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APPLICATIONS OFPHOTOVOLTAICS
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Contents
Review basics ofPhotovoltaic (PV) systems
Solar-load correlation
Photovoltaic project considerations
Applications of photovoltaics
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Components of PV Systems
Modules
Storage: batteries, tank
Power conditioner Inverter
Charge controller
Rectifier
DC-DC converter
Pump
Source: Photovoltaics in Cold Climates, Ross & Royer, eds.
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TYPES OF PV SYSTEMS
On-Grid Systems
Off-Grid Systems
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On-Grid Systems
PV Integration
Distributed
Centralised
Grid-Type
Central
Isolated
Source: Photovoltaics in Cold Climates, Ross & Royer, eds.
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Off-Grid Systems
Configuration
Stand-alone
Hybrid
Often very cost-effective
Small loads best (< 10 kWp)
Lower capital costs than
grid extension
Lower O&M costs than gensets and
primary batteries
Source: Photovoltaics in Cold Climates,
Ross & Royer, eds.
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Solar-Load Correlation
Seasonal correlation
Irrigation
Cottage systems
Diurnal correlationPositive, zero & negative
Source: Photovoltaic in ColdClimates, Ross & Royer,eds.
Photo Credit: Sandia Nat. Lab.(NREL PIX)
Photo Credit: BP Solarex (NREL PIX)
NegativePositive
Zero
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Photovoltaic Project Considerations
Distance to grid
Cost of site visits
O&M costs
Reliability vs. cost
Managing expectations
Social aspects
Value of intangibles Image
Environmental benefits
Reduced noise and visualpollution
Modularity & simplicity
Photo Credit: Vadim Belotserkovsky
NorthwesTel Mountaintop Repeater Station, Northern British Columbia, Canada
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What do PV systems provide?
Electricity (AC/DC)
Pumped Water
but also
Reliability
Simplicity
Silence
Solar Home Lighting System,West Bengal, India
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Solar Light and Home PV Systems
Small loads
Maintained locally Simple
Reliable Photo Credit: Simon Tsuo (NREL PIX)
Photo Credit: Vadim Belotserkovsky
Photo Credit: Frank Van Der Vleuten(Renewable Energy World)
Photo Credit: Energy Research Center
of the Netherlands
Photo Credit:
Energy
ResearchCenter of the
Netherlands
Batik for Educational Purposes Solar Home System
Solar Home SystemMedical Clinic Staff Housing
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Remote Cottages and Homes
Modular
Simple
Reduced noise
No power lines
Cottage:
seasonal load correlation
Photo Credit: Fortum NAPS (Photovoltaics in Cold Climates) Photo Credit: Vadim Belotserkovsky
Photo Credit: Vadim Belotserkovsky
Cottage Home
Hybrid System
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Hybrid Village Power Systems
Cost of diesel fuel and gen set maintenance high
Human Aspects Expectations
Managing demand
Social impacts
Photo Credit: Roger Taylor (NREL PIX)Photo Credit: BP Solarex (NREL PIX)
Village
Rural College
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On-Grid Buildings with PV
Not usuallycost-effective
without subsidies
Justified by:- Environmental benefits
Market stimulus
Long-term commitments bymanufacturers, governments and
utilities have reduced costs
Photo Credit: Atlantis Solar Systeme AG
PV Integrated in Office Glazing
Photo Credit : Solar Design Associates
(IEA PVPS)
Solar Roofing System
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Water Pumping Systems
Special class of off-grid system
Often cost-effective
Livestock watering
Village water supply
Domestic water supply
Source: Photovoltaics in Cold Climates,
Ross & Royer, eds.
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Water Pumping PV Systems
Cost-effective when off-grid
Load correlation Storage in water tank
Seasonal load correlation
Convenient
Reliable
Simple
Photo Credit: Harin Ullal, Central Electronics Ltd. (NREL PIX)Photo Credit: Jerry Anderson,Northwest Rural Public Power District (NREL PIX)
Domestic Water
Cattle Watering System
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Industrial System: Telecom & Monitoring
Very remote sites
Cost of O&M
Simple
No power lines
Decentralised
Photo Credit: Soltek Solar Energy
Photo Credit: Northern Power Systems (NREL PIX)
Seismic Monitoring System
Gas Well-head Monitoring System
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Conclusions
PV for on-grid & off-grid electricity, water pumping
The solar resource is good around the world PV systems installed in all climates
Capital costs high
Cost-effective off-grid
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