Peter S. Piispanen
Stockholm University
Appendix ABC - Finnish, PFU, Estonian, North Saami and Moksha cognates
No English Finnish PU/PFU/PFP/PFV
(UEW ref. unless
otherwise noted)
Estonian
(205
words)
Estonian
Proposed
sound
change
Northern
Saami
(205
words)
Northern
Saami
Proposed
sound
change*
Mokša
(205 words)
Mokšan
Proposed
Sound
Change
1 I minä PU *mV ’I’ (294)
*mun
ma
mina
2 mun1 unchanged mon 4
2 thou
(sing.)
sinä PU *tV ’thou’ (539)
*tun
sa
sina
2 don2 22, 28 ton 4
3 he hän
(he/she)
se (it)
PFU *sV ‘he, she, it’
(453-454)
PU *će-~*ći- ‘this,
that, the’ (33-34)
ta
tema3
10 son 34 śä
son
35, 36
4 we me PU *mV ’we’ (294-
295)
me none mii
moai
(dual)4
20? miń 36
5 you
(plural)
te PU *tV ’you’ (539) te
teie
none dii
doai (dual)5
20?, 28 t’iń 35, 36
1 From Proto-Saamic *mon ‘I’, cf. Mordvinic mon ‘I’. The Finnish first person pronoun originates from a similar, but not identical, word (see the entry of ‘we’). 2 From Proto-Saamic *ton ‘you’, cf. Mordvinic ton ‘you’. The Finnish first person pronoun originates from a similar, but not identical word (see the entry of ‘you’ (pl.)). 3 Cf. Fin. tämä ‘this one’, i.e. a demonstrative pronoun. 4 From Proto-Saamic *monōj,’we, dualis’, cf. Fin. minä ‘I’.
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6 they he (of
people)
ne
(454)
PU *ne ’this, that, it’
(300-301)
nad 1 sii6
soai (dual)7
20?, 33 siń 35
7 this tämä PU *tä-~*te~*ti ’this’
(513-515)
see8 10 dát 16, 28 ťä 12?, 35
8 that tuo PU *to ’that’ (526-528) too 6 duot, diet,
dot
19, 28 tona
śa
36
9 here tässä PU *tä~*te~*ti ’this’
(513-515)
siin9
kohal10
10 dás
dáppe11
16, 28 ťasa 35, 36, 37
10 there siellä PFU *sV ‘he, she, it’
(453-454)
seal 2, 8 dohko
diehko,
doppe
28?, 35 tovǝla12 38
11 who ken
kuka
PU *ke-~*ki ’who’
(140-141)
PU *ku-~*ko- ’who,
which, what’ (191-192)
kes none gii 20?, 28 kijä 36
12 what mikä PU *mE ’what, thing’
(296)
mida 1, 2 mii none meze 1, 36
5 From Proto-Saamic *tonōj ‘you, dualis’, cf. Fin. sinä ‘I’. 6 From Proto-Saamic *sij ‘they’, and earlier from PFU *sV ‘he, she, it’, cf. Fin. he ‘they’. 7 From Proto-Saamic *sonōj ‘they, dualis’. 8 Cf. Fin. se ‘it’. 9 Cf. Fin. siinä ‘there’. 10 Cf. Fin. kohalla ‘at the place’. 11 From PU *tā-mbē-nē ‘this + comp. suffix + essive suffix’. Cf. Fin. tännempänä ‘closer to here’. 12 Cf. Fin. tuolla ‘over there’. Compare with EM tombale ‘over there’.
Dating Finno-Mordvinic by statistics & sound laws: Appendix
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13 where missä PU *mE ’what, thing’
(296)
kus 10 gosa13 35 kosa 38
14 when milloin
kun
PU *ku-~*ko- ’who,
which, what’ (191-192)
millal
kunas
6 goas14 35 mǝźarda 38
15 how miten,
kuinka
PU *ku-~*ko- ’who,
which, what’ (191-192)
kuidas 1, 3 mot
got
22?, 34 koda 4, 30
16 not ei PU *e- ’not’ (68-69) ei none ii 20? e-, a, af
apak
none
17 all kaikki PU *weńćV~*wećV
’whole, all’ (568-567)
kõik 8 buot15
veśe, väśij
17?, 28, 35 śembä 38
18 many monet
monta
PFU *mone ’much, a
certain quantity’ (279-
280)
palju16 10 moadde
máŋga17
ol(l)u
18, 28, 30 lama18 38
19 some jotkut PFV *jo ’any, each,
the’ (637)
mõni19 10 muhtun20
baljo21
35 af lamnja22 38
20 few muutama ?PFU *mu ’other, this, mõni 10 veaháš25 16, 35 kǝrža 31, 38
13 Cf. ?Fin. ‘in where, inessive’. 14 Cf. Fin. koska ‘when, as, interrogative’. 15 From Proto-Saamic *puohkḙn. 16 Cf. Fin. paljon ‘a lot’, PU *paljV ‘thick, many’ (UEW 350-351). 17 From Proto-Scandinavian *manga- ‘many’, cf. Norwegian mange ‘many’. 18 Cf. Fin. laama ‘large amount’, cf. ?Fin. lauma ‘horde’. 19 Cf. Fin. moni/monta ‘many’. 20 Cf. Fin. muutama ‘a few’. 21 Cf. Fin. paljon ‘a lot’, PU *paljV ‘thick, many’ (UEW 350-351). 22 Lit. ‘not many’, which is a way of saying a few.
Peter S. Piispanen
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that’ (281-282) vähene23
üksik24
21 other muu
toinen
PFU *mu ’other, this,
that’ (281-282)
muu
teine
none eará26 16, 20, 35 nona
lija27
38
22 one yksi PFU *ykte~*ikte ’one’
(81)
üks 8 okta 20, 22 fkä, ifkä 12, 13, 36
23 two kaksi PU *käktä~*kakta
’two’ (118-119)
kaks 8 guokte 17, 28 kafta 36
24 three kolme PFU *kolme~*kulme
’three’ (174-175)
kolm 8 golbma 20, 28, 32 kolma 12?
25 four neljä PFU *ńeljä~*neljä
’four’ (315-316)
neli 8, 9 njeallje 16, 20, 27,
32
ńil'ä 5, 35, 36
26 five viisi PU *witte ’five’ (577) viis 8 vihtta 20, 32 vetä́ 1, 12, 19,
35
27 big suuri
iso
PFV *śure ’porridge’
(779)
PU *ićä ’father, big’
suur 8 stuoris28 19, 35 oću29 38
25 From Proto-Saamic *väšä- ‘a little’, cf. Fin. vähän ‘a little’. 23 Cf. Fin. vähän ‘a little’. 24 Cf. Fin. yksi ‘one’, yksikkö ‘unit’. 26 Cf. Fin. erä- ‘separate’, eräs ‘a certain’. 27 Lija may be a Baltic borrowing. 28 From Proto-Germanic *stōra- ‘big, large’, i.e. a loanword. Alternatively, Fin. suuri ‘big’ may be a separate invention from PFV *śure ‘porridge’ (UEW 779), and thus would be a different cognate. 29 ińä ‘big’ is also used, which originates from Proto-Uralic *enä ‘big, much, many’ (UEW 74-75), a cognate of which is found in Finnish enää ‘mehr, weiter, ferner’.
Dating Finno-Mordvinic by statistics & sound laws: Appendix
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(78)
28 long pitkä
pidi-
PU *piδe(-kä) ’high,
long’ (377-378),
*kåśi
pikk 3, 8 guhkki30 35 kuvaka
śeŕi
29, 36
29 wide leveä ?PFV *lewedä ’wide’ lai 10 lávda31
ládje
17?, 20?,
32?
kel’i32 1, 35, 36
30 thick paksu PFP *sakV~*sakka
’thick, dense’ (750)
PFP *ičV~*üčV ’thick,
big’ (627)
paks 8 assái
suohkat33
35 tusta
eckä
38
31 heavy painava
raskas
PU *pajna-~*pajńa- ’to
press’ (348)
raske 7 lossat34 35 staka 36
32 small pieni35 PFV *wäšä ’small,
few’ (818-819)
väike
pisi-36
10 uhca, unni
smávis37
35 jom(b)la 38
33 short lyhyt PFU *ona ’short’ (339) lühike38 9 oatni,
oanehaš39
18?, 35 ńuŕχkäńä 38
30 N. Saami guhkki ‘long’ (
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34 narrow ankea
kapea
PFU *aŋke ’(to be)
narrow, oppressed,
distress’ (12)
?PU *tijä ‘narrow’
(523)
piirama
kitsas
10 gárži 12, 17, 20?,
28
ťäjńä 1, 35, 36
35 thin ohut PFU *čupa ‘thin, lean’
(63)
õhuke
peenike
9 asehaš 8, 35 osal
šuvańä
36, 37
36 woman nainen PFU *naje ’woman, to
marry’ (297)
*näxi
*ńiŋä
*käd’wä
naine 7 nisu40 19, 33, 34 ava 38
37 man
(male)
mies PU *koje ’man, human
being’ (166-167)
PFU *urV ’man,
human being’ (545-
546)
mees41 6 dievdu 35 al’ä42 38
38 human
being
ihminen PFV *inše ’human
being’ (627-628)
inemine 9 almmái,
olmmoš43
34 lomań44 38
39 From Proto-Saamic *oa`nē- ‘small’. Finnish cognancy is found in one ‘schwach; untauglich, unfähig; unheimlich’. 40 From Proto-Saamic *nisōn-, *ni`sunḙ- ’woman’. Fin. nainen ‘woman’, however, originates from PFU *naje ‘woman, wife, to marry’ (UEW 297-298), a different cognate. 41 Cf. Kar. mies ‘man’. 42 Cf. Fin. äijä ‘guy, old man’? 43 From Proto-Saamic *ḙlmḙńʒ´e ‘human being’, cf. *ḙlmē ‘air, world’, cf. Fin. ilma ‘air’, ilminen ‘man, archaic’. 44 Cf. N. Saami almmái ‘human being’. Lymanj likely originates from an Old or Middle Iranian borrowing and is currently found in Ossetian lymæn ‘human being’. The cognate of Fin. ihminen ‘human’ is found in MM inži ‘guest’.
Dating Finno-Mordvinic by statistics & sound laws: Appendix
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PFU *ilma ‘sky,
weather, God’ (81-82)
39 child lapsi - laps45 8 mánná46 35 id’
šaba
38
40 wife vaimo PFV *wajmV ’heart’
(809-810)
abikaasa 10 áhkká47
eamit48
17, 32 ǝŕvä 31, 38
41 husband aviomies
mies
- abielumees
mees
1, 6 isit49 35 mird́ä50 10, 18, 38
42 mother äiti51
emä52
(archaic)
PU *emä ’mother’ (74) ema 2 eadni53 35 t’äd́ä54 18, 35
43 father isä PU *ićä ’father, big’
(78)
isa 2, 9 áhčči 7, 16, 25,
27, 32
al’ä55 38
44 animal eläin PU *elä- ’to live’ (73) loom 10 ealli56 20, 27, 34 rakša 38
45 Cf. Kar. lapsi ‘child’. 46 From Proto-Saamic *mā`nā, a borrowing. Cf. Swe. man ‘man’. 47 Cf.Fin. akka ‘old woman, dial. wife’. 48 From PU *emä ‘mother, wife’ (UEW 74), cf. Fin. emäntä ‘hostess’. 49 From PU *ićä ’father’ (UEW 78), cf. Fin. isäntä ‘master’, isä ‘father’. 50 Mirde is likely a proto-Indo-Iranian loanword (*m~rtá- ‘human’). 51 Fin. äiti ‘mother’ is a Germanic borrowing. Cf. Gothic aithei ‘mother’. 52 The use of emä is semantically shifted to describe animals only in modern Finnish and considered archaic for humans. Hence it does not constitute a valid cognate pair with Est. ema ‘mother’. 53 From Proto-Saamic *ea`nnē, augmentation of *ea`nē- ‘big’. 54 Cf. Fin. täti ‘aunt’, Est. tädi ’Tante bes. Mutterschwester; Kusine’. Possible proto-item is PFV *tätä ‘a kind of female relative’ (UEW 794). 55 The cognate of Fin. isä ‘father’ is found in EM oćä ‘brother of father’. 56 From Proto-Saamic *ea`lējē- ‘animal?’.
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45 fish kala PU *kala ’fish’ (119) kala none guolli 17, 27, 28 kal 32
46 bird lintu PFU *linta ’bird’ (249) lind 1, 8 loddi 5, 29?, 30 narmǝń 38
47 dog koira PU *kojera ’male’
(168-169)
koerasitt 9 beana57
goairre
20, 28 pińä58 36
48 louse täi PFU *täje ’louse’ (515)
PFU *täji ’louse’
(Aikio, A. 2012:235)
täi none dihkki 16, 20, 27,
28, 32
śi 38
49 snake käärme PU *kije~*küje ’snake’
(154-155)
madu59 10 gearpmaš60 16?, 28, 32 kuj61
ińǝkuj
32, 36
50 worm mato - uss 10 máhtu62 17, 32 suks63 32, 39
51 tree puu PU *puwe ’tree, wood’
(410-411)
PU *puxi (Janhunen, J.
1981)
puu none muorra64 18, 20, 27,
35
šufta65 38
52 forest metsä PFU *mećä ’edge, side
of something’ (269-
mets 8 vuovdi66 35 viŕ 29, 32, 35,
36
57 From PFU *pene ‘dog’ (UEW 371) and later Proto-Saamic *peaŋ̀ē, cf. Fin. peni ‘dog puppy’, pentu ‘small child’. North Saami goairre ‘dog’ is an obvious Finnish borrowing. 58 Cf. Fin. peni ‘dog puppy’, and thus a different cognate. 59 Cf. Fin. mato ‘worm’. 60 Possibly from PFV *karmV~*karpV~*karwV ‘fly’ (UEW 647-648). Cf. Fin. kärpänen ‘fly’. 61 Cf. Fin. kyy ‘a species of snake’. 62 Cf. Est. madu ‘snake’, Kar. madojne ‘worm’; apparently a Germanic borrowing, cf. German made ‘maggot’. 63 Cf. PFV *sokse ‘worm’ (UEW 764), cf. N. Saami suok’sâ ‘larva of meat fly, maggot in fish or meat’, cf. Mari šukš ‘worm’. 64 Cf. PFU *morз ‘a kind of tree’ (UEW 281), ?Hung. mórágy ‘a species of tree’. 65 Cf. Fin. huhta ‘ager silvestris, a species of tree’. 66 From Proto-Saamic *vuo`vdē ‘forest, wood’. The cognate of Fin. metsä ‘forest’ is the N. Saami meahcci, which originates from Proto-Saamic *mea`hcē-, but now means backland or wilderness and thus is semantically shifted.
Dating Finno-Mordvinic by statistics & sound laws: Appendix
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270)
53 stick keppi - kepp67 8 čuukkohat 35 sard(ǝń)a 38
54 fruit hedelmä PFV *marja ’berry’
(264-265)
vili 10 šaddu 35 maŕ68
imǝž69
31, 35
55 seed siemi PFV *śeeme ’sip, (to)
drink, to swallow’
(773)
seeme 2, 7 siepman 20, 32 viďme70 38
56 leaf lehti PFV *lešte ’leaf’ (689) leht 8 lasta
bláđđ71
8, 20, 25 lopa 38
57 root juuri PFP *jure ’root(end)’
(639)
PU *wančV~*wačV
’root’ (548-549)
juur 8 ruohtas72 35 jur
uŋks
32
58 bark kaarna73 *kari ’bark, shell’
(Aikio. A. 2012)
koor74 6, 8, 10 garra75
bárku76
20, 25, 27,
28
sud77 36
67 Probably a Germanic borrowing, cf. Swe. käpp ‘stick’. 68 Cf. Finnish marja ‘berry’ 69 Imozh is likely a 13th century Tatar borrowing. 70 Fin. siemen ‘seed’ has a cognate in MM śimo- ‘to drink’. 71 Cf. Swe. blad ‘leaf’. 72 The word appears to be a Scandinavian borrowing, cf. Nor. and Swe. rot ‘root’. 73 Rédei considers Fin. kaarna ‘bark’ a possible Baltic borrowing (UEW 139). 74 PU *kari ‘bark, shell’ (Aikio. A. 2012), cf. Fin. kuori ‘shell, layer’. 75 Cognancy is found in Fin. keri ‘outer layer (of Birch bark); snow crust’. 76 Cf. Swe. bark ‘bark’. 77 Cf. Udm. sul ‘bark’ and KZ so̯l-ko̯r ‘tree bark’.
Peter S. Piispanen
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PU *kopa ’skin, bark’
(180-181)
ostu
59 flower kukka78 - lill 10 rássi 35 pańčf 38
60 grass ruoho PFP *tarna ‘grass, hay’
(792)
PU *ńačV ’a kind of
grass’ (311)
PUg *pimV ‘grass’
(839-840)
rohi 6 rasse79 34 t’išä 38
61 rope köysi PFU *kälV~*kewδe
’string, cord’ (135)
PU *piksV ’rope,
string’ (380)
köis 8 kievđâ80 16, 25, 32 piks 32
62 skin iho
nahka
PFP *(j)iša ’skin’ (636-
637)
PFU *ńačkV ’wet,
moist, raw’ (311)
PFU *keδ’e ’skin, fur,
leather, shell’ (142-
nahk 8 náhkki81
liiki
assi
17, 20, 27,
32
ked’82
kiśkä
jož(a)
30, 32, 35
78 Cf. Kar. kukkajne ‘flower’. 79 The Fin., Est. and N. Saami items likely originate from *gruozo ‘grass’, a Germanic borrowing, cf. Swe. gräs ‘grass’. 80 While, for example, K. Saami kiudta ‘string, rope’ is a cognate of PFU *kälV~*kewδe (UEW135) ‘string, cord’ the case is not as clear with the Finnish and Estonian items, cognates to each other, which must here be considered unrelated to N. Saami kievđâ ‘rope’. 81 Cf. Kar. nahku ‘skin’, Fin. nahkea ‘leathery’. 82 cf. Fin. kesi ‘Häutchen, Membrane’.
Dating Finno-Mordvinic by statistics & sound laws: Appendix
29
143)
63 meat liha PFP *siwV-ĺV ’meat’
(763)
liha83 none biergu
oažži84
35 sivǝĺ85
pal
29, 32
64 blood veri
vere-
PFU *wire ’blood’
(576)
PFU *weri
(Sammallahti, P. 1988)
*kem (PS)
veri none varra 20, 25, 27 ver 29, 32
65 bone luu PU *luwe ’bone’ (254-
255)
PU *luxi ’bone’
(Janhunen, J. 1981)
luu none dákti86 35 pakaŕ87 38
66 fat
(noun)
rasva PU *śilä ’fat’ (478-
479)
PFU *kuje ’fat’ (195-
rasv88 8, 9 buoidi89
vuodja90
35 kujä91
vaj92
12
83 Cf. Kar. liha ‘meat’; supposedly an old Nordic borrowing. 84 Cf. Fin. osua ‘to hit’. However, the word may instead be an Indo-European borrowing. 85 Cf. Mari šel ‘meat’, cf. Udm. siĺ̮ ‘meat’, cf. KZ nir̮ siĺan ‘meat’. 86 Cognancy is found in Fin. tähde ‘(über)rest’. 87 The cognate of Fin. luu ‘bone’ is found in MM lovaža ‘body, corpse’. 88 Cf. Kar. rasv ‘fat’. 89 Buoidi ‘fat’ appears to be a Germanic loanword. It appears to be cognate with Fin. paita ‘Bauchfell; Magenwand’. 90 Cognancy is found in Fin. voi ‘butter’, voidella ‘to grease’. 91 Cf. Fin. kuu ‘tallow’, cf. Hung. háj ‘butter, fat’. 92 Cf. PFU *woje ‘fat matter’ (UEW 578-599), ?PFU *waji ‘fat’ (Aikio. A. 2012:236), cf. Fin. voi ‘butter’.
Peter S. Piispanen
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196)
67 egg muna PU *muna ’egg,
testicle’ (285-286)
muna none monni 22, 27, 29 al93 38
68 horn sarvi PFU *śorwa ’horn’
(486-487)
sarv 8, 9 čoarvi 7, 18 śura94 36, 37, 39
69 tail häntä95 PFU *čänčä ’back’ (56)
PFU *poĺa ’tail’ (393-
394)
*ponci
saba 10 seaibi96 16, 20, 28 pula 38, 39
70 feather sulka PFU *tulka ’feather’
(Aikio, A. 2012:245)
sulg 1, 8 dolgi 22, 28, 29 tolga 4, 34
71 hair karva
hius,
tukka
PFU *puna ’hair’ (402)
PU *apte ’hair’ (14-15)
PFU *ïpti ’hair’
(Sammallahti, P. 1988)
karv97
juuksed
8 vuokta98
vuovttat
17, 20, 30,
32
pona99
śäjäŕ100
4
72 head pää PFU *päŋe ’head’
(365-366)
pea 2 oaivi 18, 29 pe
pŕä101
3, 31
93 The cognate of Fin. muna ‘egg, testicle’ is found in MM and EM mona ‘testicle’. 94 PFU *śorwa ‘horn’ is an ancient Indo-Iranian loanword into PFU. Cf. Proto-Indo-Iranian *śarva- ‘horn’. 95 Cf. Kar. hjandü ‘tail’. 96 Cf. PU *sejpä ‘tail (not of birds)’ (UEW 438-439). 97 cf. Kar. karvu ‘hair’. 98 Cf. PU *apte ‘hair’ (UEW 14-15), cf. Fin. hapsi ‘fine hair’, and hence a different cognate than Fin. hius ‘hair(strand)’, Fin. tukka ‘human head hair’ and Fin. karva ‘thicker hair, fur’. 99 Cf. Fin. punainen ’red’. 100 Cf. Hung. szőr ’hair’. 101 Cf. PFU *perä ‘behind, place behind’ (UEW 373). MM pe means both ‘head’ and ‘end point’ and hence is a cognate of Fin. pää ‘head’.
Dating Finno-Mordvinic by statistics & sound laws: Appendix
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PFU *päŋi ’head’
(Aikio. A. 2012:235)
PU *ojwa ’head’ (336-
337)
73 ear korva PFU *peljä ’ear’ (370-
371)
PFU *korV ’leaf’ (187-
188)
kõrv 8 beallji102 16, 20, 27?,
28
pil’ä 5
74 eye silmä PU *śilmä ’eye’ (479) silm 8, 9 čalbmi103 7, 16, 25,
32
śel'mä 1, 35, 37
75 nose nenä ?PFV *nere ’nose’ nina 2 njunni 16, 27, 32,
34
šalχkal104 38
76 mouth suu PU *śuwe ’mouth’
(492-493)
PU *śuxi ’mouth’
(Janhunen, J. 1981)
PFU *šule ’mouth, lip’
(903)
suu 9 njálbmi105 35 kurga106 16, 34
77 tooth hammas PFU *piŋe ’tooth’ hammas107 none bátni108 25, 28, 32 pej109 1, 24
102 FromProto-saamic *pea`ljē, cf. Fin. pielus ‘cushion’. 103 Possible Finnic loanword. 104 The cognate of Fin. nenä ‘nose’ is found in MM ńäŕ ‘snout’. 105 The cognate of Fin. suu ‘mouth’ is found in N. Saami čoddâ-d’dâg- ‘throat’. 106 Cf. PFV *kurk(k)V ‘throat’ (UEW 676), Cf. Fin. kurkku ‘throat’, cf. Est. kurk ‘throat’. 107 Fin. and Est. hammas ‘tooth’ are borrowed from Baltic *žambas ‘tooth’, cf. Lith. žambas ‘edge, corner’, Latv. zobs ‘tooth’, also: Rus. Зуб ‘tooth’.
Peter S. Piispanen
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(382)
78 tongue kieli PU *käxli ’tongue,
language’ (Janhunen, J.
1981)
PFU *keeli ’tongue,
language’
(Sammallahti, P. 1988)
PU *käli ’tongue,
language’ (Aikio, A.
2012:234)
keel 6, 8 giella,
njuovčča
20, 21, 27,
28
käl’ 7, 32, 35,
37
79 fingernai
l
kynsi PU *künče~*kinče
’nail, claw’ (157)
küüs 3, 8 gazza 10, 24, 25,
28, 30
keńžä 2, 12, 35,
34
80 foot jalka PFU *jalka ’foot, leg’
(88-89)
PFU *jïlkå ’foot, leg’
(Sammallahti, P. 1988)
PU *pälkä ’thumb’
(363)
jalg 1, 8 juolgi110 17, 28, 29 pil’gä111 5
81 leg jalka PFU *jalka ’foot, leg’
(88-89)
jalg 1,8 juolgi 17, 28, 29 pil’gä 5
108 From Proto-Saamic *pāŋ̀ē ‘head’. 109 PU *piŋe ‘tooth’ (UEW 382), Cf. Hung. fog ‘tooth’, cf. Fin. pii ‘tooth of a comb’, pii-kivi ‘flint stone’ 110 From Proto-Saamic *juo`lgē ‘foot’. 111 MM piĺge ‘foot’ may be related to Mansi pɔ̄ĺ̈kǝnt ‘kleine Klaue bei der Kuh, dem Elentier, dem Rentier’, in which case a possible proto-item would be PU ?*pälkä’ thumb’ (UEW 363), although Rédei connects MM pilge ‘foot’ to PFU *jalka ’foot, leg’ (UEW 88-89). The cognate of Fin. jalka ‘foot’, however, is found in MM jalga ‘by foot’, jakams ‘to walk’.
Dating Finno-Mordvinic by statistics & sound laws: Appendix
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PFU *jïlkå ’foot, leg’
(Sammallahti, P. 1988)
PU *pälkä ’thumb’
(363)
82 knee polvi PU *polwe ’knee’
(393)
PU *po/u(x/wi)(-n)-
luwi ’knee, i.e. knee’s
bone’ (Aikio, A.
2012:230)
põlv 8 buolva
čibbi
18, 25, 28 pǝlmańža 35, 36, 39
83 hand käsi PFU *käte ’hand’ (140-
141)
PFU *käti ’hand’
(Sammallahti, P. 1988)
käsi none giehta,
gieđa
16, 20, 28,
32
käď 18, 32, 35,
37
84 wing siipi - tiib112 1, 8 soadji 35 paćä 38
85 belly maha
vatsa
PFU *waća ’stomach’
(547)
PFU *pikkä~*päkkä
’stomach, abdomen,
magu113
vats114
8 čoavji 35 pekä115 1, 16
112 Cf. Kar. sijbi ‘wing’. 113 Fin. maha and Est. magu appear to be a Germanic borrowing (?*maga), cf. Swe. mage ‘stomach’. 114 Cognates of Fin. vatsa (dial. vatta) and Est. vats are found in EM vačo, vača &, MM vača ‘hungry’ and EM vaće & MM vaćä ‘dirt, feces’. Also as a borrowing in N. Saami fatte ‘dried and inflated stomach of reindeer’. 115 MM pekä ‘belly’ has a cognate in Fin. päkkä ‘thick meat’.
Peter S. Piispanen
34
bulge’ (379-380)
86 gut suoli PFU *śola (483-484) söakus 10 čoalle 7?, 18, 27,
29?
śula
jorma
37, 39
87 neck kaula PFU *śepä ’neck’ (473-
474)
kael116 8 čeabet
niehkki
7, 16, 20,
28
śaldaz117
kǝrga118
38
88 back selkä PFV *śelkä ’back’
(772)
PU *muka ’back’
(Janhunen, J. 1981)
selg 1, 8 sealgi 7, 16, 20,
28
kopǝŕ 38
89 breast rinta PFU *mälke~*mälγe
’breast’ (267)
PFP *poŋi ’breast’
(Sammallahti, P. 1981)
rind119 1, 8 čičči120
beađđi
35 mälkä
mäšt’ä
12
90 heart sydän PU *śüδämV~*śiδämV
’heart’ (477)
süda 7, 9 váibmu121 35 śeďi
śezǝm
2, 30, 31,
35
91 liver maksa PU *maksa ’liver’
(264)
PU *mïkså
(Sammallahti, P. 1988)
maks 8 mueksie
vuoivvas
17, 34 maksa none
116 Cf. Kar. kaglu ‘neck’; apparently a Baltic borrowing (?*kakla), cf. Lith. kaklas ‘neck’. 117 The cognate of PFU *śepä ‘neck’ (UEW 473-474) is found in MM śivä ‘Hemdkragen, Hemdleist’. 118 Cf. Fin. kurkku ’throat’ 119 Cf. Kar. rindu ‘breast’. Possibly originates from a borrowing into Early Proto-Finnic or PFV. 120 Cf. ?Fin. tissi ‘female breast’ or ?Rus. Сиськи, титьки ‘tits’. 121 From Proto-Saamic *vā`jmō ‘heart’, cf. Fin. vaimo ‘wife’.
Dating Finno-Mordvinic by statistics & sound laws: Appendix
35
92 to drink juoda PFU *juγe-~*juke- ’to
drink’ (103)
PFU *juxi- ’to drink’
(Sammallahti, P. 1988)
jooma 4, 6 juhkat 31, 32 śimǝms122
kopǝrdams
33, 36
93 to eat syödä PFU *sewe-~*seγe- ’to
eat’ (440)
sööma 4, 6 borrat123 18, 25, 31 śivǝ(ńd’ǝ)ms
poŕǝms124
jarχcams
29, 33, 35,
36
94 to bite purra PU *soske- ’to bite, to
chew’ (448-449)
PU *pure- ’to bite’
(405-406)
PFP *kačka ‘to bite, to
gnaw, to chew’ (641)
närimä 4, 10 gáskit 31, 35 poŕǝms 1, 4, 33, 35
95 to suck imeä PU *ime- ’to suck’ (82-
83)
imema 4 njammat125 31, 35 šokšǝms
nozǝms
poććǝms126
33, 38
96 to spit sylkeä PFU *śül’ke-~* śil’ke-
’(to) spit’ (479-480)
sülgama
sülitama
4, 10 čolgadit 7, 28, 31,
34
śel'gǝms 2, 33, 34,
35, 37
97 to vomit oksentaa PFP *oksa-~*okse- ’to oksendama 1, 4 vuovssadit 18, 30, 31, uksǝndǝms 33, 34, 36,
122 Cf. Fin. siemi ‘seed’, ?sima ‘a brewed beverage’, from PFV *śēme- ‘to gulp, to drink, to swallow’ (UEW 773). 123 The cognate of Fin. syöda is likely N. Saami suoskat, from PU *soske- through 18, 25 and 31. N. Saami borrat ‘to eat’ originates from PFU *pure- ‘to bite’ (UEW 405-406). 124 Cf. Fin. purra ‘to bite, to chew’. 125 N. Saami njammat ‘to suck’ originates from Proto-Saamic *n'im-ǝjr- ‘to suck’, and while a difficult item to categorize it is here considered a different cognate than Fin. imeä ‘to suck’. 126 Likely an onomatopoetic word or a borrowing.
Peter S. Piispanen
36
vomit, to spit’ (716-
717)
32 39
98 to blow puhaltaa PU *pušV- ’to blow’
(409-410)
PU *puwa- ’to blow’
(Janhunen, J. 1981)
puhuma 4 bossut 8, 22, 27,
28, 31
ufams127 31, 33, 36
99 to
breathe
hengittää PFU *čeŋke ‘steam,
haze, warm‘ (57)
PU *wajŋe- ’(to)
breath, soul’ (552-553)
hingama 4 vuoigŋat 17, 31, 32 targams
vajmä128
l’äkǝvǝms-129
12, 24, 33,
36
100 to laugh nauraa LPF ?*nagra- ’to
laugh’
naerma130 4 boagustit131
čaibmat
31, 35 raχams
rakams
38
101 to see nähdä PFU *näke- (302) nägema 1, 4 geahččat132
oaidnit133
20, 27, 28,
31, 32, 34
ńäjǝms 33, 35, 36
102 to hear kuulla PU *kule- ’ear, to hear’
(197-198)
kuulma 4 gullat 23, 27, 28,
31
kul’(ǝńd’)ǝms
maŕśǝms
33, 35
103 to know tietää, PU *tumte- ’to feel, to teadma 1, 4 dovdat,134 28, 31, 32 sodams 33, 38
127 While Fin. puhaltaa ‘to blow’, as well as puhua ‘to speak’, originate from PU *pušV- ‘to blow’ (UEW 409-410), MM ufams ‘to blow’ instead originates from a similar item, PU *puwV-~*puγV- ‘to blow’ (UEW 411). 128 Cf. ?Fin. vainaja ‘deceased, departed’. 129 Cf. PFV *läkkä ‘to breathe’ (UEW 685), cf. Fin. läkähtää ‘des Atems berauben, ersticken machen’. 130 Cf. Kar. nagrua ‘to laugh’. 131 From Proto-Saamic *poagōstē- ‘to laugh’. 132 Cf. PFP *kaće ‘to see, look, notice’ (UEW 640), cf. Fin. katsoa ‘to view, to look at’. 133 Probably a Germanic borrowing. 134 From Proto-Saamic *to`mdḙ- ‘to feel, to know’ (< *PU *tumte-). The use of Fin. tuntea for ‘to know’ is considered archaic.
Dating Finno-Mordvinic by statistics & sound laws: Appendix
37
tuntea
(archaic)
touch’ (536-537) tundma diehtit135
104 to think ajatella PU *ojwa ’head’ (336-
337)
mõtlema 4, 10 jurddašit
smiehtastit
gáddit136
31, 35 aŕś(ǝkšń)ǝms137 33, 35, 36
105 to smell haistaa *ipV~*ipVsV~*ipVśV
’taste, odor’ (83-84)
haistma 4 haksit 25, 30, 31,
32
ńiksams 33, 38
106 to fear pelätä PU *pele- ’to fear’
(370)
kartma138 4, 10 ballat 20, 27, 28,
31
pel’ǝms 33, 35
107 to sleep nukkua PFU *oδa- ’to sleep, to
lie’ (334)
magama139 4, 10 oađđit140
nagir141
18, 27, 31 udǝms
utćams
30, 33, 39
108 to live elää PU *elä- (73) elama 2, 4 eallit142 20, 27, 31 eŕams 33, 35, 35,
36
109 to die kuolla PU *kVxlV ’to die’
(Janhunen, J.
surema143 4, 10 jápmit144 17, 31, 32 kulǝms 33, 39
135 From Proto-Saamic *tie`tē- ‘to know’, cf. Fin. tietää ‘to know’. 136 From Proto-Saamic *kā`ndē- ‘to think, to suppose’. 137 Cf. PFU *arwa~*arγa ‘price, value’ (UEW 16-17), cf. Fin. arvo ‘worth’, arvata ‘to guess’, arvella ‘to suppose’. Related to Fin. ajatella ‘to think’ (and Kar. ajatella ‘to think’, semantically ‘to use one’s head’), cf. PU *ojwa ‘head’ (UEW 336-337), is also Fin. aivo ‘brain’. 138 Cf. Fin. karttaa ’to shun, to avoid’. 139 Cf. Fin. maata ‘to lie down’, Kar. muata ‘to lie down’. 140 PFU *oδa- ‘to sleep, to lie’ (UEW 334), Cf. Hung. álszik ‘to sleep’. The cognate to the Fin. nukkua ‘to sleep’ is N. Saamic nohkkat ‘to go to sleep’, through sound changes 22, 27, 31 & 32, and is thus semantically shifted. Cf. Fin. nukahtaa ‘to fall asleep’. 141 From Proto-Saamic *nḙgēr ‘to sleep’. 142 From Proto-Saamic *ea`lê- ‘to live’. 143 Cf. Fin. surma ‘death’, and hence Est. surema ‘to die’ is based on a different cognate. 144 From Proto-Saamic *jā`mē- ‘to die’, cf. ?Fin. jämä ‘rest, remains of food’.
Peter S. Piispanen
38
1981:263-264)
PU *kola- ’to die’
(173)
PU *kali- ’to die’
(Aikio, A. 2012)
PU *śure- ’to die’
(489)
PU *jama- ’to be sick,
to die’ (89)
110 to kill tappaa PU *tappa- ’to stomp
with feet, to beat, to
knock’ (509-510)
PFU *weδV- ’to kill’
(566-567)
PU *widi- ‘to beat, to
kill’ (Aikio. A. 2013)
PFU *ćappa ‘to chop,
to beat with popping
sound’ (29)
tapma 4 goddit145 28, 30, 31 šavǝms146
kulǝf’tams147
kulǝf’ńǝms
33, 38
111 to fight taistella
torua
PU *torV- ’quarrel,
struggle, to argue, to
võitlema148 4, 10 doarrut
riidalit149
18, 27, 28,
31
ťuŕ(ǝŋ’kšń)ǝms150
33, 35, 39
145 From Proto-Saamic *ko`ndē- ‘to kill’. 146 The cognate of Fin. tappaa ‘to kill’ is found in MM and EM tapa- ‘to hit, to whip’. 147 Cf. Fin. kuolettaa ‘to kill (a plant, a card or a relationship etc.)’. 148 Est. võitlema ‘to fight’ (and või- ‘to be able to’) has cognates in Fin. voittaa ‘to win, to defeat, to profit’, voi- ‘to be able to’, voima ‘force, strength’.
Dating Finno-Mordvinic by statistics & sound laws: Appendix
39
(archaic) wrestle’ (531)
PFU *woje- ‘to be able
to’ (579)
112 to hunt metsästä
ä
PFU *mećä ’edge, side
of something’ (269-
270)
PU *piwtä- ‘to follow
the trail of wildlife’
(387)
jahtima151 4, 10 bivdit152 31, 34 kundams
kunćǝms
33, 38
113 to hit lyödä PFU *lewe- ’throw,
shoot’ (247)
PFU *ćappV- ’to beat
with popping sound, to
hew’ (29)
lööma 4, 6 časkit153
deaivat154
fađđut155
31, 35 ćapa-
eŕχt’ǝms
pikś(śǝkšń)ǝms
t’äjǝms
22, 33
114 to cut leikata PU *le(j)kka ’gap,
crack, to cut, to cleave’
(244)
lõikama 4 čuohppat156 17, 31, 32 ker(’)ǝms 33, 38
149 Cf. Fin. riidellä ‘to argue’, riita ‘dispute, quarrel’. An apparent Germanic borrowing, cf. Swe strida ‘to conflict, to fight’, strid ‘battle’. 150 N. saami doarrut ‘to fight’ and MM t’uŕems ‘to fight’ are cognates. However, the use of Fin. torua for ‘to fight’ is considered archaic (and currently means to knock out), and hence is not an accepted cognate for our purposes. 151 Cf. Fin. jahdata ‘to pursue’, jahti ‘hunt’. Apparently a Germanic borrowing, cf. Swe jakt ‘hunt’. 152 cf. Fin. pyytää ‘to request, to invite, to catch, to hunt’, pyynti ‘caught fish, game, bird’. The cognate of Fin. metsä ‘forest’ (and metsästää ‘to hunt’) is found in N. Saami mæc’ce ‘pasture land, open country, waste country, wilds, wilderness, desert’. 153 Cf. Fin. sitkain ‘a marked stick inserted into the ground to mark sowed land’? 154 From Proto-Saamic *tea`jvḙ- ‘to hit, to meet’. 155 Cf. PU *widi- ‘beat, kill’ as per Aikio, A. 2013. 156 From Proto-Saamic *cuo´jpḙ- ‘to cut’ (> PFU *ćappV-), cf. Hung. csap- ‘to strike’.
Peter S. Piispanen
40
PFU *ćappV- ’to beat
with popping sound, to
hew’ (29)
115 to split halkaista PFU *śale- ’to cut, to
cleave’ (459-460)
lõnenema 4, 10 čallit157 7, 16, 27,
31
lazǝms 33, 38
116 to stab pistää PFV *pis(e)-tä ’to put,
to set, to insert, to lay’
(733)
torkama 4, 10 čuoggut 31, 35 pupams 33, 38
117 to
scratch
raapia
repiä
PFU *reppV- ’to burst,
to split, to tear’ (427)
kraapima
158
kratsima159
4, 10 ruohkastat
160
35 seńd’ǝms
kǝrkśǝms
norgǝms
aŋgǝrdams
33, 38
118 to dig kaivaa PU *kojwa- ’to dig’
(170-171)
kaevama 2, 4 roggat 31, 35 karams
kavǝŕams
šuvǝms
33, 36
119 to swim uida PU *uje-~*oje- ’to
swim’ (542)
ujuma 4 vuodjat 18, 31, 32 ujǝms
äšǝl’ams
33
120 to fly lentää PFU *rVppV ’to beat
with wings, to fly’
lendama 1, 2, 4 girdit161 26, 28, 31,
32
l’ijǝms162 5?, 33, 36
157 Cf. Fin. sali- ‘to splice’. 158 Cf. Swe. skrapa ‘to scratch’. Possible independent Scandinavian/Germanic loanword, or of onomatopoetic origin, and therefore not a cognate. 159 Cf. Eng. scratch ‘to scratch’. Possible loanword or of onomatopoetic origin, and therefore not cognate. 160 The cognate of Fin. raapia or repiä in N. Saamic is râppât ‘to open’, through sound changes 17, 25, 27 & 31, and thus N. Saami čuohppat ‘to cut’ is a different cognate. 161 From Proto-Saamic *ki`rdē- ‘to fly’, cf. Fin. kiire- ‘to rush, to hurry’. 162 Cf. Kar. lendiä ‘to fly’, a Slavic borrowing – Cf. Rus. Летать (letat’) ‘to fly’?
Dating Finno-Mordvinic by statistics & sound laws: Appendix
41
(428)
121 to walk kävellä PFV *käwe- ’to go’
(654-655)
PFU *wanča- ’to pass,
to exceed’ (557)
PU *juta- ’to go, to
wander’ (106)
käima
jalutama
4, 5 vázzit163
johtalit
10?, 17, 30,
31
jakams
šäjams
33, 38
122 to come tulla PU *tule- ’to come’
(535)
PU *saγe ‘to obtain, to
arrive, to come’ (429-
430)
tulema 4 boahtit164 28, 31, 32 sams165 31, 33
123 to lie maata PU *maγe ‘land, earth’
(263-264)
PFU *kujV ‘to lie’
(197)
lebama166 1, 2, 4, 10 veallát 31, 35 madǝms
kožäŕams
18, 33
124 to sit istua PFV *isV- ’to sit
(down)’ (629)
istuma 4 čohkkát 31, 35 ozams
lańd’ams
33, 36
125 to stand seistä PFU *saŋće- ’to stand’
(431-432)
seisma 4 čuožžut
čuoččut
7, 18, 30,
31
śťams 24, 33, 35,
36, 37
163 From Proto-Saamic *vā`nzē- ‘to walk’ (< PFU *wanča-). 164 From Proto- Saamic *poa`tē- ‘to come’. 165 Cognates are found in Fin. saapua ‘to arrive’, saada ‘to get, to receive’, saakka ‘until’. 166 Cf. Fin. levätä ‘to rest’. Fin. maata ‘to lie (down)’ has a cognate in Kar. muata ‘to lie (down)’.
Peter S. Piispanen
42
126 to turn kääntyä PFP *känčä ’to turn, to
rotate’ (651)
PFU *kerä ‘round,
rolling, to turn, to
rotate’ (147-148)
PFU *peŋe(-rä) ‘ring,
circle, to rotate, to roll,
to turn’ (372-373)
keerama167
pöörama168
4, 6, 10 botjnat 31, 35 šarǝms169
šarftǝms
33, 35, 38
127 to fall pudota PFP *pVra ’to fall
down’ (742)
kukkuma
langema170
4, 10 gahččat,171
goaikkehit
20, 28, 31 prams172 apocope
128 to give antaa PFU *amta- ’to give’
(8)
PU *mexi- ’to give, to
sell’ (Janhunen, J.
1981)
andma 1, 4 addit 28, 30, 31 maksoms173 33
129 to hold pitää PFU *pitä- ’to hold’
(386)
PFV *kärte- ’to hold, to
pidama 1, 2, 4 gierda 31, 35 kiŕd’ǝms174 18, 33, 35,
36
167 Cf. Fin. kiero ‘crooked’, kiertää ‘to rotate’, kiertyä ‘to twist’, etc. 168 Cf. Fin. pyöriä ‘to rotate, to turn around’, etc. 169 cf. POUg *sarV ‘quickly, hurry, to rush, to turn fast’ (UEW 885)? 170 Cf. Fin. langeta ‘to indulge, to let fall’. 171 From Proto-Saamic *kḙ`hčḙ- ‘to fall’. N. Saami may have a cognate with Fin. pudota ‘to fall’ in bođo ‘irrelevant, deviating from the rest, separated from its natural connection, which keeps separate from the rest’ (UEW 399). 172 Cf. EM pra- ’to fall, to overthrow’, Udm. pe̮r- ‘umfallen, fallen, niederstürzen, einstürzen’, etc. Fin. pudota ‘to fall’ seems to be a late Finnic invention. 173 Cf. Fin. maksaa ‘to pay for’. The cognate of Fin. antaa ‘to give’ is found in MM ando- ‘nähren, ernähren, füttern’. 174 Cf. Fin. kärsiä ‘to suffer’. The cognate of Fin. pitää ‘to hold’ is found in EM peďa- ‘sich anschließen, ankleben; eigensinnig anfangen’.
Dating Finno-Mordvinic by statistics & sound laws: Appendix
43
bear’ (652-653)
130 to
squeeze
puristaa - pigistama 4, 10 čárvut 31, 35 puvǝrdams 33, 36
131 to rub hieroa PFP *šera~*šeera ’to
rub, to grind, to whet,
grindstone, whetstone’
(783-784)
hõõruma 4, 6 vasko,
fasko
31, 35 nardams 33, 38
132 to wash pestä PFV *pese- ‘to wash
the head’ (729)
PU *muśke-~*mośke-
’to wash’ (289)
pesema 4, 5 basadit 20, 28, 31 muśk(ǝńd’)ǝms175
štams
33, 39
133 to wipe pyyhkiä - pühkima 4 sihkkut 31, 35 nardams 33, 38
134 to pull vetää PFU *wetä- ’to lead, to
guide, to pull’ (569-
570)
tõmbama 4, 10 geassit176 27, 28, 31 targams
uskǝms
33, 38
135 to push työntää PFV *tewe ‘work’
(796)
PFU *δ’VkkV ’to
sting, to bump’ (66)
tõukama177 4, 10 hoigat 31, 35 tolχmad’ǝms
ŕafcodims
33, 38
136 to throw heittää PFP *šajtta- ’to throw, heitma 4 sátti, sette, 8?, 20, 31 jordams 33, 38
175 Cf. Est. mõskema ‘to wash’. 176 From Proto-saamic *kea`sē- ‘to pull’. 177 Cf. Fin. tokkaa- ’to stick, to peck’? If Fin. työntää ‘to push’ is related to PFV *tewe ‘work’ (UEW 796) then a cognate is found in Est. töö ‘work’.
Peter S. Piispanen
44
to fling’ (781)
PFU *kaja- ‘to throw’
(116-117)
sitte kajams178
137 to tie sitoa
solmia
PFV *sitV ’to bind, to
attach’ (762-763)
PFU *ćolme ‘knot,
bundle, to tie’ (38-39)
siduma 1, 4 čatnat179 7, 25, 31,
32
sotǝms
kikams
33, 36
138 to sew ommella
neuloa
- õmblema
180
nõeluma181
1, 4 goarrut 31, 35 stams
snims
33, 38
139 to count laskea
lukea
(archaic)
PU *luke- ’number, to
count’ (253)
lugema 1, 4, 10 lohkat182 22, 31, 32 luvǝms 33, 36
140 to say sanoa PFU *jukta- ’to speak,
to tell’ (104)
ütlema183 4, 10 lohjat,
cealkit
fadjat,
dadjat,
fovddahit,
muitalit ‘to
31, 35 azoms185 38
178 Cf. Hung. hajít ‘to throw’. 179 Alternatively suggested to be from Pre-Proto-Saamic *śini- ? < PIE *şHi-ne-H- ‘to tie’, in which case it would not be a cognate. 180 Cf. Kar. ommella ‘to sew’. 181 From Proto-Germanic *nēÞla ‘needle’ > Swe. nål ‘needle’, German Nadel ’needle’, borrowed as: Kar. nieglu ‘needle’, N. Saami nallu ‘needle’. 182 From Proto-Saamic *lo`kḙ- ‘to read, to count’ (< PU *luke ‘number, to count’ (UEW 253)), cf. Est. lugema ‘to count’, cf. Fin. luke- ‘to read, archaic for to count’, cf. EM luvyms ‘to count’, ?Latin legere ‘to read’. Fin. lukea is considered archaic for use with counting, and this therefore counts as a semantic shift. 183 Cf. Fin. jutella ‘to discuss', juttu ‘conversation, narrative, tale’ (< *PFU *jukta- ‘to speak, to tell (UEW 104)).
Dating Finno-Mordvinic by statistics & sound laws: Appendix
45
tell’184
141 to sing laulaa PFU *mura- ’crying,
singing, to cry, to sing’
(287-288)
laulma 4 lávlut186 17, 31, 32 morams187 4, 33
142 to play leikkiä PFV *nalja ’game,
joke’ (706)
mängima 4, 10 stoahkat,
maksit
31, 35 nalχk(ś)ǝms188 33, 36
143 to float kellua PU *uje-~*oje- ’to
swim’ (542)
ujutama189 4, 10 govdut 31, 35 ujǝms 33
144 to flow virrata PFU *uŋa ’stream, to
flow’ (544-545)
PFV *šooδ(‘)e- ‘to
penetrate (through a
hole), to flow’ (786)
voolama 4, 10 golgat 31, 35 šuďims 33, 38
145 to freeze jäätyä PFU *jäŋe ‘ice’ (93)
PFP *külme~*kilme-
’(to be) cold, frost, to
jäätuma 4 galbmot190 24, 28, 31,
32
äjǝnda(kšńǝ)ms191
kel’mǝ(śǝ)ms192
33, 36
185 MM azoms would seem to not be a cognate, although it could arguably, but unconvincingly, originate from a metathesis followed by voicing and elimination as per sound change 14 of a root like sano-. 184 The cognate of Fin. sanoa ‘to say’ (& Fin. sana ‘word’) in N. Saamic is sátnet, but this seems to be an archaic word. 186 Cf. Kar. laulua ’to sing’ 187 Cf. Mari mǝ̑rǝ̑ ’singing’, cf. Khanty mora- ’bei der Ankunft im Dorf rufen die Ruderer’. 188 Cf. Fin. nalja ’Scherz, Spaß, Spiel’. Fin. leikkiä ’to play’ appears to be a Germanic borrowing, cf. Swe. leka ‘to play’. 189 Cf. ?Fin. uideskella ‘to swim around’, which indicates a semantic shift. 190 From Proto-Saamic *kḙ`lmujḙ- ‘to freeze’, cf. Fin. kylmä ‘cold’. 191 While MM äjǝndakšńǝms - may seem very different from Fin. jääty-, the initial MM äjǝ- root does signify ice (being a cognate of Fin. jää ’ice’) and the original verb root seems to be subject to extensive grammaticalization while keeping the original root, followed by a verbal ending. The two words are thus cognates. 192 Cf. Fin. kylmä ‘cold’.
Peter S. Piispanen
46
freeze (to death)’ (663) kažakǝdǝms
146 to swell paisua PU *puwVlV- ’to
swell’ (Aikio, A.
2012:244)
paisuma 4 báisat193 28, 31 pajgǝt’k’šńǝms194
pajgǝd’ǝms
targǝźǝms
4?, 33, 36
147 sun aurinko PFP *umrV ’flame’
(804)
PFU *päjwä ’fire’
(360)
päike 10 beaivváš195 16, 27, 28,
30
ši 38
148 moon kuu PU *kuŋe ’moon,
month’ (211-212)
kuu none mánnu196 17, 27, 33,
34, 35
kov 4, 24, 32
149 star tähti PFV *täštä ’sign, star’
(793-794)
täht 8 násti 35 ťäšťä 35, 37
150 water vesi
vete-
PU *wete ’water’ (570)
PFU *śäčä ’water,
flooding’ (469)
vesi 9 čáhci 7, 10, 16,
32
veď 18, 32
151 to rain sataa PFV *śada ’to rain’
(Janhunen, J. 1981)
PFV *pisa~*piśa ’to
drip, to drop’ (732)
sadama 4 arvit 31, 35 piźǝms197 28, 33
193 Possible Finnic loanword. 194 Item appears to be extensively grammaticalized. 195 From Proto-Saamic *peajvānʒḙ ‘day, sun w/ diminutive suffix’, cf. Fin. päivä ‘day, sun’, Est. päike ‘sun’. 196 From Proto-Scandinavian *mānan- ‘moon’, cf. Swe. måne ‘moon’. 197 Cf. Fin. pisara ’drop’.
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152 river joki PU *joke ’river’ (99-
100),
PU *juka ’river’
(Sammallahti, P. 1988)
jõgi 1 johka198 22, 32 l’äj 38
153 lake järvi PFV *järwä ’sea’ (633) järv 8 jávri199 metathesis äŕχk’ä 35, 36
154 sea meri - meri none mearra200 20, 25, 27 moŕa201
ineved’
35
155 salt suola PFP *salV~*sala ’salt’
(750-751)
sool 6, 8 sálti202 35 sal 32
156 stone kivi PFU *kiwe ’stone’
(163-164)
kivi none geaðgi203 21, 28, 35 kev 1, 32
157 sand hiekka PFU *liwa ’sand’ (250) liiv204 10 sáttu 35 šuvar
päsok
pisok
38
158 dust tomu
pöly
- tolm205
pulber206
10 jáffut 35 pul’ 32, 35, 36
198 From Proto-Saamic *jo`kḙ ‘river’. 199 From Proto-Saamic *jā`vrē ‘lake’. 200 From Proto-Saamic *mea`rḙ ‘sea’. All items appear to be from a very early Slavic borrowing, cf. Rus. море ‘sea’. However, some of the items may be later, independent borrowings, which complicates the analysis. 201 Appears to be an early Russian loanword. 202 A Germanic borrowing as shown by the vowel and the -t-, cf. Swe. salt ’salt’. 203 From Proto-Saamic *kea`δgē ‘stone’. 204 Cf. Fin. liiva ‘gelatin’. 205 Cf. Fin. tomu ’dust’, Kar. tomu ‘dust’. Estonian tolm ’dust’ may be a cognate of Fin. tomu ‘dust’ if the -l- is epenthetic. 206 A borrowing, cf. Swe. pulver ‘powder’.
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159 earth maa PFU *mïxi ‘earth’
(Sammallahti, P. 1988)
PU *maɣe ’land, earth’
(263-264)
maa none eanan207 20, 34 moda208 4, 30
160 cloud pilvi PFU *pilwe~*pilŋe
’cloud’ (381)
pilv 8 balva 25, 28 peĺ
tućä
1, 31, 35,
36, 37
161 fog sumu
utu
usva
PFV *sume ’fog’ (767-
768)
udu209 1 sopmu210
mierka
22, 32 suv
tuman
tusta
32, 36
162 sky taivas PFU *mińV ’sky’ (276)
PFU *ilma ’sky,
weather, god’ (81-82)
taevas211 2 albmi212 21, 25, 32,
35
men’ǝl’213 1, 36
163 wind tuuli PFP *tule ’wind’ (800) tuul 8 biegga214 20, 28, 30 varma 38
164 snow lumi PFU *lume ’snow’
(253-254)
lumi none lopme,
muohta215
22, 32 lov 4, 32, 36
165 ice jää PFU *jäŋe ’ice’ (93) jää 9 jieŋa 16, 20 (j)äj 24, 36
207 From Proto-Saamic *ea`nḙmḙ ‘land, ground, earth’. While the last syllable of the proto-Saamic item could perhaps constitute a cognate of Fin. maa ‘earth, ground’ the N. Saami item cannot be considered a cognate. 208 Cf. PFV *muδ(’)a ‘dirt’ (UEW 705), cf. Fin. muta ‘dirt, clay’. MM moda is also a borrowing meaning ‘fashion’. 209 The cognate of Fin. sumu ’fog, mist’ is found in Est. sume ‘cloudy, gentle, mild’. 210 Very probable Finnic borrowing. The cognate of Fin. sumu ‘fog’ is found in N. Saami sǫbmo~sâbmo -m- 'dull, hazy atmosphere (in summer) with fine rain'. 211 A Baltic borrowing, cf. Lith. dievas ‘god’ > Kar. tajvas ‘sky’. 212 From Proto-Saamic *ḙ`lmē ‘air, world’, cf. Fin. ilma ‘air’. 213 Cf. Hung. mënny ’sky, flash’. 214 From Proto-Saamic *pie`ngḙ ‘wind’. 215 From Proto-Saamic *muohtḙk ‘snow’, cf. Est. matta- ‘to cover’.
Dating Finno-Mordvinic by statistics & sound laws: Appendix
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PFU *jäŋi ’ice’
(Sammallahti, P. 1988)
166 smoke savu PFV *sawe ’smoke’
(754)
PFP *kačkV ’smoke,
smell’ (641-642)
suits 10 suovvâ216 17, 20, 27 kačam217 31, 36
167 fire tuli PU *tule ’fire’ (535)
PU *tulï ’fire’
(Sammallahti, P. 1981)
tuli none dolla218 20, 22, 27,
28
tol 4, 32
168 ashes tuhka PFU *kuδ’mV ’ashes’
(194-195)
tuhk219 8 gutna 35 kulu220 30?, 31
169 to burn
(INTR)
palaa PFU *pal’a ’ice crust,
frost, to freeze’ (352)
põlema~pa
la-221
4, 5 buollit 17, 27, 28,
31
palǝms 33
170 road tie PFP *teje ’road’ (794) tee 6 luódda222
bálggis
20, 30 ki
kurǝńä
38
171 mountain vuori PU *were~*woore mägi223 1, 10 várri224 17, 21, 27 panda 38
216 From Proto-Saamic *suo`vḙ ‘smoke’, cf. Kar. savvu ‘smoke’. 217 Cf. Fin. katku ‘stench, pungent odor, intense fire haze’. The cognate of Fin. savu’ smoke’ & savuttaa ‘to smoke (TR.)’ is found in MM sufta- ‘to burn incense, to fumigate’. 218 From Proto-Saamic *to`lḙ ‘fire’. 219 Cf. Kar. tuhku ’ashes’. 220 Cognates are found in all the Ob-Ugric languages, i.e. Hung. hamu ‘ashes’, Khanty χɔjǝm ‘ashes of wood’ and Mansi kōĺǝ.m ‘id.’. 221 Also Fin. palele- ‘to feel cold’, polttaa ‘to burn (TR.)’, N. Saami buollit ‘to burn (INTR), to be on fire, to burn down’, MM paloms also means ‘to freeze (to death)’. Curiously, as stated the meanings of both ‘to freeze’ and ‘to burn’ are found originating from this Uralic root; the different vowels, while explainable by labialization, may instead suggest two different but very similar proto-items that had originated from one earlier etymon for extreme temperatures, i.e. ‘very hot, very cold’. Also compare with the footnote below for N. Saami báhkas ’warm’ which also exhibits similar semantic development. 222 From Proto-Saamic *luo`ndḙ ‘track, road, trace’.
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’mountain’ (571)
PFU *mäke ’hill,
mountain’ (266)
PU wara ’mountain,
hill’ (Aikio. A.
2012:233)
PFU *wari ’forest, hill’
(Aikio. A. 2012:233)
172 red punainen PFU *puna ’hair’ (402) punane225 6, 7 ruoksat226 35 jakśt’ǝŕ 38
173 green vihreä PU *piša ‘gall, green,
yellow’ (384-385)
PFP *wiša ’poison,
green, yellow’ (823-
824)
roheline227 10 ruonas 35 pižä
śäŋ’äŕä
10, 28?
174 yellow keltainen PFP *čoša ’yellow’ kollane228 3, 6, 7 fiskat 35 ťužä229 10, 34
223 Cf. Fin. mäki ‘hill’. 224 Proto-Saamic *vā`rē, cf. Fin. vaara ‘hill’, cf. Mansi wur ‘hill’. However, Fin. vaara is archaic and found in place names; perhaps it has fallen out of use due to the homonym Fin. vaara ‘danger, risk’, an obvious Germanic borrowing, cf. Swe. fara ‘danger’ (also found as N. Saami varra ‘danger’). Fin. vuori ‘mountain’ and vaara ‘hill’ may originate in one common etymon. 225 Semantically it has been assumed that the hair of Balto-Finnic populations was often red(dish), the word for hair therefore also being the origin of the word for red color in Finnish and Estonian. 226 While commonly believed to be a Germanic borrowing, it could perhaps be related to Fin. ruskea ‘brown’.
227 However, contrary to what one could believe, Est. rohi ‘grass’ (see semantics for Fin. punainen ‘red’ above) and Fin. ruoho ‘grass’ do not go back to the same root! The Fin. word is a Germanic borrowing, i.e. Proto-Germanic *grōsō-~*grōzō, cf. Swe. gräs ‘grass’, Middle Dutch groese ‘young grass’, while the Est. word is from the weak grade *rohδ- of roht (gen. rohu) ‘grass, plant, etc.’ from an earlier IE word connected to Proto-Germanic *grōÞu- ‘growth; plant, etc.’ (Koivulehto, J. 1999:213). The PFP root is also the origin of Fin. viha ‘hatred, anger, wrath’, vihata ‘to hate’, vihainen ‘angry, evil’, vihanta ‘green’, vihava ‘bitter, vigorous, burning’ & N. Saami vâšše ‘hate, hatred, grudge’. The cognate of Fin. vihreä ‘green’ is found in Est. viha ‘anger, hatred, poison, sharp, bitter, angry’ and Veps vihä ‘snake venom, hatred, anger’. 228 Cf. Kar. keldajne ‘yellow’, obviously a Baltic borrowing, cf. Lith. geltas ‘yellow’. 229 Cf. Udm. čuž ‘yellow’.
Dating Finno-Mordvinic by statistics & sound laws: Appendix
51
(621-622)
175 white valkoine
n
PFU *walkV ‘white,
light, to shine’ (554-
555)
PFU *ačka ‘white’ (3-
4)
valge 1, 6 vielgat230 28, 34 akša 25,
metathesis
176 black musta - must231 8 čáhppat232 20, 34, 35 ravža 38
177 night yö PFU *eje~*üje ’night’
(72)
öö 6 idja233 20, 32 ve 13
178 day päivä PFU *päjwä ’fire’
(360)
päev 8 beaivi234 20, 21, 28,
29
ši 38
179 year vuosi
(ikä)
PFU *ōδe~*oδe ’year’
(335-336)
PU *ïde ‘year, autumn’
(Aikio, A. 2012)
PFU *(j)ikä ‘age, year’
PFV *kesä ‘summer’
(660-661)
aasta 10 jahki235 21, 25, 32 kizä236 5, 27
230 From Proto-Saamic *vie`lgḙdē ‘white’, cf. Fin. valkea ‘white, bright, luminous flame, light of the fire’, valkaise-, valaise- ‘to make bright, to enlighten, to bleach, to explain, to peel off’, valko ‘white ox or horse’. 231 Cf. Kar. mustu ‘black’. 232From Proto-Saamic *čā`hpḙdē ‘black’. 233 From Proto-Saamic *i`jḙ ‘night’ (the N. Saami -d- appears to be epenthetic), cf. Fin. yö ‘night’, Kar. üö ‘night’, Hung. ej ‘night’. 234 From Proto-Saamic *pea`jvē ‘day’. 235 From Proto-Saamic *i`kē ‘year’, cf. Fin. ikä ‘age’, i.e. the cognates are semantically different. 236 Cf. Fin. kesä ‘summer’.
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180 warm lämmin PFV *lämpV ’warm,
warmth’ (685)
soe 10 báhkas237
liekkas238
17, 28, 35 l’ämbä 35, 36, 37
181 cold kylmä PFP *kilmä~*külmä
’cold, frost, to be cold,
to freeze (to death)’
(663)
külm 8 galmmas239 20, 27, 28 kel’mä
jakšam(a)
1 or 2, 35
182 full täysi PFU *täwδe~*tälke
’full’ (518)
täis 8 dievva240 16, 25, 27,
28
päškśä 38
183 new uusi PFU *wuδ’e ’new’
(587)
uus 8 ođas241 20, 22, 25 od 4, 29, 30,
32, 37
184 old vanha PFP *wanša ’old’ (813)
PFV *sirV ’straight,
tall’ (761)
vana 5 boaris242
vuođđo
21, 27, 28,
35
śirä243
tašta
35
185 good hyvä PFU *šeŋä ’good,
healthy’ (499)
PFP *para ’good’ (724)
hea 2, 5 buorre244 17, 27, 28 para245
ćebäŕ
none
186 bad paha - paha none bahá246 17, 28 kal’ďav 38
237 From Proto-Saamic *pakka- ‘hot, cold’, cf. Fin. pakkanen ‘frost, cold’. 238 From Proto-Saamic *lieŋgḙs ‘hot’, cf. ?Fin. liekki ‘open flame’. 239 From Proto-Saamic *kḙ`lmḙ- ‘cold’. 240 cf. Kar. täüzi ‘full’. From Proto-Saamic *oe`vdḙ ‘full’. 241 From Proto-Saamic *o`δḙ- ‘new’. 242 From Proto-Saamic *poarēs ‘old’, cf. Aryan *paras ‘old’, cf. Swe. forn- ‘old’. 243 Cf. Fin. siro ‘petite, slim, fine’. 244 From Proto-Saamic *puo`rē. 245 Cf. Fin. parempi ‘better’ & paras ‘best’.
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53
huono neavri247
187 rotten laho
mätä
PU *sexji ’pus, to rot’
(Sammallahti, P. 1988)
PU *säje ’pus, to rot’
(434)
PFU *kačke ‘bitter’
(641)
mädä248 1 siedja
guohka
21, 25, 32 naksada
naksatks
38
188 dirty likainen - räpane249
ropp
6, 7, 10 loakke 25, 27, 34 lebǝńu
ǝrdazu
1, 35, 36?
189 straight suora PFV *sirV ’straight,
tall’ (761)
PFU *ńïlki ‘straight,
open’ (Sammallahti, P.
1988)
PFV *wojke ‘straight’
(824-825)
sirge250 10 njuolga251
beanta252
17?, 25, 28,
32
vid’ä253 12, 29, 34,
36
190 round pyöreä PFU *peŋe(-rä) ’circle, ümber254 1, 8, 10 jorbbas 35 pokaŕav 24, 35, 36
246 Possible Finnic borrowing. Cf. Kar. paha ’bad’. 247 From Proto-Saamic *nea`vrē ‘bad’, cf. ?Fin. nöyrä ‘humble’. 248 Also Est. mädanema ‘to rot’. Fin. laho ‘rotten’ has a cognate in Kar. lahota ‘to rot’. 249 Cf. Fin. rapainen ‘dirty from clay’? Fin. likainen ‘dirty’, lika ‘dirt’ have a cognate in Kar. liga ‘dirt’. The N. Saami and MM items are both very difficult to analyze regarding cognancy. 250 Cf. Fin. siro ’petite, slim, fine’. 251 From Proto-Saamic *ńuo`lgḙ- ‘straight, directly’. 252 A likely borrowing, cf. Nor. bent ‘straight’. 253 Cf. Fin. oikea ‘right, correct’. 254 Cf. Fin. ympyrä ‘circle’, ympäri ‘around’, Kar. ümbari ‘around’.
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ring, to rotate, to roll,
to turn’ (372-373)
191 sharp terävä PFU *terä- ’blade,
edge’ (522)
*kaća (end, point)
terav255 2, 8 bastil 35 orža 38
192 dull tylsä
tylppä
PFP *nišV~*nüšV
’blunt’ (708)
nüri
tuhm
10 jorbbas? 35 noška 36
193 smooth sileä,
lattea,
tasainen
PU *tasa ’even,
exactly’ (513)
sile 8 duolba256 35 takǝr
aŕśä
valaźä
38
194 wet märkä PFU *ńačkV ‘wet,
moist, raw’ (311)
märg 1, 8 njuoskkas 35 načka257 none
195 dry kuiva PFU *kujwa ’dry’
(196-197)
PU *kuśka~*kośka ’(to
be) dry’ (223-224)
kuiv 8 goikkis 35 kośkä258 10
196 correct oikea PFV *wojke ’right,
correct’ (824-825)
õige 1, 6 riekta259 20, 30, 32,
35
lac tif
äχäŕ
38
197 near lähellä PFV *läse ’nearby’ lähe(-dal, - 1, 9 lahka261 25, 32, 35 malasa 38
255 Cf. Kar. terja ‘sharp’. 256 The cognate of the Fin. sileä ‘smooth’ & Kar. silej ‘smooth’ has, in N. Saami, semantically changed to šillju ‘yard, field’. 257 Cf. N. Saami njuosskas ‘wet’, cf. Fin. nahkea ‘ledern; feuchtig, dumpfig’. The MM item has undergone a possible depalatalization. 258 Cf. ?Fin. kostea ‘moist’. 259 From Proto-Scandinavian *reht- ‘right’, cf. Swe. rätt ‘right’.
Dating Finno-Mordvinic by statistics & sound laws: Appendix
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(687) dane)260 bokte262
198 far kaukana PU *kuwakka ’long’
(Aikio, A. 2012:244)
kaug- 1 olgas
olkus
guhkás263
guhkkin264
17, 28, 32,
34
ičkezä265 5
199 right oikea PFV *wojke ’right,
correct’ (824-825)
õige 1, 8 olge266 28, 32 viďä 12, 29, 34,
36
200 left vasen PU *wasa ’left hand,
left’ (559)
vasak 9 gurut 35 kéŕži 38
201 at -lla/-llä - -l - - - - -
202 in -ssa/-ssä - -s - - - - -
203 with kanssa PFP *kansa ’people,
comrade, friend’ (645)
PU *ku-~*ko- ’who,
which, what’ (191-192)
koos267 10 mielde268 35 marχta 38
261 From Proto-Saamic *lḙ`kḙ ‘near, from near’, cf. Fin. suffix liki- ‘near, close by’. 260 Cf. Kar. ljahjajne ‘near’. 262 Cf. Meadow Mari βoktel ‘luokse, viereen, laitaan, lähelle, sivulle’. 263 From Proto-Saamic *kuhkāsḙ ‘(going) far’. 264 From Proto-Saamic *kuhkēnē- ‘far, from far’, cf. Fin. kaukana ‘far away’. 265 Cf. PFV *ečkä/*ečä + case suffix? cf. Fin. etäällä ‘far away’. 266 While clearly the here compared items are somewhat similar, a sound change explanation is phonologically too problematic to accept these as cognates. N. Saami olge ‘right’ may be related to PFU *wolka ‘shoulder’ (UEW 581), Fin. olkapää ‘shoulder, lit. shoulder head’ and N. Saami oal’ge ‘shoulder’. Semantically it makes sense since most people are right-handed. 267 PU *ko-~*ku- > Est. koos ‘with’. A cognate of Fin. kansa ‘people, nation’ & kanssa ‘(together) with’ is found in Est. kaasa ‘comrade, companion, husband, wife’ & the suffix –ga ‘(together) with’. 268 From Proto-Saamic *mie`ldē ‘along’. Apparently cognate with Fin. myö(tä)- ‘with’.
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204 and ja -- ja none ja269 none i270
(ä-)dǝ
38
205 if jos PU *ku-~*ko- ’who,
which, what’ (191-192)
kui271
kas272
10 jos273 none ďäŕäj
kǝda
35
206 because koska
sillä
PU *ku-~*ko- ‘who,
which, what’ (191-192)
?PU *će-~*ći- ‘this,
that, the’ (33-34)
tõttu
sest
10 geažil 28, 34 śas mes274 35, 38
207 name nimi PU *nime ’name’ (305) nimi none namma275 25, 27 l’em276 1, 32, 35,
36
Clarifications: Words 201 and 202 are cases in Finnish, i.e. morphologic properties, which is why they are not used for cognate comparison in this study. Estonian, Northern Saamic and Moksha Mordvin words marked in blue are cognates of the Finnish words. Particular care has been taken in root analyses and sound changes. The proposed sound changes concern the uppermost item in the cell if several word alternatives are given. Possible, later Finnic loanwords in Northern Saami include items: 74, 146, 161, 186 & 204. Mokshan cognates marked by 37 also display noteworthy, semi-regular sound correspondences between Finnish and Moksha Mordvin (see the main text for details).
269 The N. Saami item is possibly a Finnic borrowing, but the word may originally have been an earlier Germanic borrowing, cf. Gothic jah ‘and’. 270 A likely borrowing from Russian и ‘and’. 271 Cf. Fin. kun ‘when, as’. 272 Kas is a common, semantically shifted interjection in Finnish. 273 Both the Finnish and N. Saami items may be related to N. Saami juo ‘already’ and be a Germanic borrowing, cf. Gothic ju ‘already’. 274 Literarily equal to Fin. sillä mitä ‘because of what’, and used like Fin. sillä että ‘in order that, provided that’? 275 From Proto-Saamic *nḙ?mḙ ‘name’, cf. ?PIE *nōmn- ‘name’. 276 I suggest the possible pathway of: *nime -> *ńime -> *ńem -> *jem > ĺem. However, compare this to Meadow Mari lüm ‘name’ and Hill Mari lǝm ‘name’, which there appear to have originated in a conditional development in inherited words only (since Russian, Chuvash or Tatar borrowings have not undergone this change) as n- > l-/_Vm. It is thus possible that the Moksha word instead simply represents an areal influence (i.e. borrowing) instead of irregular, local phonological change.
Dating Finno-Mordvinic by statistics & sound laws: Appendix
57
Sources of lexical data: Estonian cognates used in the table have been obtained from the UEW with additional data collected from Greenberg, J.H. (2002). Northern Saami cognates used in the table are in accordance with the UEW and the Àlgu teitokanta unless otherwise noted. Additional data has been collected from: Sammallahti, P., 1990. & Sammallahti, P., 1998. & Greenberg, J.H. 2002. & Korhonen, M., 1981 and through personal communication with Prof. Mikael Svonni. Mokshan glossary was collected from: Herrala, E. & Feoktistov, A. (1998) Mokšalais-suomalainen sanakirja, Turun yliopiston suomalaisen ja yleisen kielitieteen laitoksen julkaisuja, 58, Turku & Abondolo, D. (1998) & Greenberg, J.H. (2002).
Additional lexical data and proto-items unless otherwise specified have been collected from: Aikio. A (2000) Suomen kauka, Virittäjä, 104, p. 612-614. Aikio. A. (2012) On Finnic long vowels, Samoyed vowel sequences, and Proto-Uralic *x, Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia, 264, p. 227-250. Aikio, A. (2013) Studies in Uralic Etymology I: Saami Etymologies, Linguistica Uralica XLIX, 3, p. 161-174. Àlgu tietokanta: http://kaino.kotus.fi/algu/index.php?t=etusivu&kkieli=fi Janhunen, J. (1981) Koivulehto, J. (1999) Pohjan Poluilla. Suomalaisten juuret nykytutkimuksen mukaan, Helsinki p. 213. Rédei, K. (1988) Uralisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (UEW), Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest.
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