ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR
Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology
University of Yangon
29th January, 2015
YCDC Area
Hlaing
River
Yangon River
Panhlaing
River
Yangon Division
Yangon
Union of Myanmar
YANGON between
1960s & 1980s
1920 - 8625 Ha
1974 - 20862 Ha
1985 - 34613 Ha
Source: Hlaing Maw Oo, 2007
URBAN PLANNING
HISTORY OF YANGON
It had expanded gradually
in N-S direction in 1960s
and 1980s
URBAN PLANNING HISTORY OF YANGON
rapidly in E-W direction .
developing new suburbs in
1990s through the present
time.
in an attempt to balance
the elongated south to
north growth of the city
limits, development of new
towns in the east and west
TOWN EXTENSION
(Site & Services Scheme)
INDUSTRIAL ZONES
Source: Hlaing Maw Oo, 2007
1.Surface water
Reservoirs
• Gyobyu (started from 1940)
• Hlawga (started from 1906)
• Phugyi (started from 1992)
• Ngamoeyeik (started from 2007)
Lakes and ponds
•Kandawgyi Lake (1879-1906)
•Innya Lake (1884-1906)
Lakes and ponds
2.Ground water
Open wells (hand-dug wells)
Tube wells
• 30 wells (1842)
•YCDC tube-wells
16
Ngamoeyeik Reservoir
56"
OVERFLOW EL.133.0 FT
CAPACITY 1 MG
SHWEDAGON RESERVOIR
12"
95
Twantay
Canal
20"
5958
57
12"
24"
16"
16"
16"
16"
115
116
117
3
2
1
12"
113
114
12"
9"
9"
9"
9" 9"
9"
6"
15"
15"
158
12"
18"
18"
104
112103
9 8
24"
111
108107 110
109105
106
101
102
9"
9"
18"
166
163
14
10
76
5
4
9"
9"
9"
18"9"
9"
15"
12"
24"
9"
15"
9"
162
164
157156
155
161165
159
160167
168
154153
968487
858683
6"
9"
9"
9"
24" 30"
152
80
24
21 22
23
9"
30"
42"
24"
170
Pan Hlaing River
68
69
707172
67
73
74
8"
82
18"
94
93
12"
8"
6"
12" Inya
Lake
81
78
92
899190 88
79
6"
6"
6"
6"
6"
10"
10"
12"
12"12"
12"
18"
8"
18"
20"
27"
76
75
66"
27"
12"
27"
12"
66"
66"
77
66"
42"
56"42"
56"
56"
Hla
ing
Riv
er
Hlawga
Reservoir
173
175
176
172
171
174
177
No.2
No.1
56"
56"
56"
36"
24"
56"
56"
56"
56"
Myitm
akha
Riv
er
Pyugyi
Reservoir
Gyobyu
Reservoir
56"
Yangon
River
65
9" 12"12"
42"
12
36"
12"
6"
12"
149151
121
120
119118
122
20
27"
27"
27"
9"
9" 9"
12"
27"
12"
9"
15"12"
150
100
97
98
99
12"
27"
12"
12"
36"
9"
12"
11"
12"
27"
9"
12"
12"
12"
169
11
13
8"
10"
10"
12"
17"
12"
12"
10"
17"
12"12"
12"
60
12"
12"
12"
Kandawgyi
Lake
CAPACITY 10 MG
CENTRALSERVICE RESERVOIR
27"
15
19
18
17
12"
12"
27"
27"
27"
12"
8"
OVERFLOW EL.140.0 FT
CAPACITY 20 MG
KOKINE RESERVOIR
42"
9"
8"
27"
10"
42"
9"
42"
12"
12"
12"12"
123
64
61
12"
12"
30"
24"
9"
12"
18"
185
62189
190
12"
186
66
63
10"
187
191
188
12"
208,21410"
50k-gal Capicity
216
124
12"
10"
10"
24"
6"
12"12"
24"
10"
10"
12"
19212"
199198
12"
201
196
197
193
200
194
195
1 miles1 miles
0.5 km1 km
0.5 miles
0
0
1 km
Bago
River
36"
183
12"
8"
12"
12"
42"27"
6"
6"
30"
30"
42"
PUMP STATION
YEGU
8"
8"
12"
42"
10"
10"
6"
12"
12"
42"
56"
210
12"
209
6"
184
12"
24"
42"
66"
56"
56"
66"
66"
10"42"
56"
12"
8"
8"
8"
8"
24"
24"
10"
24"
12"
18212"
24"
215
206
205
202
203
12"
8"
8"8"
207
6"
179180
181
24"12"
212
204
178
6"
12"
12"
211
217
213
6"
145
8"
24"
12"
8"
8"
8"
8"
36"
24"
36"
144
143
141
140 142
139
138137
12"
12"
148126
125
8"
8"
132
134
128131
130
129
127
36"
36"
146
133
136
147
135
42
32
55
48
2949
54
5251
5053 44
28
46
45
43
47
41
3530
31
33
34
56
26
25
39
38
40
37
36
36"
36"
36"
Bago
River
Lagunpyin
Reservoir
Ngamoeyeik
Gyophyu
Phugyi
Hlawga
Types of water resources
in Yangon area
Monthly Temperature and Monthly Rainfall
•Monthly mean temperature is
essential in water usage
•Water demand in township is
mainly depend upon variation
of temperature
0500
10001500200025003000
1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006
Inch
Year
Gyophyu Reservoir (correlation between water level
and total rainfall)
minimum
maximum
total rainfall
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
19
85
19
87
19
89
19
91
19
93
19
95
19
97
19
99
20
01
20
03
20
05
Inch
Year
Hlawgar Resevoir (correlation between lake water
level and total rainfall)
minimum
maximum
total rainfall
0200400600800
1000120014001600
19
85
19
87
19
89
19
91
19
93
19
95
19
97
19
99
20
01
20
03
20
05
20
07
Inch
Year
Phyugyi reservoir correlation between water level and
total rainfall
minimum
maximum
total rainfall
Correlation of water level and total rainfall
Water supply in Yangon area (2010)
Water resources
Surface water (reservoirs)
• Gyobyu 27 MGD
• Phugyi 44 MGD
• Hlawga 14 MGD
• Ngamoeyeik 90 MGD
Ground water
• About 400 tube wells over 20 MGD
• Lakes and ponds
Total over 195 MGD (Million gallon per day)
Depending on total population and served population data analysis every townships show
the lack of water sufficiency. Half of total population of Bahan, Botahtaung, Dagon,
Kyauktada, Lanmadaw, Latha, Mingalartaungnyunt, North Okkalapa, Pabedan,
Pazundaung, and Tarmwe have access to YCDC water supply.
Ahlone, Hlaing, Hlaingtharyar, Insein, Kamaryut, Kyeemyintdaing, Mayangone,
Mingalardon, North Okkalap, Sanchaung, South Okkalapa and Thaketa get only small
amount of or limited water supply.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
La
ke
no
.
Township Name
Drinking water lake in Yangon Area
drinking water lake
fire control
The domestic water consumption per month is increased in Ahlone,
Tarmwe, Yankin, Bahan and Pabedan Townships. Utilization for
commercial purposes in Insein is increased more than the other townships.
Departmental water consumption per month is found to be high in Dagon,
Mayangone, Yankin and Insein.
As population density increases, an ever-increasing demand on water resources
and an ever increasing complexity of management issues are created.
Population Density
050000
100000150000200000250000300000350000
Ahlo
ne
Bahan
Bota
taung
Dagon
Dagon M
yoth
it e
ast
Dagon M
yoth
itD
agon M
yoth
itD
agon M
yoth
itD
ala
Daw
bon
Hla
ing
Hla
ingth
ary
ar
Insein
Kam
ary
ut
Kyaukta
da
Kyeem
yin
dain
gLanm
adaw
Lath
aM
ayangone
Min
gala
rdon
Min
gala
rtaungnyunt
Nort
h O
kkala
pa
Pabedan
Pazundaung
Sanchaung
Seik
an
Seik
kyi kanaungto
Shw
epyitha
South
okkala
pa
Tam
we
Thaketa
Thin
gangyun
Yankin
Townships
Po
pu
lati
on
pers
on
s
1973
1983
1998
2001
13 Urban expansion coupled with population growth accelerated the deterioration of
environment and degradation of quality of groundwater.
Location of Industrial zones
Industrial zones
Proposed industrial zones
14
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Ah
lon
e
Bo
tata
un
g
Dag
on
Dag
on
Myo
thit
(N
ort
h)
Dag
on
Myo
thit
(So
uth
)
Dal
a
Daw
bo
n
Hla
ingt
har
yar
Inse
in
Kam
ayu
t
Kya
ukt
ada
Kye
em
yin
din
e
Lan
mad
aw
Lath
a
Min
gala
tau
ngn
yun
t
No
rth
Okk
alap
a
Pab
edan
San
chau
ng
Sou
th O
kkal
apa
Shw
epyi
tha
Thak
eta
Thin
gan
gyu
n
Seik
kyi-
khan
aun
gto
Dag
on
(Ea
st)
Dag
on
(Se
ikka
n)
10
2
14
2
33
5
9 10
5
23
6
13 16
11
1
26
9
17
8
4
23
9
3 3 2
YCDC’s tube-wells in Townships
well no.
Tube-well located at 13thstreet,
lanmadaw township
Tube-well located at in front of the
railway station, kyauktada township
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
19
96
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
05
20
06
20
07
cum
ula
tive
we
ll n
um
be
r
Gp 1 South Okkala
and North Okkala
0
50
100
150
200
250
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
05
20
07
cum
ula
tive
we
ll n
um
be
r
Gp 2 Dagon, Mayangon, Mingalardon, Yankin, Kamaryut and Sanchaung
50
47
47.5
48
48.5
49
49.5
50
50.5
19
96
19
99cu
mu
lati
ve w
ell
nu
mb
er
Gp 3 Hlaing, Kyimyintdaing and Mayangone (west)
24 33 40
76
137 140 145 154 161
174 190
0
50
100
150
200
19
96
19
97
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
cum
ula
tive
we
ll n
um
be
r
Gp 4 - North Dagon
Water wells in townships (1996-2008)
6 6
11
17 21
25
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
05
20
07
20
08
cum
ula
tive
we
ll n
um
be
r
Gp 7 Ahone, botatung, Pazundaung
and Mingalartaungnyunt
57
79
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
19
96
19
97
cum
ula
tive
we
ll n
um
be
r
Gp 5 - Shwepyitharyar
79 84
131 144 151 154
168 170
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
03
20
05
20
07
cum
ula
tive
we
ll n
ub
er
Gp 6 - Hlaingtharyar
Water wells in townships (1996-2008)
Built up area occupied
many areas of water
resources especially lakes
and ponds
Water Budget
Urban growth and land area reduction
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1920 1974 1985
Area Town
Land area
Sq km
Year
Total land area = 480 sq.km
0
100000000
200000000
300000000
400000000
500000000
600000000
700000000
800000000
1920 1974 1985
Subsurface flow cu.m/year
Subsurface flow cu.m/year
Year
Area sq ft
(Town)
Land
area
Subsurface flow
( recharge)
1920 86.25 393.75 759738839.6
1974 208.62 271.38 523626479.5
1985 346.13 133.87 258301558
Increase in households through population growth, economic activities and
lifestyle changes directly transform the condition of the water resources.
Controlling factors for the deterioration of water resources are interaction of
climate, topography and drainage system, geology, population density and
land-use.
Potential sources of groundwater contamination
Geology
Geological Map
of Yangon City
(Win Naing, 1972)
Hydrogeology
Aquifer (Rock)
• Upper Pegu Group (Thadugan Sandstone, Hlawga Shale, Besapat Alternations) – Limited in Thadugan
sandstone
• Irrawaddy Formation (Arzanigone Sandrock, Danyingone Clay) – Mainly Arzanigone sandrock
Aquifer (Alluvium)
• Valley-filled deposit – Important aquifer in the
western part of the study area
• Younger alluvium – Widely distributed
Well locations in different
lithology
I - valley-filled deposit
( good water quality)
II - Arzanigone sandrock
( good water quality)
III- Danyingone clay
IV - Younger Alluvial deposit
V – Thadugan sandstone
23
III I
II
IV
V
I
IV
V
III
IV
I
II
Types of aquifer depth (feet) soil types Types of aquifer depth (feet) soil types
Arzanigone sandrocks 90-110 sand Valley-fill deposits 125-157 coarse sand and gravel
80-137 sand 118-170 fine gray
170-200 sand 114-147 clay sand and gravel
145-170 fine sand
82-129
/134-145 coarse sand and gravel
70-100 sand 206-290 sand and gravel
420-480 sand blue 104-170 sand and gravel
460-490 fine to medium sand
213-243
/253-273 coarse sand and gravel
Danyingone clays 130-264 coarse sand and gravel 90-118/139-164 sand and gravel
334-385 gray sand 130-160 sand and gravel
185-210
blue clay and coarse
sand 140-180 sand and gravel
105-130 sand and gravel 110-130
medium sand and
yellow
110-140 medium sand Alluvial 126-156 Sand
295-335 medium sand 274-364 gravel and sand gravel
480-510 sand blue 151-221 coarse sand and gravel
247-280 coarse sand and gravel 101-127 sand and gravel
223-261 coarse sand and gravel 105-125 sand with fine gravel
370-390 medium sand and blue 100-130 sand fine and yellow
430-470 fine sand 335-365
medium sand and
gritty
40-60 sand and gravel 600-630 sand and gravel
100-148
medium sand and
gravel 570-590 sand and gravel
200-295 sand yellow and gravel 520-580 sand
325-350 medium sand blue 320-400 medium sand blue
460-490 medium sand blue
Groundwater specific yield
map and its wells locations
Depending upon this map,
the specific yield is abundant
in the south-west and western
part of this study area.
Assessment of groundwater vulnerability
Water quality • Unbalance between discharge and recharge
may cause groundwater quality degradation
• Over-exploitation can also disturb the saltwater and fresh water interface, leading to local or regional saline contamination
TDS distribution
(Total Dissolved Solid)
Excellent
less than 300 mg/litre
Good
between 300 and 600 mg/litre
Fair
between 600 and 900 mg/litre
Poor
between 900 and 1200 mg/litre
Unacceptable
greater than 1200 mg/litre
Over pumping of groundwater will
cause the intrusion of saline water
to the well in the area to the tidal
river and chaung.
Chloride distribution
Chloride originates from
natural sources, sewage
and industrial effluents,
and saline intrusion.
Guideline value of
Chloride is 250 mg/litre
•This presentation reveals the
quality of groundwater in terms
of Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)
and Chloride (Cl)
Drainage Coverage Map of the Study Area
Yangon-Mingaladon
Ridge is main
watershed for Hlaing
River and Ngamoeyeik
Creek
(modified after Win
Naing and Maung
Maung1996)
Contour map showing
potentiometric level
•Topography normally
controls the subsurface
water flow.
•However, permanent
reservoirs like Innya and
Kandawgyi can feed
water into the local
aquifers continuously
Land use map
modified by Wint Wint Htun 31
Figure showing Industrial
zones, solid waste disposal sites
and
groundwater flow direction
32
Old solid waste disposal site
Existing solid waste disposal site
Industrial zones
Proposed industrial zones
Main solid waste disposal sites
And industrial zones
Waste disposal sites are located at the
area of shallow water-table aquifers
situated at the depth of 40 ft below the
surface.
Flooding
Low lying areas are high
vulnerable to flooding
during rainy season.
But the southern city may
have further problems.
All 22 drainage channels present in Yangon are polluted. Channel water pollution is rather high in dry season when the surface run-off by rain water is absent. Channels passing through the densely populated area are highly polluted and they will contaminated the groundwater lying below.
Groundwater vulnerability assessment
• Aquifer vulnerability index (AVI)
• The Vulnerability Index is one of the methods simplest, fast and easy to quantify the vulnerability, since so single it uses the hydraulic conductivity and the thickness of the layers of different material that are on the level of the water.
c=Σbi / Ki for the layers i = 1, 2, 3,...,i • where:
• bi: it is the thickness of each layer of the ground water,
• Ki: it is the hydraulic conductivity of each layer, and
• c: it is total the hydraulic resistance by ft of depth (inverse of Ki, [ time]),
Groundwater vulnerability
index map by using AVI
(aquifer vulnerability
index) method for
reconnaissance studies.
Groundwater
vulnerability
assessment map and its
wells locations
Legend
Township Boundary
Extremely high vunlerability index
5 10 Km0
0 0.05 0.1
Scale
Inya Lake
Kandawgyi Lake
Yangon River
16.95
16.9
16.85
16.8
17.0
16.75
17.05
96.05 96.10 96.15 96.2 96.25
Hlaing River
Panhlaing River
Insein
Dagon
Ngamoeyeik Stream
The area of very high vulnerability include some parts of Latha (Alluvial), Dagon (Valley-fill deposits), and Insein (Danyingone Clays)
Legend
Township Boundary
Extremely high vunlerability index
5 10 Km0
0 0.05 0.1
Scale
Inya Lake
Kandawgyi Lake
Yangon River
16.95
16.9
16.85
16.8
17.0
16.75
17.05
96.05 96.10 96.15 96.2 96.25
Hlaing River
Panhlaing River
Insein
Dagon
Ngamoeyeik Stream
Groundwater management tools TECHNICAL TOOLS
0 1 2
Resource Assessment
Basic knowledge of aquifer
Conceptual model based on field data
Models linked to decision-support and used for planning and management
Management Process
Capacity
Demand Factor of safety
Capacity Resources: Surface and
subsurface water
Demand Water utilization: urbanization and
industrial development
Interaction with the environment
Water shortage (4-5-2008) After Nargis
Challenge in groundwater use
Thank you very much
for
Your kind Attention
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