1. Scramble ForTheories AfricaHobson MetropolitanThe scramble
was for purely Lenin Metropolitan economic reasons, benefitting An
economic crisis in the the capitalist elite who couldcapitalist
system led tosell surplus goods in newexpansion and colonies to
openmarkets overseas as the poor new markets. in Britain couldnt
afford them.Schumpeter Metropolitan Hobsbawn MetropolitanOld
aristocrats were trying toTechnology allowed countries gain power
and glory to stay in the ability to take of colonies the public
eye. so they did.Cain and Hopkins MetropolitanGentlemanly
capitalists wereinvesting in colonies, hoping to make a profit and
putting Historytheir interests over those of the country.
Flipbook
2. Robinson and Gallagher - Peripheral AJP Taylor International
RelationsThe British reluctantly colonized The delicately balanced
position Africa after the felts forced toof European powers led to
theprotect their investments againstcolonization of Africa as a
local Egyptian nationalism. sparring ground as analternative to
European war.Paul Kennedy International RelationsEuropean powers
wished tohave the same power and status as Britain so colonized,
forcing Britain to do the sameTimeline to defend her interests
andkeep dominance. Sudan - 1882 Sudan 1882 British Gen. Charles
"Chinese"Former British Gen. Charles Gordon (49) retired
from"Chinese" Gordon, Field active duty and moved toMarshal in the
Turkish army, Jerusalemcommanded the Egyptian forces in Sudan Sudan
-1883 Nov 3 Sudan 1883-1884A poorly trained Egyptian army,British
officered Egyptian armiesLed by British General William were
defeated by theHicks, marched toward El Obeidforces of El Mahdi,
calledin the Sudan--straight into a Dervishes by the British at
theMahdist ambush and massacre.battle of El Obeid.
3. Sudan - 1884 Jan Lord Garnet Wolseley, adjutant-Sudan - 1884
Jan 18General of the British Army, General Charles ("Chinese")
asked Charles Gordon to come Gordon departed London for out of
retirement and lead anKhartoum.evacuation of 15,000 European and
Egyptian civilians from Khartoum, Sudan. Gordonagreed.Sudan 1884
Mar 11 Gen. Gordon learned that the.telegraph cable to Cairo
hadSudan - 1884 Feb 18been cut. Khartoum soldiersGeneral Charles
Gordon arrived killed 5 Mahdists at Halfaya.in Khartoum to battle
the Mahdist insurgents in return Mahdi and his terrorists.
massacred 150 men from theKhartoum garrison as they werecutting
wood.Sudan 1884 Mar 13 Sudan - 1884 Mar 16Siege of Khartoum,
Sudan,A 2nd counter-attack atbegan. Gen. Gordon ordered a Halfaya
failed and Gordon counter-attack at Halfaya andordered 2 commanders
to be troops rescued some 500executed. from a Mahdist assaultSudan
- 1884 Oct 22General Charles Gordon receivedSudan - 1884 Nov 3a
letter from Mahdi near Khartoum.A British steamboat arrived at
Gordon was sent to Khartoum to evacuate the Egyptian garrison.
Khartoum with news that a Gordon decided to hold the city relief
force was on its way. against El Mahdi.
4. Sudan - 1885 Jan 26 Sudan 1885 Jan 2Gordon (51), British
gov-gen ofGen. Wolseley received the Sudan, was killed on the
palacelast distress signal of Gen.steps in the garrison at Khartoum
Gordon in Khartoum. by the forces of Muhammad Ahmed,El Mahdi.Sudan
- 1885 Jun 22 Sudan 1885 Jan 28 In Sudan Muhammad Ahmad , Genl.
Garnet Wolseley arrived the Mahdi, at Khartoum to relieve Genl.died
of typhus. His chiefGordon, but arrived 2 days late. deputy,
Abdallahi ibn El Mahdi died soon thereafter Muhammad took over the
but was succeeded by theadministration of the nascent Khalifa
Mahdist state Sudan 1886Sudan 1896 Sep 21 Henry Stanley
(1841-1904),General Horatio Kitcheners Welsh-born journalist, led
thearmy occupied Dongola, Sudan. Emin Pasha Relief ExpeditionGenl.
Herbert Kitchener led to "rescue" Emin Pasha, thethe British
conquest of the governor of Equatoria in Sudan.the southern Sudan
.Sudan 1898 Apr 8 British General KitchenerSudan 1897 Aug 31
defeated the Khalifa, leader ofGeneral Kitchener occupiedthe
dervishes in Sudan, at theBerber, North of Khartoum. Battle of
Atbara. Anglo-Egyptian forces crushed 6,000 Sudanese.
5. Sudan 1898 Sep 2 Anglo-Egyptian lines under Genl. Kitchener
were charged by 50,000 Sudan 1898 Sep 1 fanatical Dervishes and
were mowed down by howitzers,Lord Kitcheners army bombedmachine
guns and rifles. TheOmdurman Dervishes left 11,000 dead and 16,000
wounded. The Anglo-Egyptian army suffered fewer than a dozen
casualties.Sudan 1899 Nov 24Abdullah ibn MohammedSudan 1898 Sep 6
al-Taaishi, KhelifaLord Kitchener destroyed of Sudan (1883-99),
died. Mahdis tomb in Omdurman British forces took controlof the
Sudan.Egypt 1859 Apr 25Egypt 1867 Feb 1Construction of the Suez
Canal The 1st ship passed through was started.the Suez Canal.Egypt
1867-1875 Egypt 1869 Nov 17The Suez Canal Co. issued bonds , The
Suez Canal was opened in for some hundred millionEgypt,linking the
Mediterraneanfrancs to keep afloat. Theand the Red seas. The 100
Khedive went bankrupt and the British under Disraeli snappedmile
canal eliminated a up the Khedives shares for 4000-mile trip around
Africa.4 million.
6. Egypt 1879 Tewfik was appointed as theEgypt November
1879Khedive of Egypt and spentAnglo-French dual control ofvast
amounts on railways, Egypt was established to stopborrowing from
European banks further spending.and bankrupting Egypt.Egypt 1881
Nationalist revolts under ColonelAhmed Arabi started spreadingEgypt
1882 Sep 13 Across Egypt with violent civilBritish troops defeated
Egyptian disorder in the major towns with forces in the Battle
atEuropeans being attacked, theirTel-el-Kebirhomes burnt, and in
one incident inAlexandria the deaths of fifty expatriatesGold Coast
1823 First Ashanti war was declared Egypt 1882as the Ashanti were
trying to Anglo-French dual control oftake Fanti land. Sir Charles
Egypt ended after the MacArthy was killed at theBritish occupation
began. Battle of Nsamankow on 22nd January 1924. Gold Coast 1824The
Ashanti swept down to theGold Coast 1831coast, but disease forced
them The Pra River was accepted as back. The Ashanti were so
successful in subsequent fightingthe border in a Anglo-Ashanti that
in 1826 they again moved onpeace treaty, ending the firstthe coast.
British Congreve Ashanti war.rockets forced their withdrawal.
7. Gold Coast 1863 Gold Coast 1864.Second Anglo-Ashanti war
wasSecond Anglo-Ashanti war declared as a large Ashanti ended as
British troops were delegation crossed the river forced to withdraw
becausepursuing a fugitive, Kwesi of sickness. Gyana Gold Coast
1872 Zey, king of the AshantiGold Coast 1871 Feb 25 , wrote to the
British monarchBritain purchased part of Goldasking for the slave
trade to Coast from the Netherlands. be renewed.Gold Coast 1873
Gold Coast 1873Wolseley arrived and made hisThird Anglo-Ashanti war
wasplans before the arrival of his declared as the Ashanti troops
in January 1874. Hehad invaded and made claim fought the Battle of
Amoaful on to part of the newly purchasedJanuary 31 1874, and,
after Dutch Gold Coast.five days fighting, ended withthe Battle of
Ordahsu. Gold Coast 1895 Jan Fourth Anglo-Ashanti war was Gold
Coast 1874 Julydeclared so that the BritishThe British forced the
Ashanti to sign could conquer the Ashantithe Treaty of Fomena to
end theafter the rejection of becoming war, with one of the
clausesa British protectorate in 1891.Itbeing a demand for
50,000ozonly lasted until Feb 1896 and of gold.ended with the exile
of Ashanti leaders.
8. Gold Coast 1900 Mar Gold Coast 1900 SepThe war of the golden
stool was The British won the war and the declared after the
British after Ashanti became part of a crownFrederick Mitchell
Hodgson, colony, though mostly ruleddemanded that the Ashanti
themselves with little reference turn over to the Golden Stool.to
the colonial powers. Nigeria 1879Nigeria 1882The United African
Company The British from the East andwas formed due to high
BritishThe French from the West interest in importing palm oil
Started working their way up thefrom the area and exportingNiger
river and eventuallycheaper goods such as gin.Clashed near
Timbuktu. Nigeria 1879Nigeria 1884 NovThe United African CompanyThe
Berlin Conference hostedwas formed due to high British by Bismarck
gave Nigeria to interest in importing palm oil the British, forming
the Oilfrom the area and exportingRivers Protectorate.cheaper goods
such as gin.Nigeria 1886 Nigeria 1886Goldie hired Lugard to makeThe
Royal Niger company was Treaties with the rules of tribesfounded by
George Taubman in Northern Nigeria. The French Goldie sent Captain
Decour to do the same.
9. Nigeria 1895A massacre occurred due to a dispute with the
Nembe overNigeria 1893 palm oil as Goldie stopped the Ijaw
middlemen from shipping oilThe Oil Rivers Protectorate directly to
firms in Britain while at theWas renamed the Nigersame time
insisting on anCoast Protectorateunhindered access into the
Hitherlands. The Nembe took 67 hostages so Goldie had 2000 women
and children killed. Nigeria 1896 Nigeria 1898In 1896, Bretonnet
was given Anglo-French tension over command of an expedition meant
toNigeria peaked at a standoff establish French control on at
Borgu. The French left Bussa, the navigable portions of theIllo and
Gomba in exchange Niger River below Bussa.These For 2 small plots
of land, at theplans were opposed by the Royal Mouths of the rivers
Moshi andNiger Company, claiming the English Niger in the
Anglo-Frenchhad already treaty rights on the region. Convention.
Nigeria 1901-02 The Anglo-Aro war was declared Nigeria - 1903 Mar
15 after increasing tension between The British conquest was Aro
leaders and British colonialistscompleted, 500,000 squareafter
years of failed negotiationsas the Aro tried to resist miles were
now controlled British expansion. The British by the U.K.beat the
Aro. Uganda 1888 Uganda 1886 Jun 3The Imperial British East
Africa24 Christians are burnt Company was chartered by to death in
Namugongo. William MacKinnon.
10. Uganda 1890 Feb Uganda 1890Karl Peters exploresLugard was
dispatched by theUganda and makes treatiesIBEAC to Uganda, forcing
Karl with Mwanga II of Buganda in Peters to leave. favour of the
Germans.Uganda 1890 Jul 1 The Heligoland-Zanzibar treatyUganda 1892
Jan 24 Was signed between the British Civil war broke out
betweenAnd the Germans. The Britishthe Kabaka, French
Catholics,Gained Kenya and Uganda, and British Protestants, and
theThe Germans gained HeligolandIBEAC. And the Caprivi Strip.
ZanzibarStayed under control of the sultan. Uganda 1892The IBEAC
went broke from financing the civil war andUganda 1894Uganda not
being as richUganda was declared a British in resources as
previously protectorate.believed. The IBEACdemanded government
fundsfor a withdrawal. Kenya 1890 Jul 1 The Heligoland-Zanzibar
treaty Was signed between the BritishAnd the Germans. The
BritishKenya 1895Gained Kenya and Uganda, and Kenya was declared
the BritishThe Germans gained Heligoland East African Protectorate.
And the Caprivi Strip. ZanzibarStayed under control of the
sultan.
11. South Africa - 1838 Dec 16Boers defeated the Zulus in the
Battleof Blood River and settled in Natal South Africa 1806 The
Afrikaners while escaping from British rule encountered Cape Town
was annexed resistance from the native blackto Britain. peoples. In
the Battle of Blood River a few hundred Boers repelledan attack by
more than 10,000Zulu warriors.South Africa 1877 Shepstone annexed
the South Africa 1867 Transvaal in order to save them Diamonds were
discovered infrom bankruptcy, protect themKimberly from the Pedi
and settle border disputes with the ZuluSouth Africa 1879 Jan 11
South Africa 1879 The Zulu war began with thePaul Kruger of the
Transvaal rejection of an ultimatum that offered the British advice
onCetswayo could not comply with how to deal with the Zulu fromas
demobilizing his army wouldtheir own experiences at theleave them
open to attack and Battle of Blood River. The destroy the
traditional militantBritish ignored him.culture. South Africa 1879
Jan 23South Africa 1879 Jan 22 Just over 150 British and colonial
The Battle of Isandhlwana hill troops successfully defendedwas an
embarrassing defeat the garrison against an intense for the British
as 1,300 were assault by 3,000 to 4,000 Zulu slaughtered by the
tribesmen. warriors at the Battle of Rorkes Drift.
12. South Africa 1879 Jul 4South Africa 1880 Dec 16The Battle
of Ulundi finally beat The First Boer war was declared the Zulu
forces and Cetswayo as many Boers felt resentfulwas sent into
exile. The war was to having to follow British ended. ways from the
earlier annexation. South Africa 1881 Feb 27South Africa 1881 Mar
23 The Boers had a massive A peace treaty was signed victory over
the British at the that allowed Boer self-government Battle of
Majuba Hill where the on the condition that the Boers92nd
Highlanders (one of the accepted Queens nominalsupposedly best
regiments) wasrule and British control overseen fleeing from the
Boers.African affairs and native districts South Africa 1895 Dec 29
The Jameson Raid was set outand The basic plan was that South
Africa 1886British expatriates in Johannesburg The discovery of
gold on thewould revolt and seize the Boer armouryWitwatersrand
launched the cityin Pretoria. Jameson and his force would dash
across the border to Johannesburg of Johannesburg. Labor wasto
"restore order" and with control ofprovided from Lesotho
Johannesburg would control the gold fields.It failed and those
involved were jailed.South Africa 1889 South Africa 1899 Oct
11British South Africa Company wasThe Second Boer war was
established by Cecil Rhodesdeclared after a British ultimatum
through the amalgamation of theCentral Search Association andto the
Boers demanding equalthe Exploring Company Ltd., receiving Rights
to the uitlanders a royal charter (foreigners)
13. South Africa 1899 Oct-DecSouth Africa 1900 Jan-SepThe Boers
had the initial offensive A British offensive held someand had many
successes at first, successes and relieved Ladysmithprimarily, with
sieges ofAnd Mafeking. They also captured Ladysmith, Mafeking and
Johannesburg and the TransvaalKimberly.capital, Pretoria. South
Africa 1900 Sep-1902 May The Boers changed their tactics toSouth
Africa 1901 DecGuirella warfare with skirmishes like The Fawcett
commission wasLindley (where 500 Yeomanrysent to South Africa to
checksurrendered), and at Heilbron conditions of
concentration(where a large convoy and its escort camps with
unusually high deathwere captured) and other skirmishes rates.
Kitchener slowly improved resulting in 1,500 British casualties The
conditions of the campsin less than ten days. The British had After
the report was filed. To adapt to cope with it.South Africa 1902
May 31 South Africa 1910 May 31The Second Anglo-Boer war The Union
of South Africa was came to an end and the formed from the Cape
Colony, Transvaal and Orange Free State Natal, the Transvaal and
the came under British rule. Orange Free StateRhodesia 1888 Oct 13
The Rudd Concession was theSigning away of the mineralRhodesia
1889Rights in Matabeleland and British South Africa Company
wasestablished by Cecil RhodesMashonaland by Charlesthrough the
amalgamation of theRudd and Cecil Rhodes. DeceitCentral Search
Association andWas used so that Lobengula the Exploring Company
Ltd.,Didnt fully understand what receiving a royal charter He was
signing and many friends,Like Jameson, advised him to sign.
14. Rhodesia 1889 Apr Lobengula found out hisRhodesia 1890
mistakes with the RuddRhodes started moving northconcession and
attemptedof Matabeleland where he had to undermine it with the
Lippert made treaties with Lobengula Concession which RhodesAnd
into Mashonaland. later bought out. Rhodesia 1893 Oct- 1894
JanRhodesia 1890 Sep 12The First Matabele war was Fort Salisbury
was foundedDeclared as the company hadAs a small city for military
volunteerWanted to avoid problems inforce of settlers organised
Their territories, but Lobengulaby Cecil Rhodes to watchApproved a
raid to extract the over Mashonaland.. Mashona chief, leading to a
clash Rhodesia 1896 The first Chimurenga (SecondMatabele War) was
declared after Mlino convinced everyone it Other Factors 1875 Nov
7was the white Men causing cattle to Verney Cameron became the die.
It went on until Rhodes1st European to cross persuaded natives to
stop andequatorial Africa combined the provinces ofMashonaland and
Matabeleland into Southern Rhodesia. Other Factors 1898 The Fashoda
Incident was aOther Factors 1885strong tension between BritainKing
Leopald of Belgium tookand France and a possible over the Congo
Free State reason for Britain expandinginto the Sudan.
15. Other Factors 1870 Jul 19 The Franco-Prussian War
began.Napoleon declared war onBismarck. Emperor Napoleon III of
Other Factors 1896 France declared war on Germany The French
annexedunder Otto von Bismarck. Napoleon Madagascar was defeated in
three months andAbdicated, leaving tension betweenThe French and
Germans.Other Factors - 1895French West Africa wasOther Factors
1888Established contraining : Mauritania, The Italians made a pact
with Senegal, French Sudan (now Mali), Sultan Kenadid making an
French Guinea, Cte dIvoireItalian Somaliland Protectorate. (Ivory
Coast), Upper Volta (nowBurkina Faso), Dahomey (now Benin) and
Niger. Other Factors 1885German East Africa was developedOther
Factors 1884 and included what are nowGerman South West
AfricaBurundi, Rwanda and Tanganyika (the mainland part of present
(now Namibia) was claimed. Tanzania)Other Factors 1893 France began
colonizing West Africa and Timbuktu cameunder French rule until
Malibecame independent in 1960
16. Best Theory SudanBest Theory EgyptPeripheralMetropolitanIt
seems as though the biggestThe Suez canal plays a vital role
Trigger for entering the Sudanin Egypt, whether it is for causing
tension between EuropeanWas to squash Mahdist andpowers or being
used as a threatNationalist revolts that may lead by nationalists.
As the canal wasTo problems concerning used as a trade route to
India, Investments in Egypt and the the main interest is in
generatingSuez Canal. profit. Best Theory Gold Coast International
RelationsBest Theory NigeriaGold Coast had been a Dutch Area
Metropolitanof land but they were looking to sell Though there was
internationalit. The British knew that If they rivalry over the
land surroundingdid not take Gold Coast, it would the Niger river,
most of it can be offered to the French Germans be put down to the
high economic or Italians and they believed they value of the palm
oil trade should have it because ofsituated there. how close it was
to the Niger Best Theory Kenya Best Theory UgandaInternational
RelationsMetropolitanKenya was given to Britain inExplorers like
Peters and Lugard the Berlin Conference seems tohad described the
riches and have been Used primarily as an mineral wealth in Uganda,
Access Point to landlockedencouraging men like MackinnonUganda and
to fit between with thoughts of making large German East Africa and
profit there.Italian Northern Somalia. Best Theory South AfricaBest
Theory Rhodesia MetropolitanMetropolitan The main reason for an
interestThe main push for Rhodesiain South Africa is because of
came from Cecil Rhodes who the diamonds and gold found wanted money
and power. He there. If it had not been for that,believed that the
gold andit is highly unlikely that towns like diamond seams in the
TransvaalKimberly or Johannesburg would may run up further so took
over Have come into being. the land for mineral wealth.
17. DecolonisationOfTheories AfricaMetropolitan Peripheral
Britain chose to decolonize as Colonial situations in
individualthere was no strategic value, countries forced Britain to
it simply wasnt worth the decolonize. This could includeinvestment
of time even ifnationalists, a lack of financially profitable or
peoplecollaborators or an outsidein Britain opposed it.influence
such ascommunism. International RelationsPressures from
international communities such as the EECand superpowers like USA
andRussia forced Britain to decolonize. Events like WWII, Timeline
the debt to Americaand the Suez crisis sped this up. Kenya 1948
Post-war policy angered manyKenya 1950 Kenyans, particularly those
of British administration bannedthe Kikuyu tribe, many of whom the
Mau Mau movement injoined the Mau Mau movement hopes of deterring
more people when it was formed with afrom joining. blood
ritual.
18. Kenya 1953 MarIn the first Lari massacre, theKenya -
1952Mau Mau had identified A state of emergency was the homes of
the Home Guards,declared by colonialand had systematically
setadministrators because of theupon them and the inhabitants,Mau
Mau crisis.and subsequently set them on fire. This was the first
massacre.Kenya 1953 Mar In the second Lari massacre,the Home Kenya
1953 Apr 8Guard on descending the hills andJomo Kenyatta, one of
modern reaching the town found most of their homes razed and their
families ravaged and Africas earliest nationalist immediately set
upon an act of revenge on leaders, was convicted bythe inhabitants
in the town who had not beenKenyas British rulers forattacked under
the logic that they must beleading the Mau Mau Mau Mau
sympathizers. Many more were left dead by these Rebellion against
the white settlersattacks than by the original one. This was of his
country.the second massacre. Kenya 1954 Kenya 1956 The Lyttleton
constitution allowed The Mau Mau movement wasfor Kenyan political
parties Defeated and the state of at district level Emergency over.
Kenya 1959 Kenya 1961 Sep 10 The Hola Camp MassacreJomo Kenyatta
returned to Occurred when a general at the Kenya from exile,
duringCamp had 11 unco-operativewhich he had been electedDetainees
clubbed to deathpresident of the Kenya NationalAnd 77 left with
serious African Union.Permanent injuries.
19. Kenya 1963 Dec 12Kenya 1963 May 27Kenya gained
independenceJomo Kenyatta was elected 1st from Britain and the
prime minister of KenyaKenyan African National Union Party (KANU)
began ruling. Uganda 1945 The first of the Buganda riots Uganda
1949demanding the ability to bypassThe second of the Buganda riots
price controls on exporting, thedemanding the same as theremoval of
Asians and the right previous riots 4 years earlier.to
representatives in local governmentUganda 1952 Sir Andrew Cohen
becameUganda 1953Governer-General of Uganda and The Lukiiko
(Parliament) of Buganda reorganized the Legislativesought
independence from Uganda.Edward Mutesa II, the Kabaka (king)Council
(LEGCO)to include African of Buganda demanded that
Bugandarepresentatives elected frombe separated from the rest of
thedistricts throughout Uganda, protectorate and transferred to
Foreignthus creating the basis for aOffice
jurisdictionrepresentative parliamentUganda 1953 30 NovUganda 1955
Cohen deposed the KabakaThe Kabaka was allowed backand ordered his
exile to London into Uganda.
20. Uganda 1962 Uganda 1962A constitution was drawn up toThe
elections were held and be implemented withObote became the
Primeindependence after the upMinister and the Kabaka becamecoming
elections.the President. Nigeria 1945There was a general strike in
Nigeria 1946 Nigeria demanding higherThe Richards constitution was
cost of living allowances. It made in Nigeria to establish awas a
success and in 1946, Federal government. they got it. Nigeria
1951Conflicting demands for autonomy andcentral government by the
various political Nigeria 1954groupings compelled the British inThe
Lyttleton constitution was written1954 to establish a measure of
compromiseas a revised version of theto accommodate conflicting
demands. In this arrangement, there was to Macpherson constitution
after talksbe a federal government, in In 1953 in London and 1954
inconjunction with considerable regional Lagos. Autonomy under the
MacphersonConstitution. Nigeria 1960The final constitution,
theNigeria 1957 Independence constitution An amendment was made to
was written up and Nigeria the Lyttleton constitution. was given
independence under Balewa as Prime Minister.
21. Gold Coast 1946Gold Coast 1948 Feb 18Burns constitution
provided newRiots broke out over the rising legislative council
that wasprices of consumer goods andmade of the Governor as
thetribesmen seeing the BritishPresident, 6 government officials,
cutting down their cocoa trees, 6 nominated members and 18even
though this was trying to elected members. combat swollen root
disease.Gold Coast 1949Arden-Clarke was sent from theGold Coast
1951British colonial office toNkrumahs Convention Gold Coast as the
a Governor Peoples Party won thein order to save the colony
forelections.the British Empire. Gold Coast 1952-54More concessions
to black Gold Coast 1952 politics were made and more Nkrumah became
the Prime Ghanians started getting Minister of Gold Coast. involved
in an oppositionagainst Nkrumah.Gold Coast 1954 Gold Coast 1956The
New Patriotic Party and The CPP won 71 seats in theNational
Liberation Election out of 104, soMovement provided opposition
Nkrumah was guaranteed In the elections. Leader of independent
Ghana.
22. South Africa 1902The Boer war was a pyrhic victory as the
treaty ofGold Coast 1957 MarVereeniging as Britain had to Ghana
became an independent pay 45million in compensation, country under
Nkrumah. no land taxes would beintroduced and Transvaal andOrange
free state would get voting rights restored.South Africa 1910 South
Africa was created fromSouth Africa 1961united Cape Colony, Natal,
South Africa left the BritishTransvaal and Orange Free Commonwealth
and began State. The first leader was a fully independent. Boer and
it became a self governing dominion.Rhodesia 1953-1963 Rhodesia -
1964 Apr 13 The Central African FederationIan D. Smith became
premier(CAF) was a semi-independentof Rhodesia. Smith was
Premierstate in southern Africa consistingof the British Colony of
Southernof Rhodesia and NyasalandRhodesia and Prime Ministerformed
by Andrew Cohen to of the Republic of Rhodesia try to limit white
supremacy and another aparteid regime..Rhodesia 1964Joshua Nkomo
and Roger Rhodesia 1965 Nov 11Mugabe were jailed in Rhodesia
Rhodesia under PM Ian D. by Prime Minister Ian SmithSmith
unilaterally declared after rivalries in the black Independence
from Britainnationalist movement erupted On the 11th hour of the
11th day. into violence.
23. Other Factors 1914-1918Other Factors 1921 Dec 6WWI lasted
between this periodIrelands 26 southern counties and many colonies
contributedbecame independent fromto the war effort. Many
GermanBritain forming the Irishcolonies came under British Free
State. or French control.Other Factors 1922 Feb 28Other Factors
1926Britain declared Egypt a sovereign The Balfour declaration
definedstate, but British troops remained. what it was to be a
dominion.Other Factors 1939-46WWII began and again relied Other
Factors 1945 heavily on the empire. It lastedThe Cold War began
withuntil 1945 when a period Political and military tensionof
second colonization isBetween NATO and the USSR. said to have taken
place to maximise profits to be had. Other Factors 1946 Jul 1
Britain took out a post-warloan from anti-colonialUSA of $3.5
billion to pay off Other Factors 1947 war debt. American conditions
India got independence. of the loan also increased the sterling
area problem and devalued British currency.
24. Other Factors 1951 Oct 25 Other Factors 1948-1952In a
general election, EnglandsBritain developed atomic Labour Party
lost to Conservatives. weapons to protect herselfWinston Churchill
became in the cold war. prime minister, and AnthonyEden became
foreign secretary. Other Factors 1954 Oct 19 Other Factors
1952-1960Egypt and Britain concluded a Some 32 white settlers
werepact on the Suez Canal, endingkilled by Mau Mau rebels in
Kenya. 72 years of British military occupation. More than 10,000
people wereBritain agreed to withdraw itskilled during the Mau Mau
uprising,with some figures going much higher80,000-man force within
20and causing uproar in themonths, and Egypt agreedBritish public.
to maintain freedom of canal navigation Other Factors 1956Egypt
nationalised the Suez canal, which provoked outrage in Britainand
France. The British and FrenchOther Factors 1956 Jan 1 hatched a
plan to snatch it back,Sudan became independent which involved
Israel invading Egypt, from Britain.which would then allow the
British and French to send troops in to"keep the peace",
therebyallowing all three countriesto get what they wantedOther
Factors 1956 Other Factors 1958 Americans led by EisenhowerFrance,
Germany, Italy,disapproved strongly of theBelgium, Luxemburg and
theAnglo-French action and putNetherlands formed the EECfinancial
pressure onand started putting pressure Britain until they
withdrew.on Britain to decolonize.Eden resigned.
25. Other Factors 1959 Devlin was chosen by PrimeOther Factors
1951 Oct 25 Minister Harold Macmillan toIn a general election,
Englandscompile a report into policing in Labour Party lost to
Conservatives.Nyasaland (Malawi). It was Winston Churchill
becamehowever highly critical of Britishprime minister, and
Anthonymethods so he quicklyEden became foreign
secretary.commissioned the Armitagereport. Other Factors 1954 Oct
19 Other Factors 1952-1960Egypt and Britain concluded a Some 32
white settlers werepact on the Suez Canal, endingkilled by Mau Mau
rebels in Kenya. 72 years of British military occupation. More than
10,000 people wereBritain agreed to withdraw itskilled during the
Mau Mau uprising,with some figures going much higher80,000-man
force within 20and causing uproar in themonths, and Egypt
agreedBritish public. to maintain freedom of canal navigation Other
Factors 1956Egypt nationalised the Suez canal, which provoked
outrage in Britainand France. The British and FrenchOther Factors
1956 Jan 1 hatched a plan to snatch it back,Sudan became
independent which involved Israel invading Egypt, from
Britain.which would then allow the British and French to send
troops in to"keep the peace", therebyallowing all three countriesto
get what they wantedOther Factors 1956 Other Factors 1958 Americans
led by EisenhowerFrance, Germany, Italy,disapproved strongly of
theBelgium, Luxemburg and theAnglo-French action and putNetherlands
formed the EECfinancial pressure onand started putting pressure
Britain until they withdrew.on Britain to decolonize.Eden
resigned.
26. Kenya 1963Kenyatta became the first PrimePost Minister and
chose ministersfrom many different tribesIndependenceto avoid
tribalism and conflict but made a one partyState. Kenya 1966 Odinga
(the vice president)Kenya - 1968Resigned from Kenyattas60,000
Kenyan Asians were Government and formed the expelled and went to
Kenya Peoples Union as anBritain. oppositionKenya 1978Kenyatta
died, leaving a stablecountry and thriving economy.Kenya 1978-9
Daniel Moi became A poor harvest caused a cropthe next Prime
shortage and high prices.Minister of Kenya.Uganda 1966 Uganda 1971
A coup on Kabaka Freddies Idi Amin staged a military couppalace
forced his exile. and removed Obote fromObote became the new power,
becoming the newPresident. President.
27. Uganda 1977 Feb 16 Janani Luwum, the Anglican Uganda
1972archbishop of Uganda, andIdi Amin gave 50,000 Ugandan two other
men were killed in Asians 90 days to leavewhat Ugandan authorities
saidthe country. 30,000 came was an automobile accident afterto
Britain.protests against Idi Aminsregime.Uganda 1978 Oct 30 Uganda
troops attackedUganda 1979 Apr 11Tanzania. Uganda underIdi Amin was
deposed asIdi Amin went on to annex a president of Uganda as rebels
700-square-mile section ofand exiles backed by Tanzanian Tanzania.
Pres. Nyerere sentforces seized control. AminTanzanian soldiers and
Ugandan escaped to Libya and settled exile volunteers to push back
into exile in Saudi Arabia. Amins forces. Ghana 1959Uganda 1980 Dec
17 Anyone who opposedMilton Obote began servingNkrumah was deported
or a 2nd term as presidentimprisoned, with one oppositionof
Uganda.prisoner dying in 1961.Ghana 1964 All political parties
apart fromGhana 1966the CPP were banned andNkrumah was overthrown
byGhana became a one partyAnkrah in a military coup. state.
28. Ghana 1969 Ghana 1972 The country was returned toIn another
military coup, democracy and Dr KofiAkwasi Afrifa became theBusia
won in the elections and next head of state.became the head of
state. Ghana 1979 JuneJerry Rawlings took control of Nigeria 1963
Oct Power and retured it to Nnamdi Azikiwe became theDemocracy in
July. Akufo-Addo1st president of Nigeria and Became the 2nd
President of proclaimed a republic.Ghana and 5th Head of State.
Nigeria - 1966 About 10,000 people died in riotsNigeria 1966 Jan
15following a failed coup ledNigerias PM Balewa was primarily by
Ibo army officers assassinated in the countrys Though Northerner
Gowon came1st military coup. The coup Out on top.Many fled back to
the eastended in civilian rule. ahead of secessionist leader Ojukwu
declaring the regionits own nation called Biafra.Nigeria 1967 Jul 6
Nigeria 1970 Jan 12 The Biafran War erupted. The 30-month civil war
ended. TheThe war, which lasted more than Biafran forces
surrendered aftertwo years, claimed some 600,000 nearly a million
ethnic Igboslives.died mostly of hunger and disease.
29. Nigeria 1970Gowon introduced a new federalNigeria
1975System of 12 states, later Genl. Murtala MuhammadIncreased to
19 to recognizestaged a 2nd coup after local tribal differences.
Nigeria Genl. Gowon postponed a return prospered in the 70s due
toto civilian rule. the high price of oil. Nigeria 1980s Nigeria
1979Over the 1980s, economic The first elections in 13
yearsProblems emerged with aWere held and resulted inDramatic fall
in oil prices. There President Shagari becomingWere another 2
coups, the first The head of state. In 1983 and the second in 1985.
Nigeria 1990s Nigeria 1985 Elections were held in 1990 1990 was set
as the date for And 1991, but a final coup return to civilian rule
and Was held in 1993 by Genl democratically elected Abacha.
politicians.South Africa - 1948 May 26South Africa elected a
nationalistgovernment with apartheid policy.South Africa 1950 Jan
29The National Party of the DutchRiots broke out in Johannesburg,
Afrikaners came to power and South Africa, over Apartheidimposed
apartheid. P.W. Bothawas among those elected to parliament.
30. South Africa - 1960 Charles Robberts Swart served South
Africa 1961as the last Governor-General of Unionof South Africa
from 1960 to 1961 South Africa broke off from theand the first
State President of Commonwealth and became athe Republic of South
Africa from fully independent republic. 1961 to 1967South Africa
1966 In South Africa District Six, South Africa 1974 Nov 12a
multicultural community in South Africa was suspended from Cape
Town, was declaredUN General Assembly overan all-white area. Black
wereracial policies. allowed to return in 2004South Africa 1960 Mar
21 South Africa 1976 Jun 16 After a day of demonstrations, atWhite
police gunned down which a crowd of black protesters teenagers
Hector Pieterson far outnumbered the police, the and Hastings
Ndhlovu and South African police opened firecaused a nationwide
riot that on the crowd, killing 69 people inleft 700 people
dead.what became known as theSharpfeld massacre.Rhodesia Jul
1964-Dec 1979Rhodesia 1966 Apr 16The Rhodesian Bush War, also
Rhodesian PM Ian Smithknown as the Second Chimurenga broke
diplomatic relations with or the Zimbabwe War of Liberation Britain
after failed talks on the was a civil war between HMS Tiger and HMS
Fearless.Ian Smiths government, Mugabes ZANU and ZAPU.
31. Rhodesia 1979 Apr 10In Rhodesia the first democratic
parliamentary elections were heldRhodesia 1979 May 31 After the
Patriotic Front atRhodesia proclaimed its Lancaster House in London
as independence following a it had once again come underBritish
brokered cease-fire. British control during peace talks.Rhodesia
1980 Mar 4 Robert Mugabes ZANU-PF wonRhodesia 1979a parliamentary
election, becoming A program of disarmament, PM. Black nationalist
guerrillas leddemobilization and reintegration by Robert Mugabe
laid down (DDR) was implementedtheir arms and beat their following
the end of a civil war. white-backed opponents at thepolls.
Rhodesia was renamedZimbabwe Zimbabwe - 1987 The position of Prime
Ministerwas abolished and Mugabeassumed the new office of
executiveZimbabwe 1980s-currentPresident of Zimbabwe gaining Mugabe
reigned with additional powers in the process. intimidation,
deposition of any He was re-elected in 1990 andopposing parties and
corruption1996, and in 2002 amid claimsof widespread
vote-riggingand intimidation.