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AssessmentModels for
OnlineDiscussions
Rajdish
Singh
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I. How assessment models can help instructors?
II. Various assessment models:-
a) Gunawardena, Lowe & Andersonb) Henri's Model Of Content Analysis
c) Newman, Web, Cochrane
d) Rourke, Anderson, Garrison and Archer
e) Kirkley, Savery & Grabner-Hagen
III. Conclusion
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The use of online technologies for learning purposesare increasing at a very high rate a study by Babson
Survey Research group indicates that more than 6.1
million students took at least one online courseduring the education year of 2010: a 10.1%increase over the year before
Compared to the traditional classroom assessment,
for which instructors have more experience in, onlineassessment methods present a new set of
advantages and challengesthat instructors needto be aware of in order to better assess the work ofhis/her students
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In order for instructors to keep afloat with the increaseof students, assessments and grading work, instructors
need to armed with guidelines and methodsthat
can help them to better assess students
The assessment models are key to providing the
instructor with a systematic, effective andefficient way to assess the quality of the online work
of his/her students
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1Gunawardena, Lowe & Anderson
Phase Description Operation
1 Sharing/Comparing of
information
Statement of observation or opinion;
statement of agreement between participants
2 Discovery and exploration ofdissonance or inconsistency
among participants
Identifying areas of disagreement, asking andanswering questions to clarify disagreement
3 Negotiation of meaning/ co-
construction of knowledge
Negotiating meaning of terms and negotiation
of the relative weight to be used for various
agreement
4 Testing and modification of
proposed synthesis or
co-construction
Testing the proposed new knowledge against
existing cognitive schema, personal experience
or other sources
5 Agreement statement(s)/
application of
newly constructed meaning
Summarizing agreement and metacognitive
statements that show new knowledge
construction
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2Henri (1992)
Dimension Categories
Participation Levels of participation; Types of participation
Social Statement or part of statement not related to subject matter
Interactivity Explicit interaction: Direct response, Direct commentary
Implicit interaction: Indirect response, Indirect commentary
Independent statementCognitive Skills Elementary clarification; In-depth clarification; Inference;
Judgment; Application of strategies
Metacognitive
Knowledge and Skills
Personal; Task; Strategies; Evaluation; Planning; Regulation;
Self awareness
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3Newman, Web, Cochrane
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5Kirkley, Savery &Grabner-Hagen (1998)
Means Of Assistance Description
Scaffolding Refers to the help, guidance, assistance, suggestions,
recommendations, advice, opinions, and comments that thetutor or peer provides to help the learner master the materials
and move to a higher level of understanding
Feedback on
Performance
It is used when the tutor or students provide information
(positive or negative) on specific acts, performance, or
situations or acknowledge a contribution in reference to a given
standard or set of criteria. Often it includes grades
Cognitive Structuring It is a means of assistance whereby the tutor provides a
structure for thinking and acting that helps the learner organize
raw experience
Modelling This occurs when a tutor or more knowledgeable peer offers
behaviour for imitation
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5Kirkley, Savery &Grabner-Hagen (1998)
Means Of Assistance Description
Contingency
Management
It is used by the tutor to reward desired behaviours through
praise/encouragement, or to control undesirable behaviours
through punishment in the form of reprimand/censure
Instructing This occurs when the tutor give explicit information on specific
acts (e.g., assignments, task, group processes, etc.) It is usually
embedded in other means of assistance but is often identified
when the teacher reassumes responsibility for learningQuestioning It calls for an active linguistic and cognitive response and is
used as a prompt, to stimulate thinking and to provoke
creations by the student. If the question is meant to provide
assistance to the reader, then it is in this category
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End Of Session
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