ARABIA
Muhammadwas born in
Mecca
ARABIA BEFORE MUHAMMAD
► Mecca one of many busy commercial cities along Red Sea coast
► Mecca contained the Kaaba (square temple containing a sacred black rock that Arabs believed Allah threw down to earth. Kaaba also contained idols to other gods.
► Great Arabian Desert
► Bedouins– desert Arabs who herded flocks, fought among each other, and robbed caravans. Disliked city people
MUHAMMAD
► Born in Mecca, 570 ADBorn in Mecca, 570 AD► OrphanOrphan► Married wealthy widowMarried wealthy widow► Traveled to Syria and may Traveled to Syria and may
have heard Christian have heard Christian monksmonks
► Familiar with JudaismFamiliar with Judaism► Had first vision in 610Had first vision in 610
Ordered by angel Ordered by angel Gabriel to be a Gabriel to be a messenger for Godmessenger for God
By: Ms. Susan M. PojerBy: Ms. Susan M. Pojer
Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NYHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
IslamAn Abrahamic Religion
IslamAn Abrahamic Religion Muslims are strict monotheists.
They believe in the Judeo- Christian God, which they call Allah.
Muslims believe that the Torah and the Bible, like the Qur’an, is the word of God.
Peoples of the BookPeoples of the Book
Abraham’s GenealogyAbraham’s Genealogy
ABRAHAMABRAHAM SARAHSARAHHAGARHAGAR
IsaacIsaac
EsauEsauJacobJacob
12 Tribes of Israel
12 Tribes of Israel
Ishmael
Ishmael
12 Arabian Tribes
12 Arabian Tribes
The Prophetic Tradition
The Prophetic Tradition
Adam
Noah
Abraham
Moses
Jesus
Muhammad
The Origins of the Qur’an
The Origins of the Qur’an
Muhammad received his first revelation from the angel Gabriel in 610.
622 Hijrah Muhammad flees Mecca for Medina. * The beginning of the Muslim calendar (1 A.H.)
Muhammad’s revelations were compiled into the Qur’an after his death.
The Qur’anThe Qur’an Muslims believe it contains the word of God.
114 suras (chapters).
In the name of Allah, the compassionate, the merciful. Written in Arabic.
1. The Shahada1. The Shahada
11
The testimony.
The declaration of faith:There is no god worthy of There is no god worthy of worship except God, andworship except God, andMuhammad is HisMuhammad is HisMessenger [or Prophet].Messenger [or Prophet].
There is no god worthy of There is no god worthy of worship except God, andworship except God, andMuhammad is HisMuhammad is HisMessenger [or Prophet].Messenger [or Prophet].
2. The Salat2. The Salat
22
The mandatory prayers performed 5 times a day: * dawn * noon * late afternoon * sunset * before going to bed
Wash before praying.
Face Mecca and use a prayer rug.
22
The call to prayer by the muezzin in the minaret.
Pray in the mosque on Friday.
3. The Zakat3. The Zakat
33
Almsgiving (charitable donations).
Muslims believe that all things belong to God.
Zakat means both “purification” and “growth.”
About 2.5% of your income.
4. The Sawm4. The Sawm
44
Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan.
Considered a method of self- purification.
No eating or drinking from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan.
5. The Hajj5. The Hajj
55
The pilgrimage to Mecca.
Must be done at least once in a Muslim’s lifetime.
2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage every year.
55
Those who complete the pilgrimage can add the title hajji to their name.
The Dar al-Islam
The Dar al-Islam
11 22 33 44 55
The WorldThe Worldof Islamof Islam
The WorldThe Worldof Islamof Islam
The MosqueThe Mosque The Muslim place of worship.
The Dome of the Rock Mosque in
Jerusalem
The Dome of the Rock Mosque in
Jerusalem
Mount Moriah Rockwhere Muhammad ascended into heaven.
Other Islamic Religious Practices
Other Islamic Religious Practices
Up to four wives allowed at once.
No alcohol or pork.
No gambling.
Sharia body of Islamic law to regulate daily living.
Three holiest cities in Islam: * Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem.
Essential Question:Essential Question:
Why was Islam able to spread so quickly and
convert so many to the new religion?
The Spread of IslamThe Spread of Islam Easy to learn and practice.
Teaches equality.
The desire to continue the old Bedouin custom of warfare and the chance to enrich oneself through the spread of Islam played a role in the growing popularity of Islam in Arabia Promised afterlife of sensuous delights to the faithful and eternal torment to unbelievers
Non-Muslims, who were “Peoples of the Book,” were allowed religious freedom, but paid additional taxes.
Revenue from tax split among all members of umma
Easily “portable” nomads & trade routes.
Muslims in the WorldToday
Muslims in the WorldToday
ISLAMIC DOCTRINE REVIEW► Emphasizes absolute power of AllahEmphasizes absolute power of Allah► Duty of human beings is to worship
Allah► Islamic prayers are prayers of praise, Islamic prayers are prayers of praise,
not petitionnot petition► Prayer five times a dayPrayer five times a day► Paradise for true believers, hellfire for Paradise for true believers, hellfire for
the wickedthe wicked► Fasting from dusk until dawn during
Ramadan► Pilgrimage to the Kaaba in MeccaPilgrimage to the Kaaba in Mecca► Recognizes Abraham, Moses, and Jesus
as earlier prophets but argues that Muhammad was Allah’s final prophet with his ultimate message for mankind
YathribYathrib
► MUHAMMAD’S MESSAGE NOT WELL RECEIVED IN MECCA
► FORCED TO FLEE TO MEDINA (Yathrib)FORCED TO FLEE TO MEDINA (Yathrib)► WELL RECEIVED AT MEDINA
CONVERTS ENTIRE CITYCONVERTS ENTIRE CITY ORGANIZES CONVERTS INTO UMMA (A COMMUNITY
OF TRUE BELIEVERS THAT TRANSCENDED OLD BONDS OF TRIBE, CLAN, OR CITY)
►A SUPERTRIBE OPEN TO ALL PEOPLE WHO ACCEPTED MUHAMMAD’S MESSAGE
► EVENTUALLY TAKES CONTROL OF MECCA THROUGH MILITARY CONQUEST (629)
► DURING NEXT THREE YEARS, ALL OF ARABIA DURING NEXT THREE YEARS, ALL OF ARABIA CONVERTS TO ISLAMCONVERTS TO ISLAM
CREATION OF THE ARAB EMPIRE
► Abu Bakr named as Muhammad’s successor or caliph
► Bedouin tribes believe Muhammad’s death freed them from all obligations and leave the Umma
► Abu Bakr launches war of reconversion Loyal Moslem forces attack and defeat all tribes
that defected from the Umma
► Long term survival depended on continual military expansion Arabs led on new military expeditions against
non-Moslems Leads to creation of empire
ARAB EMPIRE
Under Umar:
Arab armies conquer Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Egypt
Arab armies even attacked Constantinople but were unable to take the city
Reduced once huge Byzantine
Empire to a small state
CALIPHS► Abu Bakr—first caliph► Umar—second caliph► Ali (Muhammad’s nephew)—fourth
caliph► Ali murdered by Ummayad family
Tradition later developed that leadership of Islamic world could only be held by descendant of Ali
►Shi’ites
Murder of Ali
ARAB DYNASTIES I
► UMMAYAD DYNASTY (661-750 AD)
► Took over after murder of Ali
► Capital at Damascus
► Conquest of North Africa, Spain, and parts of India
► Overthrown in 750 AD
ARAB DYNASTIES II
► ABBASID DYNASTY ► (750-1258 AD)
► Descended from Muhammad’s uncle, Abbas
► Overthrew Ummayads► Capital at Baghdad► Lost chunks of empire after 1000
Egypt and Spain broke away Syria, North Africa, and Iran
conquered by Seljuk Turks and Berbers
► Last caliph killed by Mongols during their conquest of Baghdad in 1258
ARAB LEGACY• Collected and translated ancient
Persian and Greek scientific and philosophical works
• Works of Hippocrates• Introduced “Arabic
numerals” to west and perfected the use of decimal fractions and algebra
• Concentrated on decorative arts (ceramics, tapestries, mosaics)
• Literature— Arabian Nights and the Koran itself
GUPTA EMPIREGUPTA EMPIRE► Chandra Gupta I, ruler of Magada, Chandra Gupta I, ruler of Magada,
conquers Ganges River Valley and conquers Ganges River Valley and northern Indianorthern India
► Process of conquest continued by son Process of conquest continued by son and grandsonand grandson Results in creation of Gupta Results in creation of Gupta
EmpireEmpire►300-450 AD300-450 AD
► First 100 years was era of expanding First 100 years was era of expanding power, growing prosperity, and power, growing prosperity, and cultural achievementcultural achievement
► Empire eventually collapsed with the Empire eventually collapsed with the invasion of the White Hunsinvasion of the White Huns Disintegrated into numerous petty Disintegrated into numerous petty
kingdomskingdoms
ACHIEVEMENTSACHIEVEMENTS
► Several writing systemsSeveral writing systems► Elaborate literatureElaborate literature
Mostly religious in terms of subject matterMostly religious in terms of subject matter► Invention of modern number systemInvention of modern number system
Called “Arabic numerals” in WestCalled “Arabic numerals” in West Use of number which represents nothing (zero)Use of number which represents nothing (zero)
► Invention of decimal systemInvention of decimal system► Invention of foundation of algebraInvention of foundation of algebra► Discovered that the earth was a rotating sphereDiscovered that the earth was a rotating sphere
HINDUISMHINDUISM► Originally polytheisticOriginally polytheistic
► Over time, three of the most Over time, three of the most important gods merged together to important gods merged together to create a three-part monotheistic deity create a three-part monotheistic deity called Brahmancalled Brahman Brahma (creator)Brahma (creator) Vishnu (protector)Vishnu (protector) Shiva (destroyer)Shiva (destroyer)
► Brahma permeates everything in the Brahma permeates everything in the universeuniverse Every living thing is therefore Every living thing is therefore
relatedrelated All living things have soulsAll living things have souls
HINDUISM cont’dHINDUISM cont’d► ReincarnationReincarnation
Each soul is reborn in the body of some other Each soul is reborn in the body of some other creature over and over againcreature over and over again
A person’s actions (karma) determines the form of A person’s actions (karma) determines the form of that person’s reincarnationthat person’s reincarnation
► ““good karma”—rewarded by improvement in good karma”—rewarded by improvement in status in reincarnationstatus in reincarnation
► ““bad karma”—punished by degradation of bad karma”—punished by degradation of status in reincarnationstatus in reincarnation
► Human existence is an endless round of sufferingHuman existence is an endless round of suffering ““Wheel of suffering”Wheel of suffering” No escape except through meditationNo escape except through meditation
► Only temporaryOnly temporary
GAUTAMA THE BUDDHAGAUTAMA THE BUDDHA
► Gurus appear around 600 BC who argued Gurus appear around 600 BC who argued that Hinduism had become too that Hinduism had become too materialistic and that people should be materialistic and that people should be more spiritualmore spiritual
► Foremost guru was Gautama the BuddhaForemost guru was Gautama the Buddha Means “Enlightened One”Means “Enlightened One” Search for permanent escape from Search for permanent escape from
wheel of sufferingwheel of suffering Argued that desire for material goods Argued that desire for material goods
causes sufferingcauses suffering
ACHIEVEMENT OF NIRVANAACHIEVEMENT OF NIRVANA Eight-step process to Eight-step process to
escape wheel of sufferingescape wheel of suffering►Included non-violence, Included non-violence,
rejection of selfish rejection of selfish desires, cultivating desires, cultivating compassion and compassion and honesty, cleansing mind honesty, cleansing mind of evil thoughts, etc.of evil thoughts, etc.
►Nirvana—permanent Nirvana—permanent escape from the wheel escape from the wheel of sufferingof suffering
►Attainment of Attainment of permanent peace and permanent peace and tranquilitytranquility
BUDDHA’S LIFEBUDDHA’S LIFE► Buddha practiced what he preachedBuddha practiced what he preached
Only owned simple robe, Only owned simple robe, walking stick, and wooden bowlwalking stick, and wooden bowl
Always slept outside and walked Always slept outside and walked everywhere he wenteverywhere he went
Presented his creed in a simple Presented his creed in a simple languagelanguage
Treated all persons equallyTreated all persons equally Many people attracted to him as Many people attracted to him as
a resulta result► Millions of converts across Millions of converts across
AsiaAsia
BUDDHIST TRADITIONSBUDDHIST TRADITIONS► Buddhism ultimately split into two Buddhism ultimately split into two
“traditions”“traditions” HINAYANA (Little Vehicle)HINAYANA (Little Vehicle)
►Buddha was just a great manBuddha was just a great man MAHAYANA (Big Vehicle)MAHAYANA (Big Vehicle)
►Largest of the twoLargest of the two►Buddha was human Buddha was human
incarnation of Brahma; incarnation of Brahma; Buddha was a godBuddha was a god Led to worship of Buddha, Led to worship of Buddha,
creation of idols, elaborate creation of idols, elaborate rituals, and templesrituals, and temples
MONGOL EMPIREMONGOL EMPIRE
MONGOL CONQUESTSMONGOL CONQUESTS► First attacked China and drove the Songs into the southFirst attacked China and drove the Songs into the south► Then headed west and conquered everything up to PersiaThen headed west and conquered everything up to Persia
Sent raiding parties into Russia and Middle East in Sent raiding parties into Russia and Middle East in preparation for further conquestspreparation for further conquests
Died suddenly in 1227Died suddenly in 1227 Mongols returned to Gobi desert to select new leaderMongols returned to Gobi desert to select new leader
► Continued conquestsContinued conquests Overran southern Russia, took over Baghdad, and even Overran southern Russia, took over Baghdad, and even
invaded Hungary and Polandinvaded Hungary and Poland Finally returned to southern China and took over entire Finally returned to southern China and took over entire
countrycountry► Organized conquests into an empireOrganized conquests into an empire
Divided into units known as “khanates”Divided into units known as “khanates”
Legend██ Expansion under the Prophet Mohammad, 622-632
██ Expansion during the Rightly Guided Caliphate, 632-661██ Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750
GENGHIZ KHANGENGHIZ KHAN
► Means “Lord of All Men”Means “Lord of All Men”► Born TemujinBorn Temujin► Cast out of tribe after Cast out of tribe after
father’s murderfather’s murder► Killed his father’s murderers Killed his father’s murderers
and took control of tribeand took control of tribe► Forged Mongols into a united Forged Mongols into a united
nation and led them in the nation and led them in the military conquest of most of military conquest of most of AsiaAsia
Hulagu, grandson of Genghis Khan, rests during a hunt.
Harsha's empire at its greatest extentHarsha's empire at its greatest extent
SultanSultan
ShivaShiva
VishnuVishnu
A 13th century Cambodian statue of Vishnu
God of Preservation / Supreme God
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