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Page 1: Appendicular skeleton stds (1)

Appendicular Skeleton

Tanveer Saeed

Assistant Professor

AKU-SONAM

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Appendicular Division

• Girdles with their associated extremities

• Pectoral girdle: clavicle and scapula

• Upper limb: humerus, ulna, radius, carpal

bones, hand

• Pelvic girdle: Os coxae

• Lower limb: femur, patella, tibia, fibula,

tarsal bones, foot

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Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones

Pectoral girdle

• (Clavicle (2)

• Scapula (2)

Upper Extremity ( 60 bones)

• Humerus (2)

• Radius (2)

• Ulna (2)

• Carpals (16)

• Metacarpals (10)

• Phalanges (28)

• Pelvic Girdle Coxal, innominate, or hip bones (2)

• Lower Extremity ( 60 bones)

• Femur (2)

• Tibia (2)

• Fibula (2)

• Patella (2)

• Tarsals (14)

• Metatarsals (10)

• Phalanges (28)

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UPPER EXTREMITY

• Pectoral Girdle

• Clavicle

• Joined to axial skeleton by articulation with sternum (sternoclavicular joint)

• Articulates with scapula (acromioclavicular joint).

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Pectoral Girdle

• The function of pectoral girdle is to

attach the upper limbs to the body and

serves as a point of origin for many

muscles that move the upper limb

(humerus), neck and trunk.

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Clavicle

Tanveer Saeed

C. Impression for Costoclavicular Ligament

Attachment site for the ligament that comes

from the cartilage of the first rib

A. Acromial End

Articulates with the Acromion of the

Scapula, to form the acromioclavicular

joint

B. Sternal End

Articulates with the Manubrium of the

Sternum Joined to axial skeleton ----

sternoclavicular joint.

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Tanveer Saeed

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Scapula •Shoulder blades.

Scapula- visible bone in the

back.

Borders; Medial, Lateral,

Superior.

Glenoid cavity – forms

articulation with head of

humerus. Lateral aspect.

Spine – Sharp ridge running

diagonally across posterior

surface.

Acromion Process – lateral

end of scapula spine,

articulates with clavicle

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Scapula cont’d

• Coracoid Process – projection on anterior

surface, muscle and ligament attachment.

• Suprascapular notch – “v” shaped on superior

margin for passage of nerves.

• Infraspinous fossa – inferior to spine

muscle attachment.

• Supraspinous fossa – superior to spine,

muscle attachment.

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.

Tanveer Saeed

Infraspinous fossa

Supraspinous fossa

Acromion Process – lateral end of

scapula spine, articulates with clavicle

Medial

Lateral

Superior

Glenoid cavity

Scapula (Shoulder Blades)

Spine

Coracoid Process

Suprascapular notch – “v” shaped on

superior margin for passage of nerves

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Tanveer Saeed

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Tanveer Saeed

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Left Humerus

• (anterior - distal end of Right humerus)

• 1. Medial epicondyle

• 2. Trochlea

• 3. Capitulum

• 4. Coronoid fossa

• 5. Radial fossa

• (posterior - distal end of right humerus)

• 1. Medial epicondyle

• 2. Olecranon fossa 3.

• Trochlea

• 4. Lateral epicondyle

Tanveer Saeed

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Radius and Ulna

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Tanveer Saeed

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Ulna and Radius

• Ulna

• Medial forearm bone.

• Trochlea notch

• Olecranon process – proximal, posterior elbow

• Coronoid process .

• Radial notch – lateral inferior proximal, head of radius articulates.

• Head – distal end rounded process articulates with fibrocartilaginous disc at wrist.

• Styloid process – distal end posterior surface

• radius

• Lateral forearm bone.

• Head – proximal end disk shaped, articulates with humeral capitulum, and with radial notch of ulna.

• Radial tuberosity – medial proximal aspect

• Ulna notch – distal medial aspect

• Styloid process – distal end protuberance

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Hand and wrist Bones

• Proximal row from

Lateral to medial;

Scaphoid,lunate

triquetrum,pisiform

• Distal row L to M;

trapezium, trapezoid,

capitate,hamate

• Thumb or pollex contains a proximal and distal only.

Tanveer Saeed

• The bones of the hand are called the metacarpal bones,these are the long bones that lie within the palm of the hand.

• The metacarpals attach to the phalanges, which are the bones

in the fingers and thumb.

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Tanveer Saeed

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Lower Extremity

• Pelvic Girdle

• Coxal bones – large hip bones sacrum

and coccyx form basin of pelvic cavity.

Lower extremities attached to axial

skeleton.

• o Ilium

• o Ischium

• o Pubis

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Tanveer Saeed

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Tanveer Saeed

Coxal Bone Medial View

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Innominate Bone

• Ilium

• Superior flaring portion.

• Iliac spines

• ASIS – prominent projection, muscle attachment

• AIIS - “ “ “ “

• PSIS - “ “ “ “

• PIIS - “ “ “ “

• Iliac crest – superior curving boundary.

• Greater Sciatic Notch – posterior inferior surface, passage of sciatic nerve.

• Articular surface – roughened posteromedial aspect for articulation of sacrum.

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Innominate Cont,d

• Ischium • Inferior posterior.

• Ischial spine – pointed projection just superior to tuberosity, muscle attachment.

• Ischial tuberosity – Large roughened surface.

• Pubis

• Medial, anterior section.

• Obturator foramen – large opening in anterior surface of os coax formed by pubis and ischium, largest foramen in the body.

• Pubic symphysis – cartilaginous joint between pubic bones.

• Acetabulum

• Articulates with femoral head to form the hip joint, formed

by union of all three coxa bones, ilium, ischium, and

pubis

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Pelvic Girdle

• Inominate Bone

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Lower Extremity

• Refer Ross & Wison and Tortora for

reading.

Compare

Male and female pelvis

True and false pelvis

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Tanveer Saeed

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Tanveer Saeed

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Femur Bone Markings:

• Head – rounded proximal aspect articulates with acetabulum.

• Neck – constricted portion just inferior to the head.

• Greater trochanter- protuberance located inferiorly and laterally to the head, muscle attachment.

• Lesser trochanter – smaller protuberance located inferiorly and laterally to the head, muscle attachment.

• Lateral condyle – distal lateral, large rounded, for articulation with tibia.

• Medial condyle – distal medial, large rounded, for articulation with tibia.

• Patellar surface – distal, anterior surface for articulation of patella.

• Medial & Lateral epicondyle – blunt projections from medial and lateral sides of distal femur just superior to condyles, for muscle attachment.

Tanveer Saeed

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Tanveer Saeed

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Patella

• Kneecap, a

sesamoid bone

located within

quadriceps tendon,

articulates with

Patella surface of

femur.

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Tanveer Saeed

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Tanveer Saeed

• Medial bone of leg, weight bearing.

• Also called the shin bone

• Medial and Lateral condyles – bulging prominences at proximal end, combined forms the tibial plateau for articulation with femur.

• Tibial tuberosity – anterior proximal bulge just inferior to tibial plateau for attachment of patella tendon.

• Medial malleolus – rounded projection points inferiorly at distal end medially, for ligamentous attachment.

• Fibular notch – lateral distal aspect,articulates with fibula.

Tibia

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(right) the fibula and the tibia, bones of the lower leg.

Tanveer Saeed

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Fibula

• Lateral leg bone, NON WEIGHT BEARING.

• It serves as an area for muscle attachment

• Head – proximal aspect, medial surface articulates with tibia.

• Lateral malleolus – rounded prominence at

• distal end, with medial malleolus locks talus bone in ankle joint.

Tanveer Saeed

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Bones of the Left Foot (Superior Aspect)

1. Calcaneus

2. Talus

3. Navicular

4. Cuboid

5. Cuneiform, First

6. Cuneiform,

Second

7. Cuneiform,

Third

8. Metatarsal

9. Proximal

Phalange

10. Middle Phalange

11. Distal Phalange

Tanveer Saeed

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Tarsus

• Rear foot bones.

• Talus

• Calcaneus

• Navicular

• Cuboid

• Cuneiforms; medial, intermediate, and lateral.

• Metatarsals

• Long bones of mid foot numbered 1 to 5 medial to lateral.

• Phalanges

• Small long bones of the toes. Digits 2 to 5 contain proximal, middle, and distal. Digit 1 (hallux) contains only proximal and distal.

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Foot

• Naming and numbering of metatarsals and

phalanges analogous to hand

• Hallux has only two phalanges

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Summary of Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

Pelvis- pelvic girdle, sacrum, coccyx

• Coxal- ilium, ischium, pubis

• Acetabulium- hip socket

• Femur- upper bone in leg

• Tibia- inner lower leg bone

• Fibula- outer lower leg bone

• Patella- knee cap

• Tarsal bone (metacarpal and phalanges)

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