Allows us to move and manipulate objects
Includes all bones besides axial skeleton:• the limbs • the supportive girdles
Also called the shoulder girdle
Connects the arms to the body
Positions the shoulders
Provides a base for arm movement Consists of the scapula (shoulder
blade) and the clavicle (collarbone)
Scapula (shoulder blade) Features to know
• Scapular spine• Acromion process• Corocoid process• Glenoid cavity (glenoid fossa)• Borders – superior, medial, lateral• Corners – superior angle, inferior angle,
lateral angle
Humerus• Also called the arm • The long, upper armbone• Articulates with the pelvic girdle and
forearm
Humerus Features
• Head – articulates with glenoid fossa• Medial and lateral epicondyles• Trochlea – articulates with ulna• Capitulum – articulates with radius• Olecranon fossa
Wrist 8 carpal bones:
• 4 proximal carpal bones (starting Laterally) Scaphoid bone Lunate bone Triquetrum Pisiform bone
• 4 distal carpal bones (starting Laterally) Trapezium: Trapezoid bone: Capitate bone: Hamate bone:
Hand (Metacarpals)• 5 long bones of the hand • Numbered I–V from lateral (thumb) to
medial
Fingers/Thumb• Pollex (thumb):
2 phalanges (proximal, distal) • Fingers:
3 phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)
Differences• Also called the hip socket• Is the meeting point of the ilium, ischium,
and pubis • Is on the lateral surface of the os coxae • Articulates with head of the femur (lunate
surface)
Ilium• Iliac crest• Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)• Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)
Ischium• Ischial tuberocity
Pubis• Pubic symphysis
Differences between male and female pelvic girdles.
Female pelvis:• smoother• lighter• less prominent muscle and ligament attachments
Modifications for Childbearing Enlarged pelvic outlet Broad pubic angle (> 100°) Less curvature of sacrum and coccyx Wide, circular pelvic inlet Broad, low pelvis Ilia project laterally, not upwards
Consists of:• Femur (thigh)• Patella (kneecap)• Tibia and fibula (leg)• Tarsals (ankle)• Metatarsals (foot)• Phalanges (toes)
Femur• Largest, heaviest bone• Features
Head – articulates with acetabulum Neck Greater trochanter Medial and lateral epicondyles:
above the knee joint Medial and lateral condyles:
form part of knee joint
Tibia (shin bone)• Medial bone in lower leg• Supports body weight• Features
Medial and Lateral Condyles Tibial tuberosity Medial Malleolus – medial “ankle bone”
Fibula• Lateral bone in lower leg• Does not support body weight• Features
Head Lateral Malleolus – lateral “ankle bone”
Ankle (Tarsus) Consists of 7 tarsal bones Talus Calcaneus (heel bone) Cuboid bone Navicular bone Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform
Feet (Metatarsals)• 5 long bones of foot • Numbered I–V, medial to lateral
Toes (phalanges) • Hallux:
big toe, 2 phalanges (distal, proximal)• Other 4 toes:
3 phalanges (distal, medial, proximal)
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