EMMER INTERNATIONAAL
A/R CDM projects :modalities, implementation and progress
Igino M. Emmer
EUSTAFOR workshop Forestry & EU ETS
Brussels, 26 June 2008
EMMER INTERNATIONAAL
Contents
• CDM A/R – Modalities & Procedures • CDM A/R methodologies and tools• CDM A/R - State of affairs, example and future
EMMER INTERNATIONAAL
CDM concept
• 1 of 3 flexible mechanisms• Reduce GHGs combined with sustainable
development– Additionality– Environmental integrity– Social responsibility
• Governed by CDM Executive Board– Political– Technical
• CDM A/R only forestry category admitted
EMMER INTERNATIONAAL
A/R CDM Modalities & Procedures
Issues addressed:• Definition of Afforestation and Reforestation• Project boundaries• Permanence (temporary credits)• Quantification• Validation and verification• Environmental and social sustainability
Baseline and Monitoring Methodology
EMMER INTERNATIONAAL
Beyond Modalities & Procedures
• Ownership• Legal and institutional feasibility
– Carbon contracts
• Economic viability– Carbon finance merely additional income
• Additional certification schemes– CCBA, FSC
• Environmental and social sustainability – plus
This is where the market creates standards
EMMER INTERNATIONAAL
Role of EB and ARWG
• New Methodologies• Procedures• Clarifications
EMMER INTERNATIONAAL
A/R CDM methodologies
Ex ante• Boundaries• Land eligibility• Permanence• Baseline scenario• Project emissions• LeakageEx post• Monitoring
CC = PR – PE – L - BR
EMMER INTERNATIONAAL
A/R CDM methodologies
• 100+ pages• Requires significant expertise
• Simplifying features for small-scale projects
• PDD– Document based on which the project is registered– Explains how project applies the methodology
EMMER INTERNATIONAAL
Subjects/“Modules” in Methodologies
• Miscellaneous– Relevance of carbon pools and emissions/removals– Stratification– Identification of "degraded or degrading" land– Project boundaries
• Project emissions/removals– Emissions due to clearing and burning of existing vegetation– Emissions from fossil fuel use in projects
– Emission of N2O due to N fertilisation
– Changes in DOM due to the project
EMMER INTERNATIONAAL
Subjects/“Modules” in Methodologies – cont.
• Baseline assessment– Assessing additionality– Identifying the baseline scenario– Removals by trees and shrubs in the baseline
• Leakage– Leakage due to the displacement of pre-project activities– Use of non-renewable wood (e.g. fencing)
• Monitoring
EMMER INTERNATIONAAL
ARWG tools (11) – hand-out
• Tool for the Demonstration and Assessment of Additionality in A/R CDM Project Activities ("Additionality tool")
• Combined tool to identify the baseline scenario and demonstrate additionality in A/R CDM project activities ("Combined tool")
• Procedures to demonstrate the eligibility of lands for afforestation and reforestation CDM project activities
• Tool for testing significance of GHG emissions in A/R CDM project activities ("Significance tool")
• Estimation of emissions from clearing, burning and decay of existing vegetation due to implementation of a CDM A/R project activity ("Oxidation tool")
EMMER INTERNATIONAAL
ARWG tools – cont.
• Estimation of GHG emissions related to fossil fuel combustion in A/R CDM project activities
• Estimation of GHG emissions related to displacement of grazing activities in A/R CDM project activity ("Leakage tool") – V2
• Procedure to determine when accounting of the soil organic carbon pool may be conservatively neglected in CDM A/R project activities
• Estimation of direct nitrous oxide emission from nitrogen fertilization
• Calculation of the number of sample plots for measurements within A/R CDM project activities
• Calculation of GHG emissions due to leakage from increased use of non-renewable woody biomass attributable to an A/R CDM project activity
EMMER INTERNATIONAAL
CDM A/R – State of affairs
EMMER INTERNATIONAAL
CDM A/R – State of affairs
EMMER INTERNATIONAAL
CDM A/R – State of affairs
• 10 Approved methodologies + 1 Consolidated meth
• 0 Methodologies under review• 3 Approved ssc methodologies (covering all 4
sectors requested by COP)• 1 Project registered: AR-AM0001 (China)• 0 Requesting registration• 14 Under validation – normal scale• 10 Under validation – small scale (but there are
more in the pipeline)
EMMER INTERNATIONAAL
Example: Carbon sequestration through reforestation in the Bolivian tropics by smallholders
1500 farmers
6000 hectares
Indigenous species
Local NGO
EMMER INTERNATIONAAL
(Example) Land eligibility
EMMER INTERNATIONAAL
(Example) Land eligibility
EMMER INTERNATIONAAL
Economic sustainability
EMMER INTERNATIONAAL
(Example) Non-permanence
• Crediting period: 21 years – fixed• Temporary credit: tCER• Economic sustainability:
– Long-term: timber contracts– Intermediate term: carbon finance
• Social sustainability: Project structure with farmer’s federations
EMMER INTERNATIONAAL
(Example) Contracting
• 1500 farmer families• Local NGO: CETEFOR• ERPA: Annex 1 Gvt• Timber: Netherlands green investment scheme
• Joint venture established in Bolivia
EMMER INTERNATIONAAL
(Example) Bottlenecks
• Private-public interface– DNA – Letter of Approval– Rigid legal arrangement in ERPA with Gvt
• Field planning versus PDD requirements– PDD requires fixation of project boundary– Gradual commitment of farmers
• Interpretation of modalities– Size of small-scale projects– Whether or not to monitor leakage
EMMER INTERNATIONAAL
(Example) Importance of pre-feasibility assessment
• Risk of non-permanence• Economic feasibility• Social, institutional & legal feasibility• Kyoto compliance
EMMER INTERNATIONAAL
(Example) (Dis)Advantage
Advantages• Delivers sustainable environmental, economic
and social benefits as intended by the CDM
Disadvantage• Complex legal structure compared with large-
scale
EMMER INTERNATIONAAL
Future
• Small unless:– Remove temporary credits– Reduce complexity
• Remove temporary credits– E.g. VCS buffer approach– Insurance policy
• Reduce complexity– Methodologies and tools– Consolidation– Environmental integrity guaranteed
Top Related