebyIFCandtheEBRD.”http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/topics_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/ifc+sustainability/learning+and+adapting/knowledge+products/publications/publications_gpn_workersaccommodation
IFC.2007.“Environmental,Health,andSafetyGuidelinesforWasteManagementFacilities.”http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/1cd72a00488557cfbdf4ff6a6515bb18/Final+-+Waste+Management+Facilities.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&id=1323162538174
MedicalEntomology,CentreforDiseaseControl,DepartmentofHealthandFamilies,NorthernTerritoryGovernment.“GuidelinesforPreventingMosquitoBreedingSitesAssociatedwithMiningSites.Minesiteguidelines.”November2005.http://www.health.nt.gov.au/library/scripts/objectifyMedia.aspx?file=pdf/32/40.pdf&siteID
OtherUsefulReferences
InternationalFinanceCorporationGeneralEnvironmental,Health,andSafetyGuidelines.http://www1.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/554e8d80488658e4b76af76a6515bb18/Final%2B-%2BGeneral%2BEHS%2BGuidelines.pdf?MOD=AJPERES
WorldBankWaterandSanitationStandards.http://water.worldbank.org/water/shw-resource-guide/institutions/regulations-and-standards/environment
WorldBankLandfillSitingCriteria.http://www.ingenieroambiental.com/nov/landfillsitingdesign.pdf
AfricaDevelopmentBank.“StudyonSolidWasteOptionsinAfrica.”http://www.iwwa.eu/images/stories/PDF/Study_SWM_Africa_by_ADB.pdf
ON-SITEWORKERHEALTHCHECKLIST
21 AUDIT CHECKLIST: July 2017
Companiesshouldhaveaworkerhealthprotectionprogramtoaddressoccupationalhealthandsafetythatincludesabaselinehealthprofileforeachemployee.Tobeabletoaddressapotentialoutbreak,thecompanyshouldtracktheincidenceofdiseaseon-siteandlocally.Workersshouldbetrainedaboutcommunicablediseaseprevention.Thecompanyshouldbepreparedforpotentialoutbreaksofendemicinfectiousdiseasesandbeabletorespondtoasuspectedemergingdiseasesituation.
Yes No N/A Notes
1. Areworkers’healthcareneedsaddressedbyaprojectclinic?
a. Iseachemployeegivenaphysicalbeforeemploymenttoestablishbaselinerecords?
b. Areworkersscreenedforcommunicablediseases?9
c. Areworkersvaccinated?
d. Arediseasesmonitoredandreportedtothelocalhealthdepartment?
e. Areprioritydiseasesreportedaccordingtotheappropriateinternationalhealthregulations?
2. Areworkerstrainedonlocalpublichealthissues(communicablediseases,food-andwater-bornediseases,insect-bornediseases,TB,STDs,andHIV/AIDS)?
3. Istheriskofaninfectiousdiseaseoutbreakrecognizedintheproject'sriskmanagementregister?
4. Doesyourfacilityhaveadiseaseoutbreakresponseplan?
9 Pleasenotethat communicablediseasescreening should only beused to establish medical history of workers and should not be usedfor hiring discrimination.
21 AUDITCHECKLIST:July2017
ON-SITEWORKERHEALTHCHECKLIST
22 AUDITCHECKLIST:July2017
a. Areproceduresinplacetoidentify,planfor,andrespondtodiseaseoutbreaks?
b. Aretheproceduresreviewedandrevisedonaperiodicbasis,includingafterdiseaseoutbreaks?
c. Hastheoutbreakresponseplanbeencoordinatedwiththelocalandregionalhealthauthorities?
5. Doesthelocalhealthfacilityhaveanoutbreakresponseplan?
a. Areproceduresinplacetoidentify,planfor,andrespondtodiseaseoutbreaks?
b. Aretheproceduresreviewedandrevisedonaperiodicbasis,includingafterdiseaseoutbreaks?
c. Hastheoutbreakresponseplanbeencoordinatedwiththeproject?
6. Doesthecompany’shealthandsafetyplanaddresshuman-animalcontactandzoonoticdiseaseprevention?
7. Areoccupationalactivitiesperiodicallyassessedtoidentifyanyhigh-riskinterfacesfordiseasetransmission?
a. Areemployeesprovidedwith,andrequiredtowear,personalprotectiveequipmentinhigh-risksettings?
b. Areemployeesprovidedtraining(and,whereappropriate,fittesting)forpersonalprotectiveequipment?
Ifyouanswerednotoquestionswithshadedboxes,seeWorkerHealthProtectionMeasures.
23 AUDITCHECKLIST:July2017
WORKERHEALTHPROTECTIONMEASURES
• Providesurveillance,andactivelyscreenandtreatworkersforknownendemicdiseases.
• Haveaplanwhenunknownfebrilediseasesaresuspected(potentialemergingdiseases),includingaccesstoalaboratorywithadvanceddiagnosticcapabilities(andpropercoldchainandbiosecureshippinginfrastructure)andchainofcommandforreportingtolocalandnationalhealthauthorities.
• Provideworkereducationprogramson:
o Personalsanitation,
o Personalfoodsafety,and
o Endemiccommunicablediseasesandtheirprevention.
• Developandimplementanoutbreakresponseplanthatconsidersmultiplescenarios(e.g.evacuation,isolation,etc.).
• Developandimplementabusinesscontinuityplanthatconsidersmultiplescenarios(e.g.closedborders,10to30percentoftheworkforceaffected,compromisedtransportationsystems,foodinsecurity).
• Coordinatewithlocalhealthandenvironmentofficialstostayinformedaboutanylocaldiseaseoutbreaksinpeopleandwildlife.Ensurethatthereisareportingstructuretonotifywildlifeauthoritiesofwildlifedisease/mortalityevents.
• Ensurethatdiseasereportingisconsistentwithlocalandnationalhealthauthoritiesandthatitisconsistentwiththeinternationalhealthregulations.
• Providetreatmentthroughstandardcasemanagementinonsiteorcommunityhealthcarefacilities.
• Ensurereadyaccesstomedicaltreatment,confidentiality,andappropriatecare,particularlywithrespecttomigrantworkers.
• Promotecollaborationwithlocalauthoritiestoenhanceaccessofworkers’familiesandthecommunitytopublichealthservicesandpromoteimmunization.
PriorityMeasures
1. Provideroutinehealthscreeningandsurveillanceforworkersandincludeabaselinediseaseassessmentandaroutinepreventativehealthplan,includingimmunizations.
2. Supportlocalinitiativestoprovidehealtheducationthatincludesinformationonapplicablezoonoticdiseasesandhealthhazardsfromhunting,slaughtering,andconsumingbushmeat.
3. Developdiseaseoutbreakresponseplansincoordinationwithlocalandregionalhealthauthorities.
4. Assesstheriskofdiseaseoutbreaksaspartofprojectriskmanagement.5. Provideaccesstohealthcareservicesforlocalemployees.
24 AUDITCHECKLIST:July2017
• Conductperiodicassessmentofoccupationalactivitiestodetermineifworkershavethepotentialtocomeintocontactwithwildlifeortheirexcreta.Ifthereishighpotentialforinteractionwithwildlifeortheirexcreta,providepersonalprotectiveequipmentforworkers(e.g.wearingmasksmayhelpprotectagainstaerosolizedpathogensaswellasreduceinhalationofparticulatematter,andwearingglovesmayhelpprotectagainstbitesandscratches).Properfitforsomeprotectivegearmayrequireindividualfittesting.Ventilationshouldbeprovidedinminingorothersettingswherethereisariskofaerosolizedtransmissionofrodentorbatfeces.
• Whenthereareoutbreaksofdiseasesthatinvolvefever,establishtemperaturescreeningatfacilityentryandexitpoints.
AdaptedFrom
IFC2007Environmental,Health,andSafety(EHS)Guidelines.“GeneralEHSGuidelines:CommunityHealthandSafety.”http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/sustainability.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/gui_EHSGuidelines2007_GeneralEHS_3/$FILE/3+Community+Health+and+Safety.pdf
WorldHealthOrganization.“INTERIMVERSION1.2EbolaandMarburgvirusdiseaseepidemics:preparedness,alert,control,andevaluation.”August2014.WHO/HSE/PED/CED/2014.05http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/130160/1/WHO_HSE_PED_CED_2014.05_eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1
OFF-SITECOMMUNITYHEALTHCHECKLIST
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Manyon-siteworkersarefromthelocalcommunities,soinfectiousdiseasesinthecommunitycanspreadtotheworkplace.Communityhealthcanbeaffectedbytheinfluxofworkersandothermigrants.
Yes No N/A Notes
1. Isahealthcarefacilityoperationalinthelocalcommunity?
a. Doesthecommunityhealthcarefacilityhavethecapacityandequipmenttoaddressthehealthneedsofthecommunitiesitserves?
b. Doesthecommunityhealthcarefacilityhavethecapacitytoaddresstheannualknownoutbreaksforthecommunityitserves?
c. Doesthehealthcarefacilityhavethecapabilitytotrackdiseaseincidences?
d. Doesthehealthcarefacilitytracklocaldiseaseoutbreaks?
e. Doesyourfacilitycommunicateandshareinformationwiththelocalhealthfacilityaboutinfectiousdiseaseincidencesandunusualillnesses?
2. Doestheprojecthavearelationshipwiththelocalpublichealthauthorities?
3. Doestheprojectdiseaseoutbreakresponseplanincludemeasurestoaddresscommunityoutbreaks?
4. Isthecommunityvulnerabletoinfectiousdiseasetransmissionfrominfrastructuredeficienciesorculturalpractices?
a. Doesthecommunityhavepotablewater?
OFF-SITECOMMUNITYHEALTHCHECKLIST
26 AUDITCHECKLIST:July2017
b. Doesthecommunityhaveasanitationsystem?
c. Doesthelocalgovernmentmaintainawastedisposalarea?
d. Doesthecommunityhaveadequatedrainagetopreventcreationofvectorhabitat?
e. Doesthecommunityhavefeaturestopreventpest/nuisanceanimalsfromaccessing:
i. Agriculture?
ii. Foodstorage?
iii. Communitywaste/fooddisposal?
iv. Surfacewaterbodies?
5. Hastheprojectcausedapopulationinfluxtothecommunitiessurroundingtheconcession?
a. Isthecommunityinfrastructurecapableofabsorbingtheexistingoranticipatedpopulation?
b. Doesadequatehousingexist?
c. Doesadequatepotablewater/wastewaterexist?
d. Doeslocalwastemanagement/disposalmeettheneedsofthegrowingcommunity?
e. Areexistinghealthfacilitiesadequate?
f. Doeslocalgovernmenthavevectorcontrolplansinplace?
Ifyouanswerednotoquestionswithshadedboxes,seeCommunityHealthProtectionMeasures.
27 AUDITCHECKLIST:July2017
COMMUNITYHEALTHPROTECTIONMEASURES
PreventIllnessAmongWorkersinLocalCommunities
• Undertakehealthawarenessandeducationinitiatives.Forexample,implementinganinformationstrategytoreinforceperson-to-personcounselingthataddressessystemicfactorsthatcaninfluenceindividualbehavioraswellaspromoteindividualprotection.
• Proactivelydispelconspiracytheoriesandother,non-scientificallybasedexplanationsofcommunicablediseases.
• Trainhealthworkersindiseaserecognitionandtreatment.• Conductimmunizationprogramsforworkersinlocalcommunitiestoimprovehealthandguard
againstinfection.• Providehealthservices.
PreparednessandResponsePlanning
• Collaboratewithlocalhealthauthoritiesondiseaseoutbreakpreparednessandresponseplanning.• Ensurethatthelocalhealthauthoritiesareawareofthecompany’splan.• Holdajointsimulationexercisetotesttheplan.
SupportImplementingPublicHealthMeasuresintheLocalCommunities
• Provideassistancewithlocalplanningforwastedisposal,potablewater,andhealthcarefacilities.• Educatecommunityrepresentativesaboutvectorbreedingsitescontrolandmaintainingdrainage
duringrainyseasons.• Providesupporttodistricthealthvectorcontrolprograms.• Provideassistancewithretrofittingordesigningboreholessothattheycomplywithlocal
regulations,protectagainstpotentialcontamination,anddonotcreatevectorbreedinghabitat.• Supportthetrainingoflocalcommunityhealthpersonnelininfectiousdiseasesurveillanceand
outbreakresponse.• Collaboratewithlocalwastemanagementservicestodevelopnon-hazardouswastemanagement
plansforlocalcommunitiesthatcaninclude:o Sufficientgarbagecansanddumpsters;o Garbagestoredinrodent-proofcontainers;o Sanitaryandsolidwastecollecteddailyandcovereddailywithasolidlayerofsoil(15to30
cm);ando Appropriatecontainerprogramtoavoidwaterborneinsectbreeding.
PriorityMeasuresCompaniesarenotresponsibleforthehealthneedsofthecommunitiesinwhichtheyreside.However,communicablediseasesthatspreadthroughthecommunitiesinwhichworkersresidecanbebroughttotheworkplace.1. Conducthealtheducationandoutreachoncommunicablediseasesincludingzoonoseswithan
emphasisonfoodsafety,STIsandvector-bornediseases,vaccination,waterandwastemanagement,bushmeatreductionefforts,etc.Includeworkersandcommunityleaders.
2. Supporttheimprovementofcommunityhealthandveterinaryinfrastructure.3. Supporttheimprovementofwaterandsanitationinfrastructure.4. Ensurethatthereisjointoutbreakpreparednessplanningwithlocalgovernments.
28 AUDITCHECKLIST:July2017
o Supportimprovementoflocalmarketbiosecuritymeasures.
Project-inducedmigrationcanfacilitatetransmittingcommunicablediseaseincommunitiesthatsurroundfacilitiesiflocalinfrastructureistaxedbeyonditscapacity.Duringoperations,afacilitycan:
ManageMigration
• UsetheIFC’sorcomparableguidanceonaddressingproject-inducedin-migrationtoguideactionstopreventin-migration.Activitiestoundertakecaninclude:
o Planworkforcerecruitment;o Manage/controlaccessroutestotheconcession;o Controlworkertransportationandhousing;o Managematerialtransportationandprocurement;ando Usebufferzones;physicallyseparatetheprojectfrommigrants.
ManagethePhysicalandSocialFootprintofMigration
• Usespatialplanning,administration,andresourceallocation.o Identifyingappropriatesettlementsites;ando Ensuringappropriateinfrastructure,services,andutilities.
• Assistwithcommunitydevelopmentinitiativesrelatedtohealthandfoodsecurity.• Avoidhabitatconversionandfragmentationfromspontaneoussettlementsandeconomicactivities.
ImproveStakeholderEngagementandMonitoring
• Defineproject-affectedpopulations.• Conductregularandpredictablestakeholderengagement.• Buildstakeholdercapacity(IFC2009).
AdaptedFrom
IFC2007Environmental,Health,andSafety(EHS)Guidelines.“GeneralEHSGuidelines:CommunityHealthandSafety.”http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/sustainability.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/gui_EHSGuidelines2007_GeneralEHS_3/$FILE/3+Community+Health+and+Safety.pdf
IFC2009.“ProjectandPeople:AHandbookforAddressingProject-InducedIn-Migration.”http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/sustainability.nsf/Content/Publications_Handbook_Inmigration
HUNTING,BUSHMEAT,ANDWILDLIFETRADECHECKLIST
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Huntingofwildlifeandconsumptionofbushmeatcanexposepeopletozoonoticdiseases.Whilecompaniesmaynothavecompletecontroloverallpracticesthatoccurwithinaconcession,theyshouldtakestepstoensurecompliancewithandenforcementoflocal/nationallawsandriskreductionpractices.
Yes No N/A Notes
BUSHMEAT
Company
1. Isbushmeatconsumptionprohibitedintheareainwhichthebusinessisoperating?
a. Doesthecompanyhaveahuntingpolicy?
i. Doesitprohibithuntingwithinconcessionboundaries?
ii. Doesitprohibithuntingwithintheactivepartoftheconcession?
iii. Doesitprohibittransportofbushmeatinfacilityvehicles?
b. Hasthecompanylimitedaccesstoroadsintheconcession?
c. Doesthecompanyhaveapolicytocontrolaccesstotheconcessionbynon-employees?
d. Doesthecompanyhaveguard/controlpostsonmajorroadsinprojectareas/concessionstoconductvehicleinspectionsforbushmeat?
HUNTING,BUSHMEAT,ANDWILDLIFETRADECHECKLIST
30 AUDITCHECKLIST:July2017
e. Doesthecompanyprovidetrainingontherisksassociatedwithbushmeathuntingandconsumptionandsafeslaughteringmethodstoworkersandthecommunity?
Community
a. Doesthecommunityavoidsubsistencehunting?
b. Doesthelocalmarketprohibitsaleofbushmeatorliveanimals(e.g.livenon-humanprimatesfortheexoticpettrade)?
WILDLIFETRADE
2. Isthereapolicyprohibitingworkerskeepingwildpetson-site?
3. Arevehiclesinspectedforlivewildlifeatexitpoints?
4. Areeducationcampaignsusedtoinformworkersofwildlifetradeandbushmeatpolicies?
Ifyouanswerednotoquestionswithshadedboxes,seeHunting,Bushmeat,andWildlifeTraffickingControlMeasures
31 AUDITCHECKLIST:July2017
HUNTING,BUSHMEAT,ANDWILDLIFETRAFFICKINGCONTROLMEASURES
Aproject’sapproachtohuntingneedstobecarefullymanaged,ensuringthatconservationandtraditionaland/orcommunitylandaccessrightsarerespectedandenhancedfordesiredoutcomes.Thiswillincludetheestablishmentofpoliciesandprocedureswithregardstohunting,bushmeat,weapons,accessetc.suchthattheyareconsistentwithlocal,regional,andnationallawsandregulations.Insomecountries,itisnotlegaltolimitaccesstoafacilityorprohibittraditionalhuntingonaconcession.Thefollowingaresuggestionsthatshouldbeconsideredwithinthelegalframeworkofthecountryinwhichaprojectisoperating.
WithintheFootprintoftheFacility
Tostophuntingandtransportofbushmeatandlivewildlife:
• Prohibithuntingandtrappingwithindesignatedno-huntingzones.• Postsignssaying“NoHunting”and“Wildlifecannotberemovedfromthisfacility.”• Prohibitbushmeatfrombeingtransportedbycompanyvehicles.• Establishguard/controlpostsonmajorroadsinprojectareas/concessions,andconduct
inspectionsatexitpoints(trucks,railcars,andair).• Prohibitweaponson-site,asidefromsecuritypersonnel.• Prohibitnon-employeesonthefacilitywithoutpermission.• Prohibitkeepingofwildpets(e.g.monkeysandothernon-humanprimates).
Tolimitdemandforbushmeatamongemployees:
• Ensureemployeesareprovidedwithsufficientfood(orproteinalternatives)orarepaidadequately.
WithintheConcession
• Prohibithunting,iflegallyandlogisticallypossible.• Postsignssaying“NoHunting”and“Wildlifecannotberemovedfromthisfacility”andconduct
educationcampaignstoinformworkersofpoliciesonbushmeatandwildlifetrade.• Ifpossible,limitaccesstotheconcessionbycreatingnaturalobstructionsfollowingconstruction,
establishbarrierssuchaslockedgates,andremovetemporaryaccessstructuressuchasbridges.• HaveemployeesnotifytheHSEmanageriftheyfinddeadanimals,sotheHSEmanageror
appropriatepersonnelcanreportwildlifedeathstoauthoritiestoidentifythecause.• Ensurecomplianceandenforcementwithlocal/nationallaws.
MeasurestoTakewithLocalEmployeesandLocalCommunities
PriorityMeasures
1. Provideemployeeswithadequatesourcesofproteinoraccesstoproteintominimizebushmeathuntingandconsumption.
2. Prohibitaccesstoconcessionbynon-workers,ifpracticalandpossible.3. Implementcheckpointsandcontrolsforbushmeatandwildlifetradeatallforestaccesspoints,if
feasible.4. Educatecommunityandworkersaboutbushmeathuntingandwildlifetradeandconsumption.
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• Establisheducationalinitiativesthatteachconservationawareness.• Establishcommunityhuntingzones,whererelevant(ensuringcompliancewithlocal/national
laws).• Throughcommunitystewardshipinitiativesbasedonconservationprioritiesinthearea,have
localcommunitiesinformauthoritiesofthepresenceofunauthorizedhunters.• Conductperiodicsurveysofbushmeatconsumption.• EncourageopencommunicationbetweencommunityhealthfacilitiesandHSEmanager.
AdaptedFrom
Aviram,R.,M.Bass,andK.Parker.2003.ExtractingHopeforBushmeat:Casestudiesofoil,gas,miningandloggingindustryeffortsforimprovedwildlifemanagement.UncertainFuture:theBushmeatCrisisinAfrica.57pp.
HABITATANDBIODIVERSITYMANAGEMENTCHECKLIST
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Habitatdisturbanceanddegradationcanalterwildlifeecologyandmayleadtochangesinwildlifediseasedynamics.Changesinbiodiversitymayaffectthepotentialforzoonoticdiseasetransmission.
Yes No N/A Notes
1. Lossordisturbanceofvegetation/habitatandcreationofbordersunsuitableforwildlifemovement.
a. Aremeasureseffectivelyaddressingminimizingwildlifehabitatloss/fragmentation/degradation?
b. Aremeasuresinplacetorevegetatedisturbedareasusingnativevegetation?
c. Aremeasureseffectivelyminimizingwildlifedisturbanceduringmigration,nesting,orbreedingseasons?
d. Aremeasureinplacetominimizecontactbetweenhumansandwildlife?
2. Aremeasuresinplacetomanagenaturalvegetationinareasadjacenttotheprojectsite?
3. Aremeasuresinplacetoaddressbiodiversityloss?Aremeasureseffectivelymonitoringhabitatconversion,fragmentation,anddegradation,aswellaschangesinbiodiversity?
Ifyouanswerednotoquestionsthathaveshadedboxes,seeHabitatandBiodiversityManagementMeasures.
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HABITATANDBIODIVERSITYMANAGEMENTMEASURESRELEVANTTOZOONOTICDISEASE
Intermsofzoonoticdisease,maintaininghabitatcorridorsandaccesstoresources(e.g.,waterandfoodsources)mayhelpreducepotentialforhuman-animalcontact.Dependingonthespecies,certainlifestages(e.g.breeding),seasonality,andotherfactors(e.g.migration)mayaffectprevalenceandtransmissionrisk.
Maintenance
• Clearlydemarcateallprotectedorconservationareaswithfencesorflaggingtoavoidinadvertentdestructionthroughignoranceorcarelessnessthatcoulddisplaceanimals.Inlargerareas,designatemeasuresthatavoidunintentionaldestructionofbiodiversitybyworkingwithotherlandholders.
• Manageriparianzonestopreservewaterqualityandwildlifehabitat.Riparianzonesshouldmaintaincorridorsofnaturalvegetationtoallowforthemovementofanimalsandplants.
• Determineappropriatecontrolstohelptomaximizetheuseofseeds,soilnutrientsandsoilbiota,decayingorganicmatter,logs,andotherpotentialfaunahabitatthatcanbevaluableforhabitatmaintenance.
• Wherefeasible,sanitizeandinspectmachineryandconductroutinesurveysforinvasivespeciesintroductionsthatmaybeassociatedwithpathogenintroduction.Wheredetected,implementcontrolmeasurestopreventpotentialinvasivespeciesestablishment.
ClearCutting,ForestHarvesting,andDeforestation(EspeciallyRelevanttoTimberHarvesting)Planning
• Topromotehabitatcontinuityandminimizetheriskofhuman-animalcontact,leave(reserve)treesorgroupsoftreesintheharvestconcessionforregenerationpurposes,foodsources,cover,andtravelcorridorsforwildlife.Retainhollowtreesthatprovidedenandnestingsites.Appropriateconservationofunderstoryspecies,aswellassnags,slash,andwooddebris,shouldalsobeconsideredtoenhancewildlifehabitat.
• Retainnaturalunloggedrefugiaadjacenttoorwithinharvestingblocks.• Avoidlargecanopyholesbylimitingproximityoftreestobeharvested.
PriorityMeasures
1. Manageroadandcorridorconstructiontominimizeunnecessaryhabitatdisturbance(e.g.,avoidpavingroads,engageinplanningwithgovernmentandothercompanies).
2. Assurewildlifecorridorsbetweenforestpatchesaremaintained.3. Conductbaselinebiodiversitysurveysandroutinemonitoringincompliancewithestablished
guidelinestoidentifyhigh-riskspeciespresentandpromoteearlywarningsystemsfordiseaseoutbreaks.
4. Implementhuntingandwildlifetradingcontrolswithinallprojectoperationalareas(e.g.roads,loggingconcessions,campboundaries,camp,etc.).
5. Wherepossible,minimizetheprojectfootprintthroughreducedimpactlogging,minimizationoffragmentationandconversion,andotherestablishedbiodiversityconservationbestpracticesthatavoiddisplacingwildlife.
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Construction/maintenance
• Inareaswithcriticalhabitatsorduringcriticalmomentsinthelifecycle(e.g.,reproduction,nesting)forspecies,disturbanceshouldbeminimizedtotheextentpossible.
• Cutvinespriortoharvestwherevinesconnecttreecrowns.• Conductdirectionalfellingwithtrainedcrewstominimizecanopydamageanddistancetoskidtrails.• Uselow-impactloghaulingandextractionmethods,suchascablehaulingandloglifting.• Keeptheworkforcewithindefinedboundariesandaccessroutes.• Shadelightsanddirectthemtoonsiteareas.
RoadMaintenance/Construction
• Avoidnestingandmigrationperiodswhenclearingvegetation.• Minimizeplacingbrushandwoodydebrisalongroadsidetoreducerodenthabitat.• Reducebarriersorobstaclestowildlifemovement,suchasfallenlogsandroadsideditches.• Maintainwildlifecorridorsandworkawayfromlargerivers,ridgelines,andforestedgesthatserve
asphysicalbarrierstowildlifemigration.• Createcorridorsofhabitatbetweenforestpatchesby:
o Maintainingintactforestalongstreamsandrivers;o Retainingforestcanopy“bridges”overroadsandtakingothermeasurestofacilitateanimal
movement,suchasbuildingtunnelsunderroads;ando Revegetatingdegradedlandusingnativespecies.
• Minimizenegativeeffectsofforestedgesby:o Allowingsecondarygrowthandvinestogrowtoprovideabuffer.
MeasurestoTakewithLocalEmployeesandLocalCommunities
• Supportconservationprogramslinkedtotheproject'senvironmentalandbiodiversitymanagementplans,includingawarenessofconservationprioritiesinthearea.
• Supportlocalland-useplanningintheproject’sareaofinfluenceandbackthisupwithdevelopmentsupportconsistentwiththeland-useplan.
• Supportlocalhabitatmanagement,includingprotectedareamanagementifrelevant.
BiodiversityandHabitatMonitoring
• Conductbaselinebiodiversitysurveysandroutinemonitoringincompliancewithestablishedguidelinestoidentifyspeciespresent,inparticularkeystonespecies,andtheirabundance(speciescounts).Thisinformationcanbeusedtoidentifysettingswithincreasedriskforcontactwithspecies(withspecialattentiontobats,rodents,andnon-humanprimates)thatmaytransmitzoonoses,aswellasdetectdie-offsinanimalsthatmaybeassociatedwithapotentialzoonoticdisease.
• Monitorhabitatchangeslikeconversion,fragmentation,anddegradation,andhowthisoverlapswithpotentialcarriersofEIDsandincreasestheriskofcontactbetweenhumansandsuchcarriers.Targetmeasurestoreducehabitatdisturbanceandeducationalprogramsathigh-riskzones.
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AdaptedFrom
TheEnergyandBiodiversityInitiative(EBI).2003.“GoodPracticeinthePreventionandMitigationofPrimaryandSecondaryBiodiversityImpacts.”http://www.theebi.org/products.html
Hockings,K.andT.Humle.2009.BestPracticeGuidelinesforthePreventionandMitigationofConflictsBetweenHumansandGreatApes.Gland,Switzerland:IUCN/SSCPrimateSpecialistGroup(PSG).40pp.
InternationalCouncilonMiningandMinerals(ICMM).2003.“GoodPracticeGuidanceforMiningandBiodiversity.”http://www.icmm.com/page/1182/good-practice-guidance-for-mining-and-biodiversity
InternationalFinanceCorporation(IFC).2006.“PerformanceStandard6:BiodiversityConservationandSustainableNaturalResourceManagement.”
Laurance,W.F.etal.2009.“Impactsofroadsandlinearclearingsontropicalforests.”ConservationBiology.20(4):1251–1261.
Morgan,D.andSanz,C.2007.“BestPracticeGuidelinesforReducingtheImpactofCommercialLoggingonGreatApesinWesternEquatorialAfrica.”Gland,Switzerland:IUCNSSCPrimateSpecialistGroup(PSG).32pp.
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