Appendicular Skeleton
Tanveer Saeed
Assistant Professor
AKU-SONAM
Appendicular Division
• Girdles with their associated extremities
• Pectoral girdle: clavicle and scapula
• Upper limb: humerus, ulna, radius, carpal
bones, hand
• Pelvic girdle: Os coxae
• Lower limb: femur, patella, tibia, fibula,
tarsal bones, foot
Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones
Pectoral girdle
• (Clavicle (2)
• Scapula (2)
Upper Extremity ( 60 bones)
• Humerus (2)
• Radius (2)
• Ulna (2)
• Carpals (16)
• Metacarpals (10)
• Phalanges (28)
• Pelvic Girdle Coxal, innominate, or hip bones (2)
• Lower Extremity ( 60 bones)
• Femur (2)
• Tibia (2)
• Fibula (2)
• Patella (2)
• Tarsals (14)
• Metatarsals (10)
• Phalanges (28)
UPPER EXTREMITY
• Pectoral Girdle
• Clavicle
• Joined to axial skeleton by articulation with sternum (sternoclavicular joint)
• Articulates with scapula (acromioclavicular joint).
Pectoral Girdle
• The function of pectoral girdle is to
attach the upper limbs to the body and
serves as a point of origin for many
muscles that move the upper limb
(humerus), neck and trunk.
Clavicle
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C. Impression for Costoclavicular Ligament
Attachment site for the ligament that comes
from the cartilage of the first rib
A. Acromial End
Articulates with the Acromion of the
Scapula, to form the acromioclavicular
joint
B. Sternal End
Articulates with the Manubrium of the
Sternum Joined to axial skeleton ----
sternoclavicular joint.
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Scapula •Shoulder blades.
Scapula- visible bone in the
back.
Borders; Medial, Lateral,
Superior.
Glenoid cavity – forms
articulation with head of
humerus. Lateral aspect.
Spine – Sharp ridge running
diagonally across posterior
surface.
Acromion Process – lateral
end of scapula spine,
articulates with clavicle
Scapula cont’d
• Coracoid Process – projection on anterior
surface, muscle and ligament attachment.
• Suprascapular notch – “v” shaped on superior
margin for passage of nerves.
• Infraspinous fossa – inferior to spine
muscle attachment.
• Supraspinous fossa – superior to spine,
muscle attachment.
.
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Infraspinous fossa
Supraspinous fossa
Acromion Process – lateral end of
scapula spine, articulates with clavicle
Medial
Lateral
Superior
Glenoid cavity
Scapula (Shoulder Blades)
Spine
Coracoid Process
Suprascapular notch – “v” shaped on
superior margin for passage of nerves
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► 1:50► 1:50
www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=iDi4
FdHeL6A
Left Humerus
• (anterior - distal end of Right humerus)
• 1. Medial epicondyle
• 2. Trochlea
• 3. Capitulum
• 4. Coronoid fossa
• 5. Radial fossa
• (posterior - distal end of right humerus)
• 1. Medial epicondyle
• 2. Olecranon fossa 3.
• Trochlea
• 4. Lateral epicondyle
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Radius and Ulna
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Ulna and Radius
• Ulna
• Medial forearm bone.
• Trochlea notch
• Olecranon process – proximal, posterior elbow
• Coronoid process .
• Radial notch – lateral inferior proximal, head of radius articulates.
• Head – distal end rounded process articulates with fibrocartilaginous disc at wrist.
• Styloid process – distal end posterior surface
• radius
• Lateral forearm bone.
• Head – proximal end disk shaped, articulates with humeral capitulum, and with radial notch of ulna.
• Radial tuberosity – medial proximal aspect
• Ulna notch – distal medial aspect
• Styloid process – distal end protuberance
Hand and wrist Bones
• Proximal row from
Lateral to medial;
Scaphoid,lunate
triquetrum,pisiform
• Distal row L to M;
trapezium, trapezoid,
capitate,hamate
• Thumb or pollex contains a proximal and distal only.
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• The bones of the hand are called the metacarpal bones,these are the long bones that lie within the palm of the hand.
• The metacarpals attach to the phalanges, which are the bones
in the fingers and thumb.
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Lower Extremity
• Pelvic Girdle
• Coxal bones – large hip bones sacrum
and coccyx form basin of pelvic cavity.
Lower extremities attached to axial
skeleton.
• o Ilium
• o Ischium
• o Pubis
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Coxal Bone Medial View
Innominate Bone
• Ilium
• Superior flaring portion.
• Iliac spines
• ASIS – prominent projection, muscle attachment
• AIIS - “ “ “ “
• PSIS - “ “ “ “
• PIIS - “ “ “ “
• Iliac crest – superior curving boundary.
• Greater Sciatic Notch – posterior inferior surface, passage of sciatic nerve.
• Articular surface – roughened posteromedial aspect for articulation of sacrum.
•
Innominate Cont,d
• Ischium • Inferior posterior.
• Ischial spine – pointed projection just superior to tuberosity, muscle attachment.
• Ischial tuberosity – Large roughened surface.
• Pubis
• Medial, anterior section.
• Obturator foramen – large opening in anterior surface of os coax formed by pubis and ischium, largest foramen in the body.
• Pubic symphysis – cartilaginous joint between pubic bones.
• Acetabulum
• Articulates with femoral head to form the hip joint, formed
by union of all three coxa bones, ilium, ischium, and
pubis
Pelvic Girdle
• Inominate Bone
Lower Extremity
• Refer Ross & Wison and Tortora for
reading.
Compare
Male and female pelvis
True and false pelvis
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Femur Bone Markings:
• Head – rounded proximal aspect articulates with acetabulum.
• Neck – constricted portion just inferior to the head.
• Greater trochanter- protuberance located inferiorly and laterally to the head, muscle attachment.
• Lesser trochanter – smaller protuberance located inferiorly and laterally to the head, muscle attachment.
• Lateral condyle – distal lateral, large rounded, for articulation with tibia.
• Medial condyle – distal medial, large rounded, for articulation with tibia.
• Patellar surface – distal, anterior surface for articulation of patella.
• Medial & Lateral epicondyle – blunt projections from medial and lateral sides of distal femur just superior to condyles, for muscle attachment.
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Patella
• Kneecap, a
sesamoid bone
located within
quadriceps tendon,
articulates with
Patella surface of
femur.
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• Medial bone of leg, weight bearing.
• Also called the shin bone
• Medial and Lateral condyles – bulging prominences at proximal end, combined forms the tibial plateau for articulation with femur.
• Tibial tuberosity – anterior proximal bulge just inferior to tibial plateau for attachment of patella tendon.
• Medial malleolus – rounded projection points inferiorly at distal end medially, for ligamentous attachment.
• Fibular notch – lateral distal aspect,articulates with fibula.
Tibia
(right) the fibula and the tibia, bones of the lower leg.
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Fibula
• Lateral leg bone, NON WEIGHT BEARING.
• It serves as an area for muscle attachment
• Head – proximal aspect, medial surface articulates with tibia.
• Lateral malleolus – rounded prominence at
• distal end, with medial malleolus locks talus bone in ankle joint.
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Bones of the Left Foot (Superior Aspect)
1. Calcaneus
2. Talus
3. Navicular
4. Cuboid
5. Cuneiform, First
6. Cuneiform,
Second
7. Cuneiform,
Third
8. Metatarsal
9. Proximal
Phalange
10. Middle Phalange
11. Distal Phalange
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Tarsus
• Rear foot bones.
• Talus
• Calcaneus
• Navicular
• Cuboid
• Cuneiforms; medial, intermediate, and lateral.
• Metatarsals
• Long bones of mid foot numbered 1 to 5 medial to lateral.
• Phalanges
• Small long bones of the toes. Digits 2 to 5 contain proximal, middle, and distal. Digit 1 (hallux) contains only proximal and distal.
Foot
• Naming and numbering of metatarsals and
phalanges analogous to hand
• Hallux has only two phalanges
Summary of Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
Pelvis- pelvic girdle, sacrum, coccyx
• Coxal- ilium, ischium, pubis
• Acetabulium- hip socket
• Femur- upper bone in leg
• Tibia- inner lower leg bone
• Fibula- outer lower leg bone
• Patella- knee cap
• Tarsal bone (metacarpal and phalanges)
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