ASPECTS OF LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE 3SEPT 06, 2013 – DAY 5
Brain & LanguageLING 4110-4890-5110-7960NSCI 4110-4891-6110Harry HowardTulane University
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Course organization• The syllabus, these slides and my recordings are
available at http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/LING4110/• If you want to learn more about EEG and neurolinguistics,
you are welcome to participate in my lab. This is also a good way to get started on an honor's thesis.
9/6/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
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ReviewArticulatory phonetics
9/6/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Place/Manner
Bilabial Labio-dental
Inter-dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Stop p b t d k g ʔ
Nasal m n ŋ
Affricate ʧ ʤ
Fricative f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h
Liquid l,r
Glide ʍ w y ʍ w
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How do you pronounce these words?bilabial stops
alveolar stops
velar stops
pin tin kin
spin stink skin
nip nit nick
bin din begin
sbin sdin sgin
nib bid big
9/6/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
[pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] - voiceless aspirated[p, t, k] - voiceless[p˺, t˺, k˺] - voiceless unreleased[b, d, g] - voiced[*b, *d, *g] - ungrammatical voiced[b, d, g] - voiced
How many voiceless stops does English have?
Can words be distinguished by aspiration or lack of release?
(see next slide)
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The answer is …
9/6/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
/p, t, k/
[pʰ, tʰ, kʰ]at the beginning
of a syllable[p˺, t˺, k˺]
at the end of a word[p, t, k]
everywhere else
these are phonemes; realm of phonology and distinctive features
these are phones or allophones; realm of phonetics and non-distinctive features
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ReviewPhonology
9/6/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Khmer contrastive voiceless stops
[pɔ:ŋ] to wish [pʰɔ:ŋ] also
[tɔp] to support [tʰɔp] be suffocated
[kat] to cut [kʰat] to polish
English/p/
[p] [pʰ]
Khmer
[p] [pʰ]
/p/ /pʰ/
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ASPECTS OF LINGUISTIC COMPETENCEIngram §2: Prosody
9/6/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
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Segmental vs. suprasegmental• So far, we have been talking about discrete units of
speech, e.g. [k, i, m].• These are called segments, because they act like isolatable bits of
speech.• But there is another group of speech ‘sounds’ that are
much more difficult to isolate into free-standing, repeating units.• These are called suprasegmentals, because they are either larger
than segments or dependent on segments in some sense.• They make up the study of prosody.
9/6/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
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Intro to prosody• What is a syllable?
• Smallest unit that can be pronounced.• Usually contains a vowel:
• a > ra > tra > tran > trank > strank• English is strange:
• ladder [læ.dɹ̩], ladle [le.dl̩], laden [le.dn̩]; bottle [ba.ʔɹl̩]
• What are the building blocks of prosody?• stress
• prominence relations among syllables• rhythm
• patterns of stress in time• intonation
• linguistic use of voice pitch• And maybe volume, though there is not much to say about it.
9/6/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
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(Word) stress• What did you learn about (word) stress?• Is it contrastive in English?
• address ~ address• compress ~ compress• export ~ export• insult ~ insult• convert ~ convert
• Compare to Spanish• termino ~ termino ~ termino
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Changes in stressphrase compound nounhot dog hotdog
burn out burnout
green house greenhouse
How do you pronounce ‘14’?After eating fourteen, cakes did not tempt him.
After eating fourteen cakes, he threw up.
9/6/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
‘frankfurter’‘dog which is hot’‘exhaustion’‘burn until all gone’‘glass building’‘house which is green’
After eating fourteen cakes, he threw up.
English stress tends to fall at the end of a unit,but it can be ‘retracted’ onto the previous syllable.
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Intonation• What did you learn about intonation?
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ASPECTS OF LINGUISTIC COMPETENCEMorphology
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A quick intro• Divide the following words into morphemes.• Be sure you can tell which morphemes are free, bound,
prefixes, suffixes, roots and stems.• blueberry• cranberry• vision• antidisestablishmentarianism• anti – dis – [establish] - ment - ari – an - ism
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NEXT TIMEQ1 – 10 items (multiple choice, true/false, fill in the blank)Finish §2: syntax & summary
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