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\@AULR[ATJTLJ DL [TJT DA@ OICDIUJ
I.B|cgjr|
J^CAKJAA A@EIROJTAKLJ^CAKJAA A@EIROJTAKLJ^CAKJAA A@EIROJTAKLJ^CAKJAA A@EIROJTAKL
-`itl dl k|r{a c|krra dl cjbirjtir!
Kmaa`| 2>>>
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KX\ >>4.1 ->7>>. == ~.
C|krjrlj ki`a`l ~ra`ka~jclcl `ia|`a a dlea`aaa da` diol`a|c a`eirojtakaa. [|`t l}~cakjtl
~rikldllcl dl c|kr| ` olda|c {a{tlo|c|a dl i~lrjrl Wa`diw{ 1>>
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K|~ra`{
Tloj :.A`eirojtakj8 dlea`aaa a `ia|`a e|`djol`tjcl............................
Tloj 2.Kjck|cjtir|c8 luic|aj# |`atacl ~ra`ka~jcl.................................
Tloj ;.A`eirojaj -djtlcl!8 kcj{aeakjrl a ~ri~ralta.............................
Tloj 4.^rlc|krjrlj a`eirojala.Rl{|r{lcl ~rigrjojtl jcl kjck|cjtir|c|a....................................
Tloj
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Tloj :2.^rikl{jrlj tjblclcir. ^rikl{ir|c dl tjblclL}klc.......................
Tloj :;.\tacaxjrlj ~rjktak j ~rikl{ir|c|a dl tjblclL}klc.....................
Tloj :4.Kjck|c|c tjblcjr.\tacaxjrlj eiro|clcir a j e|`kaacir `L}klc...............................
Tloj :
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Tloj :.
A`eirojtakj8dlea`aaa a `ia|`a e|`djol`tjcl
Dle. :.:.A`eirojtakj l{tl taa j kl {t|dajx{tr|kt|rj a`eirojala a oltidlcl dl ~rlc|krjrl j la
k| jh|tir|c kjck|cjtir|c|a.
Tlrol`|c a`eirojtakj l{tl a`trid|{ ` j`|c :155# rl~rlxl`t`d i jbrlualrl j erjxla erj`klxl
a`eirojtai` j|tiojtaz|l -` trjd|klrl jr {|`j / a`eirojal j|tiojtaxjt!.
Dlea`aaj jd|{ dltlroa` `ia|`acl e|`djol`tjcl# ~l kjrl cl {t|dajx a`eirojtakj8
/ kjck|cjtir|c6
/ a`eirojaj -{tr|kt|rj a`eirojala!6
/ ~rlc|krjrlja`eirojala.
[kmlojtak a`eirojtakj ~ijtl ea rl~rlxl`tjt ` elc|c |rotir -Eag. :.:!8
Dle. :.2.Kjck|cjtir|c rl~rlxa`t |` j~jrjt# eirojt da` lclol`tl lclktri`akl# kjrl ~rlc|krljx
a`eirojaj erjh|tir|c io|c|a# l}lk|t`d ~rigrjol lcjbirjtl dl ktrl io.
Dle. :.;.A`eirojaj l{tl i kio|`akjrl {kra{ # irjc {j| dl jct `jt|r # kjrl obigltl
k|`ita lcl `ij{trl dl{~rl olda|c `ki`h|rtir -dl{~rl ibalktl# lul`aol`tl# {at|jaa
ltk.!
Dle. :.4.A`eirojaj `l~rlc|krjtoja ~ijrtdl`|oarlj dl djtl.
Dle. :.
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~rlc|krljx a`eirojaj l}lk|t`d ~rigrjol -ki`{lk|tauata dl a`{tr|ka|`a# kiol`xa!#
kjrl a ki`a` jkl{tl rlg|ca# oltidl# ~rikld|ra.
` ki`tl}t|c Dle. :.4 {tr|kt|rj a`eirojtakaa ~ijtl ea rl~rlxl`tjt {|b eiroj da` Eag. :.2.
` tlolcl |rotijrl uir ea dlxuictjtl a l}joa`jtl dltjcajt ealkjrl da` `ia|`acl jd|{l a
dlea`atl oja {|{.
^rlc|krjrl
Kjck|cjtir
Djtl A`eirojal
Eag. :.2. [tr|kt|rj a`eirojtakaa
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Tloj 2.
Kjck|cjtir|c8luic|aj# |`atacl ~ra`ka~jcl
Uio jd|kl ktluj djtl a{tirakl# kjrl dloi`{trljx luic|aj kjck|cjtijrlcir8
:=;> Kmjrcl{ Bjbbjgl# ojtlojtakaj` l`gclx# lcjbirljx ~rialkt|c uaatir|c|a kjck|cjtir
-kio~|tlr!# j~jrjt kl ~rlc|krljx a`eirojaj# rlxicu ~ribclol l}lk|t`d ~rigrjol
-ki`{lk|tauata dl a`{tr|ka|`a# kiol`xa!. ^rialkt|c ki`a`l |`atacl dl bjx jcl
kjck|cjtijrlcir ki`tlo~irj`l# djr ro`l ~l mrtal da` kj|xj ca~{la ` jklj ~lraijd j
lclol`tlcir lclktrakl a lclktri`akl lkl{jrl6
:14< ` [\J l{tl ki`{tr|at ~rao|c kjck|cjtir -L@AJK!6
:1
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Tjblc|c 2.:.
Luic|aj a kjrjktlra{takacl kjck|cjtijrlcir ~lr{i`jcl
Gl`lrjaj a j`|c j~jraala rikl{ir -oidlc!
Kjrjktlra{taka8erlkul j dl tjkt -OMx!)
oc` i~lrjaa ` {lk)`|or trj`xa{tijrl)
ojga{trjc-bat{!
:17< =>=> 2)>.54)5>>>)=
:175
Gl`lrjajA
:177
:17= =>=5 .;;)21>>>):5
:171 =>== .;;)21>>>):5
:1=>
:1=: ABO/^K
:1=2 =>2=5 =):.2):;4>>>):5
:1=;
Gl`lrjaj
AA
:1=4 ABO/^K)JT
:1=< =>;=5D] :5)5)27>>);2
:1=5 Kio~jz Dl{f~ri ;=5
:1=7
:1== =>;=5[] :5)2.>);2
:1=1 4=5D] 2):.2 oc`);2
:11>
:11: 4=5[] 2>):5.):.2 oc`);2
Gl`lrjajAU
:11; ^l`ta|o 55)::2);.: oc`)54
[tr|kt|rj kjck|cjtir|c|a -rl{|r{lcl tlm`akl! j roj{ `l{kmaobjt ~l tit ~jrk|r{|c luic|ala c|a
-ulxa Eag. 2.:!. Luic|aj kjck|cjtijrlcir {l djtirljx luic|ala ~racir c|a kio~i`l`tl#
kjrl ~lroj`l`t {l ~lrelkai`ljx# {l kio~cltljx k| da{~ixataul `ia ltk.# j{telc
jdj~t`d|/{l cj lkl{atacl |tacaxjtiracir.
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^rikl{ir|c darahljx k| klclcjctl |`ata# k| l}lk|tjrlj ~rigrjolcir# l}lk|t klcl oja
{ao~cl i~lrjaa jratoltakl a cigakl. Ki`a`l ` {a`l 2 |`ata8 |`atjtlj dl darahjrl a
|`atjtlj dl kjck|c.
Oloiraj `rlga{trljx# ~{trljx a lcablrljx a`eirojaj -djtlcl!. [l kio~|`l da`
oloiraj i~lrjtau -lj `loahcikat ~jrtaka~ cj ~rlc|krjrlj a`eirojala# l jktau jt|`ka
k`d kjck|cjtir|c e|`kai`ljx! a oloiraj l}tlr` -lj l{tl eirojt da` daelratl
{|~irt|ra a`eirojai`jcl# ` ojhiratjtl ojg`ltakl {j| i~takl# a {lrultl ~l`tr|~{trjrlj a`eirojala a`daelrl`t# djk e|`kai`ljx {j| `| kjck|cjtir|c!. I kio~i`l`t
ao~irtj`t j oloirala l}tlr`l i rl~rlxa`t da{k|c ragad -`|oat Wa`kml{tlr {j| MDD! dl
i kj~jkatjtl ojrl# oi`tjt ` bcik|c dl {a{tlo jc kjck|cjtir|c|a.
\`atacl dl a`trjrl/alarl {lrul{k ~l`tr| a`trid|klrlj/l}trjglrlj a`eirojala `)da`
kjck|cjtir. L}lo~cl dl |`ata dl a`trjrl8 tj{tjt|rj# oi|{|c -iraklc|c!# {kj``lr|c#
da{kmalrj# KD/RIO# kj`jc|c dl kio|`akjrl ltk. L}lo~cl dl |`ata dl alarl8 oi`atir|c
-da{~cjq!# ao~raoj`tj# ~cittlr|c# da{kmalrj# KD/WRATLR# kj`jc|c dl kio|`akjrl ltk.\`j da` klcl oja ao~irtj`tl da{~ixataul dl a`trid|klrl j a`eirojala# dl cj`{jrl j kiol`xacir#
dl darahjrl k| kjck|cjtir|c l{tl tj{tjt|rj. Tj{tjt|rj kjck|cjtir|c|a j ei{t {tj`djrdaxjt#
c|`d|/{l ` kjcatjtl dl oidlc tj{tjt|rj k| :>: tj{tl j kjck|cjtijrlcir dl ta~ ABO. \`j
da` ujraj`tlcl dl tj{tjt|ra k| a`dakjaj xi`lcir la ~ra`ka~jcl l{tl rl~rlxl`tjt ` Eag. 2.2.
Uio jd|kl dl{ta`jaj |`ir tj{tl# {~lkaeakl c|kr|c|a cj kjck|cjtir# kjrl {l eici{l{k ~l`tr| |` ar
dl i~lrjaa# daelratl dl k|clglrlj tl}t|c|a8
Kjck|cjtir|c-MJRD!
^rikl{ir
Oloiral
\`at a dla`trjrl/alar l
\`atjtl dl darahjrl
\`atjtl dl kjck|c
Oloiral i~lrjtau
O loiral l}tlr`
Eag. 2.: . \`at acl kjck|cjtir|c|a
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L`tlr / cj`{jrlj kiol`xacir6 ` kjx|c k|clglraa tl}t|c|a trlklrlj cj |` r`d `i|6
[maet / trlklrlj tlo~irjr cj rlga{tr|c dl {|{ -` kjrl ~it ea k|cl{l catlrl ojh|{k|cl!6
Kj~{ Cikf / ea}jrlj rlga{tr|c|a dl {|{. ` kjx|c jktauraa jkl{t|a rlga{tr| {l j~ra`dl
a`dakjtir|c KJ^[ CIKF da` drlj~tj/{|{ j tj{tjt|raa6
Ktrc a Jct / {|`t `atl rlga{trl {|~caol`tjrl# ` kjrl {l cj`{ljx kiol`xa# {l oidaeak
rlgao|racl dl c|kr| ltk. Jkl{tl i~lrjaa {l l}lk|t ~ra` ~rl{jrlj tj{tlcir rl{~lktaul -Ktrc
{j| Jct! a jkai`jrlj {k|rt j jctir tj{tl6
Tjb / dl klcl oja o|ctl ira {lrultl ~l`tr| dl~cj{jrlj rj~ad j k|r{ir|c|a da`tr/i xi` ` jctj
j lkrj`|c|a6
Bjkf{~jkl / tlrglrlj |ctao|c|a kjrjktlr k|cl{. [l eici{ltl ~l`tr| kirlktjrlj grllcacir `
~rikl{|c k|clglraa a`eirojala dl ta~ tl}t6
Dlcltl / lelkt|jrlj tlrglracir -dl kjrjktlrl# dl erjgol`tl# dl jctl ibalktl!6
@|o Cikf / ea}jrlj rlga{tr|c|a `|olrak -dl k|clglrl j kaerlcir! jc xi`la `|olrakl.
C|oa`jrlj a`dakjtir|c @\O CIKF jrjt cj ~rlxl`j jkl{t|a rlga{tr|.
Eag. 2.2. Tj{tjt|rj kjck|cjtir|c|a ~lr{i`jc
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Tloj ;.
A`eirojaj -djtlcl!8kcj{aeakjrl a ~ri~ralta
Uio kcj{aeakj a`eirojaj -djtlcl! ` 2 kcj{l ojra8
a`tlr` kidaeakjt# ~{trjta ~rlc|krjt ` kjck|cjtir6
l}tlr` jeajt -l}trj{ da` kjck|cjtir!# `lclj{ dl ktrl io.
A`eirojaj a`tlr` l{tl rl~rlxl`tjt ` a`tlrair|c kjck|cjtir|c|a {|b eiro dl ar|ra eirojtl
da` 2 lclol`tl -kaerl!8 > a :. @|oja j{telc dl kjrjktlrl ~ijtl ~{trj a ~rlc|krj
kjck|cjtir|c# c|kr| kj|xjt dl {~lkaeak|c oloirala. Kidaeakjrlj a dlkidaeakjrlj
a`eirojala {l ejkl j|tiojt dl ktrl kjck|cjtir. Cj bjxj kidaeakraa irakrla a`eirojaa {l
jec kid|c ba`jr dl c|`gaolj =. Dl l}lo~c|8
kjrjktlr|c|a J ` kjck|cjtir a kirl{~|`dl kid|c :>>>:>>:6
kjrjktlr|c|a B kid|c :>>>:>:>6
... kjrjktlr|c|a : kid|c >>>>>>>:6
ltk.
Dle. ;.:. [l {~|`l k i ~ixaal j kid|c|a ba`jr -> {j| :! ki`a`l : batdl a`eirojal.
Dle. ;.2. \` kjrjktlr iba`|at -catlr# kaer# {lo` ltk.!# `lcl{ dl ktrl io# ki`a`l = bat{ {j|
: bqtl dl a`eirojal.
Dle. ;.;. : Fb ? 2:> bqtl{ :>>> bqtl{6 : Ob ? 2:> Fb :>>>Fb6 : Gb ? 2:> Ob :>>> Ob.
Jd|klo ktluj l}lo~cl dl kj~jkata jcl |`ir {|~irt|ra a`eirojai`jcl8
i ~jga` dl kjrtl -eirojt J> dl kjrjktlrl {j| 2.< Fb6
i kjrtl k| 4>> ~jga`a ki`a`l : Ob dl a`eirojal6
i da{kmlt dl ;.
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A`eirojaj l}tlr` l{tl dl oja o|ctl ta~|ra8
tl}t|jc6
grjeak6
eitigrjeak6
{i`ir6
oa}t-{j| kioba`jt!.
A. A`eirojaj tl}t|jc a`eirojal eirojt da` ar|ra dl kjrjktlrl.
:. Kjrjktlr|c ~jrtlj kio~i`l`t oa`aojc j a`eirojala tl}t|jcl -~ijtl ea i catlr# i
kaer# |` {lo` dl ~|`kt|jal ltk.!
^ri~ralta jcl kjrjktlrlcir8
/ eiro# dltlroa`jt dl dl`|oarlj gjr`at|raa -Jrajc# Jrjbaj# Taol{ @lw Rioj`#Ao~jkt...!6
/ {tac -Rlg|cjr# Bicd# Atjcak# Bicd Atjcak# \`dlrca`l# \`dlrca`l Atjcak# \`dlrca`l Bicd#\`dlrca`l Bicd Atjcak!6
/ k|cijrl -:5 k|cira!6
/ oraol {j| `caol# l}~raojt ` ~|`ktl -:2 ~t{# :> ~t{# := ~t{ ltk.# |`dl 72 ~t{ ? :? 2.
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^ri~raltacl dik|ol`t|c|a tl}t|jc8
/ `|ol -` ojhiratjtlj kjx|racir `|olcl dik|ol`t|c|a l{tl jtrab|at dl ktrl |tacaxjtir!6
/ ta~ -l{tl jtrab|at dl ktrl kjck|cjtir# dl~a`dl dl a`{tr|ol`t|c)~rigrjo|c kl j eirojt {j|
j ~rlc|krjt dik|ol`t|c!6/ uic|o -{l dltlroa` dl kj`tatjtlj dl kjrjktlrl da` dik|ol`t!6
/ tao~ a djtdl eirojrl)kirlktjrl -{|`t ~rlc|jtl dl cj klj{ir`ak|c dl {a{tlo!6
/ ta~ dl jkkl{ -{l jtrab|al dl ktrl |tacaxjtir!.
AA. A`eirojaj grjeak a`eirojal eirojt da` lclol`tl grjeakl.
:. Lclol`t|c grjeak ~jrtlj kio~i`l`t oa`aojc j a`eirojala grjeakl - / ~|`kt|c#
/ {lgol`t|c#**** / jrk|c dl kark|oelra`!.
^ri~raltacl lclol`t|c|a grjeak8
/ ~ixaal -{l dltlroa` dl kiirdi`jtl# |`gma|ra# rjxl dl k|rb|r ltk.!6
/ oraol {j| gri{aol -` ~|`ktl!6
/ k|cijrl -`|or|c k|ciracir dl~a`dl dl kjcatjtlj a ~lreiroj`lcl oi`atir|c|a!.
2. Eag|rj lclol`tjr eag|r {tj`djrd# eirojt da` lclol`tl grjeakl - / drl~t|`gma|c#
**** / lca~{j# **** / ca`aj k|rb#YYYY"""" / daelratl {gla# ltk.!. Eag|racl lclol`tjrl {l ki`a`
` kjck|cjtir ` babcaitlka {~lkajcl.
^ri~raltacl eag|racir lclol`tjrl8
/ ~ixaal -{l dltlroa` dl kiirdi`jtl# |`gma|ra# daol`{a|`a ltk.!6
/ oraol {j| gri{aol j bird|raa -` ~|`ktl!6
/ k|cijrl j bird|raa -`|or|c k|ciracir dl~a`dl dl kjcatjtlj oi`atir|c|a!6
/ k|cijrl j ki a`|t|c|a -`|or|c k|ciracir dl~a`dl dl kjcatjtlj a ~lreiroj`lcloi`atir|c|a!6
/ |obr6
/ ~rlxl j tl}t|c|a ` a`tlrair|c eag|racir# orga`atl dl ca`aa `kma{l.
;. Dik|ol`t|c grjeak -dl{l`|c! / titjcatjtlj lclol`tlcir grjeakl a eag|racir lclol`tjrl
dl{l`jtl a){j| kirlktjtl `tr/i {lkul` dl c|kr|.
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^ri~raltacl dik|ol`t|c|a grjeak8
/ `|ol -jtrab|at dl ktrl |tacaxjtir!6
/ ta~ -{l jtrab|al dl ktrl kjck|cjtira dl~a`dl dl a`{tr|ol`t|c)~rigrjo|c kl {/j eici{at cj
~rlc|krjrlj dik|ol`t|c|a!6/ uic|o -l{tl dltlroa`jt dl kj`tatjtlj a kjcatjtlj dl a`eirojal da` dik|ol`t!6
/ tao~ a djtdl eirojrl)kirlktjrl -{|`t ~rlc|jtl dl cj klj{ir`ak|c dl {a{tlo!6
/ ta~ dl jkkl{ -{l jtrab|al dl ktrl |tacaxjtir!.
AAA. A`eirojaj eitigrjeak a`eirojal kj~tjt da` l}tlrair -da` olda|c `ki`h|rtir! k|jh|tir|c |`ir da{~ixataul {~lkajcl -j~jrjt|c dl eitigrjeajt# dl l}lo~c|!.
:.^|`kt|c ~jrtlj kio~i`l`t oa`aojc j a`eirojala eitigrjeakl.
^ri~raltacl ~|`kt|c|a8
/ ~ixaal6
/ oraol6
/ k|cijrl -`|or|c k|ciracir dl~a`dl dl kjcatjtlj a ~lreiroj`lcl oi`atir|c|a a){j| dlda{~ixatau|c dl kj~tjrl!.
2. Dik|ol`t|c eitigrjeak -eitigrjeaj! / titjcatjtlj ~|`ktlcir -aojga`lj! `rlga{trjtl dl
da{~ixatau|c dl kj~tjrl.
^ri~raltacl dik|ol`t|c|a eitigrjeak8
/ `|ol -jtrab|at dl ktrl |tacaxjtir!6
/ ta~ -jtrab|at dl ktrl kjck|cjtira dl~l`dl`t dl a`{tr|ol`t|c)~rigrjo|c kl {/j eici{at cj~rlc|krjrlj dik|ol`t|c|a!6
/ uic|o -dltlroa`jt dl kj`tatjtlj a kjcatjtlj a`eirojala da` dik|ol`t!6
/ tao~ a djtdl eirojrl)kirlktjrl -{|`t ~rlc|jtl dl cj klj{ir`ak|c dl {a{tlo!6
/ ta~ dl jkkl{ -{l jtrab|al dl ktrl |tacaxjtir!.
AU. A`eirojaj {i`ira`eirojaj eirojt da` ki`{lk|tauata a){j| {|~rj~|`lra dl {|`ltl.
:. [|`lt|c ~jrtlj kio~i`l`t oa`aojc j a`eirojala {i`irl.
^ri~raltacl {|`lt|c|a8
/ d|rjt6
/ `caol6
/ a`tl`{atjtl6
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/ taobr|.
2.Dik|ol`t|c {i`ir/ titjcatjtlj {|`ltlcir `rlga{trjtl `tr/i {lkul` dl c|kr|.
^ri~raltacl dik|ol`t|c|a {i`ir8
/ `|ol -jtrab|at dl ktrl |tacaxjtir!6
/ ta~ -jtrab|at dl ktrl kjck|cjtira dl~l`dl`t dl a`{tr|ol`t|c)~rigrjo|c kl {/j eici{at cj~rlc|krjrlj dik|ol`t|c|a!6
/ uic|o -dltlroa`jt dl kj`tatjtlj a kjcatjtlj a`eirojala da` dik|ol`t!6
/ tao~ a djtdl eirojrl)kirlktjrl -{|`t ~rlc|jtl dl cj klj{ir`ak|c dl {a{tlo!6
/ ta~ dl jkkl{ -l{tl jtrab|at dl ktrl |tacaxjtir!.
U. A`eirojaj oa}t a`eirojal iba`|t ~ra` oba`jrlj j oja o|ctir ta~|ra dl a`eirojal
-tl}t & dl{l`# dl{l` & tl}t# tl}t & eitigrjeal# eitigrjeal & {lkul` {i`ir ltk.!
Dik|ol`t|c# kl ki`a`l a`eirojal oa}t# jrl jklclja ~ri~ralta kj a |` dik|ol`t
iba`|at -tl}t|jc# grjeak ltk.!# ajr ta~|c c|a l{tl dltlroa`jt dl a`{tr|ol`t|c k| kjrl j ei{t
eirojt {j| ~rlc|krjt.
Ib{lrujaj ;.:. ` kjck|cjtir l}a{t |` ar dl dik|ol`tl# kl ki`a` a`eirojal kidaeakjt#
`lclj{ `|oja dl lc. Jkl{tl dik|ol`tl kidaeakjtl -dl l}lo~c|8 ~rigrjol# babcaitlka#
draulrl jcl |`atacir ltk.! {|`t dl{ta`jtl ~l`tr| e|`kai`jrlj `irojc j kjck|cjtir|c|a.
Lcl j| ~ri~ralta j{lo`tijrl klcir jcl dik|ol`tlcir ol`ai`jtl oja {|{.
Ib{lrujaj ;.2. \`lcl dik|ol`tl -tl}t|jcl# grjeakl# oa}tl! {l l}trjg cj ao~raoj`t -~l mrtal!.
^l`tr| j{telc dl dik|ol`tl l}a{t i `ia|`l dl {tr|kt|r ~jga`j# kjrl jrl |` ar dl
~ri~ralta {~lkaeakl8
/ daol`{a|`a -dl l}lo~c|# 2:}21.7 ko ? eirojt J4# 2}J4 ? J;# J4)2 ? J< ltk.!6
/ iral`tjrl -^irtrlt ` ~akaijrl# Cj`d{kj~l k|ckjt!6/ daol`{a|`a jcl ko~|racir-ti~ dl {|{# bittio dl hi{# clet da` {t`gj# ragmt da`
drlj~tj!6
/ oraolj ko~|c|a ~l`tr| bri|rjrl -G|ttlr!6
/ ~jratjtl6
/ daol`{a|`a jcl j`tlt|c|a -Mljdlr! a {|b{ic|c|a -Eiitlr! ltk.
Ib{lrujaj ;.;. Dlijrlkl tijtl ta~|racl dl dik|ol`tl# a`daelrl`t dl ki`a`|t# j| jklclja
~ri~ralta# lcl ~it ea ~rauatl kj `atl ibalktl {aoacjrl. ^l`tr| j{telc dl ibalktl l}a{t |`
ar dl i~lrjaa dl gl{ta|`l -~rlc|krjrl!# k|o jr ea8 eirojrl a jtrab|arl `|ol# {kmaobjrl j
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`|olc|a# da{tr|glrl# dl~cj{jrl da`tr/|` cik ` jct|c# eirojrl dl ki~aa ltk. ` kjck|cjtijrl
jkl{tl i~lrjaa k| dik|ol`tlcl {l l}lk|t ` olda|c {a{tlolcir dl i~lrjrl.
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Tloj 4.
^rlc|krjrlj a`eirojala.Rl{|r{lcl ~rigrjojtl jcl kjck|cjtir|c|a
Kjck|cjtir ~rlc|krljx a`eirojaj {a`l{tttir {j| ` kicjbirjrl k| io|c# l}lk|t`d ~rigrjol
-ki`{lk|tauata dl a`{tr|ka|`a# kiol`xa!. Dl rlg|c# ~rigrjolcl {l ~{trljx ~l
{|~irt|racl ojg`ltakl jcl kjck|cjtir|c|a -~l da{k|ra! a {l cj`{ljx d|~ `lkl{atjtl.
Dle. 4.:. ^ra` rl{|r{lcl ~rigrjojtl jcl kjck|cjtir|c|a uio `lclgl titjcatjtlj ~rigrjolcira j
{a{tlolcir dl ~rigrjol a`{tjcjtl ` kjck|cjtir.Kcj{aeakjrlj t|t|rir rl{|r{lcir ~rigrjojtl l{tl jd|{ ` Eag. 4.:# |`dl8
Rl{|r{l~rigrjojtl
-[IET!
dl {a{tlo {a{tlol dl~rigrjojrl
j~cakjtaul
dl {a{tlo[a{tlol dli~lrjrl
Bj{ak ^rikl{ijrl dltl}t
^rigrjol dltl{tjrl
^j{kjc ^rikl{ijrlgrjeakl
J{{lobclr
^rikl{ijrl dltjblcl
Bjxl dl djtl
^rigrjol dldl{lruarl
Eirtrj`
[a{tlolldatirajcl
^rigrjol{~lkajcaxjtl
Hik|ra
Eag. 4.:. Rl{|r{l ~rigrjojtl jclkjck|cjtijrlcir
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Rl{|r{lcl ~rigrjojtl dl {a{tlo rl~rlxa`t klcl oja gl`lrjcl ~rigrjol# kjrl j{ag|r
e|`kai`jrlj kjck|cjtir|c|a# {lrul{k ~l`tr| tl{tjrlj a dltlktjrlj dlelka|`acir# ulraeak
oloiraj# dltlktljxa da{tr|g uar|aa ltk. ^jrtlj kio~i`l`t ~ra`ka~jc j jkl{tla kcj{l
dl ~rigrjol i eiroljx {a{tlolcl dl i~lrjrl# k|o jr ea O[/DI[# Wa`diw{ 1
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Tloj
Wa`diw{ 1< l{tl cj`{jt ` j|g|{t :11< dl ktrl earoj Oakri{iet a k|klrltl |tacaxjtiraa ~ra`
{ao~catjtlj# kioidatjtlj# |`aulr{jcatjtlj {j# ~ra` ~i{abacatjtlj dl j eiroj {ao~c| rllcl
cikjcl dl kjck|cjtijrl# ~ra` ~i{abacatjtlj dl jkkl{ cj A`tlr`lt.
` ki`ta`|jrl uir ea dlea`atl a l}~cakjtl klcl oja ao~irtj`tl `ia|`a# kl a` dl l{l`j irakrir
{a{tlol dl i~lrjrl. Ojhiratjtlj `ia|`acir uir ea ki`krltaxjtl ~l`tr| olda|c {a{tlo|c|a
dl i~lrjrl Wa`diw{ 1
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Dl rlg|c# `|olcl {|`t jtrab|atl eaalrlcir dl ktrl |tacaxjtir jt|`ka k`d lcl {l eiroljx {j|
{l ki~al. ` olda|c Wa`diw{ ` jejr dl `|ol eaalrlcl j| a i rl~rlxl`tjrl grjeak -cj
lkrj`|c oi`atir|c|a lcl {|`t rl~rlxl`tjtl {|b eiroj |`ir dl{l`l k| i dl`|oarl
~aktigrjol!. Dl l}lo~c|8*#"#+ / dik|ol`tl iba`|atl# kl ki`a` a`eirojal6
$ / dik|ol`t/~rigrjo# kl ~ijtl ea cj`{jt6* / ~rigrjo da` olda|c Wa`diw{-a`{tjcjt d|~ tijtl rlg|cacl dl a`{tjcjrl!.
Dle. ; kjrjktlrl -catlrl cjta`l# kaerl# jctl kjrjktlrl!# jca~at ~l{tl ~|`kt dl `|olcl eaalr|c|a.
L}tl`{a|`lj j~ri}aojtau a`dak ta~|c a`eirojala kl {l ki`a`l ` eaalr. ` ojhiratjtljkjx|racir l}tl`{a|`lj `|olc|a eaalr|c|a l eirojt a jtrab|at dl ktrl kjck|cjtir `
dl~l`dl` dl ta~|c a`eirojala da` eaalr {j| dl ~rigrjo|c# kjrl uj ea eici{at ~l`tr|
kio~cltjrlj {j| kirlktjrlj ki`a`|t|c|a eaalr|c|a. Dl l}lo~c|8
t}t# dik ta~|c eaalrlcir kl ki`a` a`eirojal tl}t|jc6
bo~# gae# ~k}# h~g ta~|ra ~l`tr| eaalrl k| a`eirojal grjeak6
}c{ ta~ jc eaalrlcir k| a`eirojal tjblcjr6
dbe ta~ jc eaalrlcir kl ki`a` bjxl dl djtl6
l}l# kio# bjt eaalrl kl ki`a` ~rigrjol l}lk|tjbacl -kjrl ~it ea cj`{jtl! ltk.
@|olcl o~rl| k| l}tl`{a|`lj eiroljx `|olcl l}ta`{ jc eaalr|c|a -dl l}lo~c|8 j.t}t!.
` Wa`diw{ ta~|c eaalr|c|a -dik|ol`t|c|a! ~ijtl ea dltlroa`jt {|~caol`tjr d|~
dl{l`|c dl ~l ~aktigrjoj c|a.
Dle.
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Dle.
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Dle. . Kjcl -^jtm! jdrl{j eaalr|c|a -darlktir|c|a! ` oloiraj kjck|cjtir|c|a. Lj {l
eiroljx da` `|olcl da{k|c|a a j darlktijrlcir# ~ra` kjrl {l trlkl {~rl j jh|`gl cj eaalr
-darlktir!# dl{~ratl ~ra` {lo`|c S. Dl l}lo~c|# kjclj {~rl eaalr|c e< -{j| jdrl{j
eaalr|c|ae< c|a! da` {a{tlo|c dl eaalrl da` Eag.
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Tloj 5.
[a{tlo|c dl i~lrjrl Wa`diw{ 1
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AA. Lclol`tlcl lkrj`|c|a Wa`diw{ 1
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AAA. \tacaxjrlj oi|{|c|a -iraklc|c|a! ` olda|c Wa`diw{.
` olda|c Wa`diw{ a ` oldaacl ~rigrjolcir a`{tjcjtl ` Wa`diw{ oi|{|c rl~rlxa`t |`|c
da` klcl oja |tacaxjtl da{~ixataul dl a`trjrl jcl kjck|cjtir|c|a. K| oi|{|c {l l}lk|t|rotijrlcl i~lrjaa8
~ixaai`jrl dl~cj{jrl j oi|{|c|a ~l bari| ` {ki~|c dl~cj{raa a`dakjtir|c|a
oi|{|c|a -~ia`tlr! ~l lkrj` ~l`tr| j/c ~ixaai`j ~l |` ibalkt {j| `tr/|` diol`a|6
{icakatjrl kcak {t`g -` ki`ta`|jrl kcak! ~l ibalkt|c jcl{ dl cj lkrj` -~aktigrjo#
lclol`t ltk.!. Ibalkt|c j{telc {icakatjt {kmaob k|cijrlj6
dl{kmadlrl -cj`{jrl! d|bc|/kcak {t`g -` ki`ta`|jrl d|bc|/kcak! ~l ibalkt. `
rlx|ctjt jrl cik dl{kmadlrlj ibalkt|c|a -ki`a`|t|c c|a {l jealjx `tr/i elrlj{tr! {j|
cj`{jrlj ~rigrjo|c|a -` kjx|c k`d ibalkt|c jcl{ rl~rlxa`t ~aktigrjoj |`|a
~rigrjo!. D|bc|c/kcak ~ijtl ea `cik|at k| kcak# |rojt dl L`tlr -kcak & L`tlr!6
trjglrl dl~cj{jrl j oi|{|c|a ~l bari| k| b|ti`|c {t`g ~rl{jt. [l eici{ltl# dl
l}lo~c|# ~l`tr| j dl~cj{j -j ki~aj! ibalktl ~l lkrj` da`tr/i xi` ` jctj6
jeajrl ol`a| ki`tl}t|jc kcak drl~t ~l ibalkt# ` diol`a| ltk. Rlojrko jaka# k
` Wa`diw{ k| tijtl ibalktlcl ~it ea l}lk|tjtl `atl i~lrjaa# tijtl ibalktlcl j|~ri~ralta# {~lkaeakl cir. ` ol`a|c ki`tl}t|jc j~jrl ca{tj kiol`xacir# kjrl ~it ea
l}lk|tjtl k| ibalkt|c jcl{ a i~a|`lj dl uax|jcaxjrl a){j| oidaeakjrl j ~ri~raltacir
ibalkt|c|a -^ri~lrtal{...!6
trjglrl {~lkajc / dl~cj{jrl j oi|{|c|a ~l bari| k| b|ti`|c drl~t ~rl{jt. [l eici{ltl
~l`tr| o|tjrlj# ki~alrlj ibalktlcir {j| eirojrlj {k|rtt|racir -[mirtk|t!. I~a|`lj
rl{~lktau {l {icakat da` ol`a|c ki`tl}t|jc# kjrl {l jealjx d|~ lcablrjrlj
b|ti`|c|a drl~t jc oi|{|c|a
Ib{lrujal. Cj lkrj`|c oi`atir|c|a a`dakjtir|c oi|{|c|a -~ia`tlr|c! ~raoltl daelratl eirol `
e|`kal dl ~ixaai`jrlj c|a `tr/|` diol`a| {j| jct|c# ~l |` lclol`t jc lkrj`|c|a {j|
jct|c. Jkl{tl eirol {|glrljx |tacaxjtir|c|a# dl rlg|c# ta~|c i~lrjala kl ~ijtl ea
lelkt|jt k| ibalkt|c {j| lclol`t|c. Dl l}lo~c|8
! / rlgao dl ~ixaai`jrl# {icakatjrl# cj`{jrl6
/ rlgao dl rldaol`{ai`jrl -oidaeakjrl j daol`{a|`acir!6
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/ rlgao dl o|tjrl# ki~alrl6
(/ rlgao dl {lclktjrl j tl}t|c|a6
%/ rlgao dl a`{lrjrl j |`|a kjdr| -elrlj{tr drl~t|`gma|cjr! ~ra` trjglrl6'''' / i~lrjal a`tlrxa{# a`jdoa{abac ltk.
AU. Elrl{trl Wa`diw{ 1
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K| elrl{trlcl j~cakjaa {l ~it lelkt|j |rotijrlcl i~lrjaa8
dl~cj{jrl ~l lkrj` ~ra` trjglrlj bjrla dl tatc|6
rldaol`{ai`jrl ~ra` trjglrlj bird|racir {j| j kic|racir6 oa`aoaxjrl ~ra`tr/|` kcak ~l b|ti`|c dl oa`aoaxjrl. Elrlj{trj oa`aoaxjt {l {tr`gl `
bjrj dl j~cakjaa# dl |`dl ~ijtl ea rl{tjbacat k| |` kcak ~l dl`|oarlj la6
oj}aoaxjrl -l}ta`dlrl ~l tit lkrj`|c! ~ra`tr/|` kcak ~l b|ti`|c dl oj}aoaxjrl. Cj
elrlj{trj oj}aoaxjt b|ti`|c dl oj}aoaxjrl {l trj`{eiro ` b|ti` dl rl{tjbacarl# kjrl#
eaa`d jkai`jt k| |` kcak# rl{tjbacltl elrlj{trj cj oraolj `irojc -a`aajc!6
`kmadlrl |` kcak ~l b|ti`|c dl `kmadlrl. ` rlx|ctjt elrlj{trj da{~jrl dl cj lkrj` -{l
{tr`gl ` ~aktigrjoj# dl |`dl j ei{t dl{kma{!6
jkt|jcaxjrl -{j| {kijtlrl cj {|~rjej ` kjx|c# k`d cj lkrj` {|`t dl{kma{l oja o|ctl
elrl{trl! |` kcak ` irakl diol`a| uaxabac jc elrl{trla {j| ~l `|olcl la ` bjrj dl j~cakj aa.
Elrlj{trj jkt|jc jrl bjrj dl tatc| dl i k|cijrl ki`t|rjt -dl l}lo~c|# jcbj{tr!.
Ib{lrujal8 Bjrlcl dl dleacjrl {lrul{k ~l`tr| dl~cj{jrlj a`eirojala ` a`tlrair|c elrl{trla `
{ki~|c dl j i uldlj ~l klj `lkl{jr. ^l`tr| jklj{tj {l jkai`ljx k| kcak|ra b|tij`lcl
k| {gla dl cj l}trloatacl bjrlcir dl dleacjrl {j| {l trjgl caet|c.
Kj{ltlcl dl dajcig j~jr cj lkrj` ` ~rikl{|c cj`{raa |`ir kiol`xa {j| ` kjx|c |`ir
kio|`akra da` ~jrtlj kjck|cjtir|c|a. Lcl rl~rlxa`t elrl{trl {~lkaeakl k| daol`{a|`a ea}l
-`| ~it ea rldaol`{ai`jtl# oa`aoaxjtl {j| oj}aoaxjtl!# dl k|cijrl gra a ki`a` |` ar dl
lclol`tl ~ra` kjrl {l kio|`ak k| kjck|cjtir|c. Jkl{tl lclol`tl {|`t jd|{l ` Eag. 5.4.
Tijtl lclol`tlcl kj{ltla dl dajcig {l jkai`ljx k| kcak|ra {ao~cl jcl oi|{|c|a8
` ca{tl {l {icakat k| |` kcak |`|c da` lclol`tlcl ca{tla -lclol`t|c {icakatjt l{tl ki`t|rjt dl
|` ei` jcbj{tr|!6
` kj{ltlcl dl tl}ta ` |`lcl kj{ltl kioba`jtl k| |` kcak {l ~ixaai`ljx k|r{ir|c dl tl}t
-! ` a`tlrair|c cir ~l`tr| j {l k|clgl a`eirojaj lkl{jr6
kj{ltlcl kioba`jtl {l trj`{eiro ` ca{tl k| |` kcak ~l b|ti`|c k| {gljt - ! da` drlj~tj
cir. ` kjx|c k`d lcl ki`a` a`eirojal `|olrak k| kcak|ra ~l b|tij`lcl da` drlj~tj -"!
`|olrl da` kj{ltl {l orl{k {j| {l oakirljx k| i |`atjtl6
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kj{ltlcl dl ujcadjrl a b|tij`lcl dl i~a|`l {l jktauljx k| |` kcak# jkkl~t`d|/{l
i~a|`acl rl{~lktaul -` ko~|racl rl{~lktaul jcl cir j~jrl |`|c da` kjrjktlrlcl8 {j| !6
ltakmltlcl k| kcak|ra ~l lcl {l jealjx cj {|~rjej i kjrtlc {j| jctj da` kj{ltj dl dajcig k|
oja o|ctl kjrtlcl -tradaol`{ai`jc!6
kj{ltlcl dl ac|{trjrl {lrul{k ~l`tr| i uax|jcaxjrl ~rljcjbac j rlx|ctjtlcir oidaeakracir
ibalkt|c|a6
Kj{lt dl tl}t
Kj{ltkioba`jt
Kj{lt dlujcadjrl
Kj{lt dlac|{trjrl
B|ti` dli~a|`l
B|ti` dlkioj`d
Ca{t
Ltakmlt
Eag. 5.4. Lclol`tlcl kj{ltlcir dl dajcig.
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b|tij`lcl dl kioj`d IF {j| Ql{ `kmad kj{ltlcl dl dajcig# jkkl~t`d|/{l a`{tjcracl
-jclglrlj! ek|tl# ajr Kj`klc # Kci{l # @i cl `kmad er jkkl~tjrl -tit|c ro`l jj k|o
j ei{t ~` cj dl{kmadlrlj kj{ltlcir!. Jkai`jrlj klcircjctl b|tij`l dl kioj`d -dl
l}lo~c|8 Briw{l... # Eirojt... # I~tai`{... ! d|kl cj dl{kmadlrlj jctir kj{ltl dl dajcig.
Ib{lrujal8 Jkkl~tjrlj {ltracir lelkt|jtl ` kj{ltlcl dl dajcig ~ijtl ea ek|t k| L`tlr -cj
tj{tjt|r!# ajr rle|x|c cj lcl k| L{k. ` joblcl kjx|ra kj{ltlcl dl dajcig da{~jr dl cj
lkrj`.
U. Ol`a|ra Wa`diw{ 1
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Ol`a|c ~ra`ka~jcjc ~rigrjo|c|a Wa`diw{ ki`a`l |rotijrlcl i~a|`a8
^rigrjo{} / k|tjrl a cj`{jrl j ~rigrjolcir# a`{tjcjtl ` olda|c Wa`diw{6
Dik|ol`t{} / k|tjrl a dl{kmadlrlj j dik|ol`tlcir# k| kjrl {/j c|krjt rlkl`t -` jkl{t{|bol`a| {l ~{trljx ca{tj |ctaoacir:< dik|ol`tl# kjrl j| ei{t dl{kma{l {j| k| kjrl {/j
c|krjt!6
[ltta`g{} / trlklrl cj rlgao|ra dl a`{tjcjrl# ki`eag|rjrl j daelratir |`ata {j| da{~ixataul jcl
kjck|cjtir|c|a# dl a`{tjcjrl {j| dlxa`{tjcjrl j ~rigrjolcir ltk.6
Ea`d} / jktaujrlj |`|a rlgao dl k|tjrl j dik|ol`tlcir {j| di{jrlcir ` kjck|cjtir# dl
k|tjrl j kjck|cjtijrlcir ` rllj ltk.6
Mlc~ rlgao dl j{a{tl` -jh|tir! da` ~jrtlj kjck|cjtir|c|a6
R|`... rlgao dl cj`{jrl j ~rigrjolcir dl irakl ta~# kjrl {l ki`a` ` oloiraj
kjck|cjtir|c|a6
[m|t diw`... rlgao dl `kmadlrl# rl{tjrtjrl j kjck|cjtir|c|a.
` jtl aj |tacaxjtir|c|a*
`kmadlrlj kjck|cjtir|c|a {l ejkl ki`{lk|tau# ~ir`a`d dl cj ol`a|c ~ra`ka~jc jc ~rigrjo|c|aWa`diw{ - [tjrt [m|t diw`... Ql{ !.
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Tloj 7.
[a{tlo|c dl i~lrjrl Wa`diw{ 1
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I jct oidjcatjtl8
/ {l l}lk|t |` kcak ~l ibalkt6
/ {l jkai`ljx tj{tj Dlcltl # j~ia tj{tj L`tlr.
I j trlaj oidjcatjtl8
/ {l trjgl ibalkt|c ~l ki|c dl g|`ia -~aktigrjo ~l Dl{fti~ k| `|olclRlkqkcl Ba`!6
/ {l ki`earotlrglrlj k| |` kcak ~l b|ti`|c Ql{ ` kj{ltj dl dajcig j~r|t.
k! rl{tjbacarlj ibalktlcirtlr{l8
/ {l dl{kmadl ki|c dl g|`ia -Rlkqkcl Ba`!6
/ da` a`tlrair|c elrl{trlaRlkqkcl Ba` {l trjgl ` l}tlrair -~l Dl{fti~ {j| ` jct di{jr!~aktigrjoj ibalkt|c|a kl {l rl{tjbacltl.
d! dl{kmadlrlj ibalktlcir8
/ {l l}lk|t |` d|bc|/kcak ~l ibalkt {j| ki`{lk|tau8 |` kcak a L`tlr.
l! ki~alrlj -o|tjrlj! ibalktlcir -~rikldl|c jd|{ l{tl |`aulr{jc# ~l`tr| irakl ta~|ra dl
ibalktl# erjgol`tl dl tl}t# dl tjblc {j| dl dl{l` ltk.!8
/ {l l}lk|t |` kcak drl~t ~l ibalkt6
/ ` ol`a|c ki`tl}t|jc j~r|t {l {icakat Ki~q -~l`tr| ki~alrl! {j| K|t -~l`tr|o|tjrl!6
/ {l dl{kmadl dl{ta`jaj -di{jr|c# ` kjrl {l ki~al {j| {l o|t ibalkt|c!6
/ kcak drl~t ` a`tlrair|c elrl{trla dl{ta`jal6
/ ` ol`a|c ki`tl}t|jc {l {icakat^j{tl.
e! {kmaobjrlj `|olc|a ibalkt|c|a8
/ {l l}lk|t |` kcak drl~t ~l ~aktigrjoj ibalkt|c|a6
/ ` ol`a|c ki`tl}t|jc {l {icakatRl`jol6
/ dl cj tj{tjt|r {l k|clgl |` jct `|ol6
/ {l jkai`ljxL`tlr.
Ib{lrujal8 Jkkl{|c cj rllj|j cikjc {l ejkl ~ra` ~aktigrjol @ltwirf @lagmbirmiid# cj
A`tlr`lt ~ra` ~aktigrjoj A`tlr`lt L}~cirlr-{j| @lt{kj~l Kioo|`akjtirA!. Jkl{tl
rlgao|ra# kj a Oq Kio~|tlr# Rlkqkcl Ba` {l a`{tjcljx j|tiojt cj a`{tjcjrlj
~rigrjo|c|a Wa`diw{ 1
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Tloj =.
Jkkl{iraa Wa`diw{ 1
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^ra`ka~a|c dl c|kr| ` olda|c ~rigrjo|c|a l{tl dl{t|c dl {ao~c|8
k|cijrlj a`{tr|ol`t|c|a dl dl{l`jrl {l jclgl da` bjrj dl k|cira k| |` kcak {t`g# ajr
k|cijrlj ei`|c|a -j mrtala! k| |` kcak drl~t jc oi|{|c|a6
a`{tr|ol`t|c dl c|kr| {j| ta~|c eag|raa lclol`tjrl {l ~rlaj da` bjrj dl a`{tr|ol`tl k| |`
kcak {t`g jc oi|{|c|a6
d|~ jclglrlj a`{tr|ol`t|c|a# j k|ciracir# {l a`tr ` a`tlrair|c elrl{trla -` dik|ol`t! a
{l c|krljx k| jh|tir|c oi|{|c|a ` dl~l`dl` dl ta~|c a`{tr|ol`t|c|a jcl{8 {l l}lk|t
trjglra ~l`tr| j dl{l`j# j tlrgl# j {lclktj {j| {l l}lk|t kcak|ra {t`ga ~l`tr| j ui~{a
|`aeiro diol`aa `kma{l# ~l`tr| j {kmaobj {kjrj aojga`aa -j i ora {j| oakirj! ltk.
\`atacl dl ol`a| jcl ~rigrjo|c|a ~lroat |rotijrlcl8
Eacl dl j lelkt|j i~lrjaa k| dl{l`|c ` `trlgaol8
@lw eirojrlj |`|a dl{l` `i|6
I~l`... dl{kmadlrlj |`|a dl{l` l}a{tl`t ` oloiraj kjck|cjtir|c|a ~l`tr| j c|krj k| lc6
Bjrdl tatc|
Bjrdl ol`a|raA`{tr|ol`tl8 dl {lclktjrl
dl tlrglrl
dl dl{l`jrl
dl ui~{arl
dl orarl
dl {kralrl j tl}t|c|a
Eag|ra lclol`tjrl
Bjrdl k|cira
Bjrdl {tjrl
Eag. 7.:. Elrlj{trj ldatir|c|a grjeak^ja`t.
Ki a`|t|c dik|ol`t|c|a
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[jul {jcujrlj dl{l`|c|a ` cik|c dl |`dl j ei{t dl{kma{ {|b jklcja `|ol6
[jul J{... {jcujrlj dl{l`|c|a ` jct cik a){j| {|b |` jct `|ol -` jj kjx dl{l`|c
a`aajc# kjrl j ei{t dl{kma{ {~rl j {l c|krj k| lc# ro`l l{kmaobjt!6
^ra`t ^rlualw uax|jcaxjrl ~rljcjbac j dl{l`|c|a -k|o uj jrtj lc cj ta~jr!6
^jgl [lt|~... a`{tjcjrlj -{ltjrlj! ~jrjoltracir ~jga`aa# ~l kjrl {l uj l}trjgl dl{l`|c6
^ra`t... l}trjglrlj dl{l`|c|a cj ao~raoj`t -~l mrtal!6
L}at alarl da` ~rigrjo -`kmadlrlj ~rigrjo|c|a!6
Ldat dl j rldjktj dl{l`|c8
\`di rl{tjbacarl j |ctaola kirlkaa6
K|t# Ki~q# ^j{tl k|`i{k|tlcl kiol`xa dl ki~alrl)o|tjrl -` jkl{t kjx lcl jkai`ljx
j{|~rj erjgol`tlcir dl dl{l`!6
Kcljr [lclktai` tlrglrlj erjgol`t|c|a {lclktjt6
[lclkt Jcc {lclktjrlj `trlg|c|a dl{l`6
Ki~q Ti... {jcujrlj erjgol`t|c|a {lclktjt dl dl{l` `tr/|` eaalr `i|6
^j{tl Erio... a`{lrjrl ` dl{l` j |`|a jct dl{l` da` oloiraj kjck|cjtir|c|a6
Ualw dl j jeaj {j| j {kijtl dl cj lkrj` lclol`tl jcl elrl{trla8
Tiic Bi} bjrj dl a`{tr|ol`tl6
Kicir Bi} bi}j k| k|cira6
[tjt|{ Bjr bjrj dl {tjrl6
Xiio }orarlj)oakitjrlj aojga`aa6
Tl}t Tiibjr bi}j k| {lt|ra dl kjrjktlrl -l{tl jkkl{abac `|oja ` kjx|c eici{araa
a`{tr|ol`t|c|a dl k|clglrl j tl}t|c|a!6
Aojgl dl j oj`a~|cj k| erjgol`t|c dl dl{l` {lclktjt8
Eca~)Ritjtl r{t|r`jrl)ritarl j erjgol`t|c|a6
[trltkm)[klw oidaeakjrl j daol`{a|`acir# dleirojrl j erjgol`t|c|a dl dl{l` {lclktjt6
Kcljr Aojgl tlrglrlj `trlg|c|a dl{l`.
I~tai`{ dl j oidaeakj |`aa ~jrjoltra ja ~rigrjo|c|a -dl l}lo~c|# j k|ciracir!6
Mlc~ dl j ~raoa j{a{tl` -jh|tir! da` ~jrtlj kjck|cjtir|c|a.
Ib{lrujal8 Erjgol`tlcl dl dl{l` {lclktjtl ~it ea |ir o|tjtl ~ra` trjglrl# ajr ki~ajtl / ~ra`
Ktrc & trjglrl.
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Tloj 1.
^rikl{jrlj tl}t|c|a.^rikl{ir|c dl tl}tl Wird
A. I~lrjaa k| a`eirojaj dl ta~ tl}t.
K| a`eirojaj dl ta~ tl}t {l ~it lelkt|j |rotijrlcl i~lrjaa8
k|clglrl -ta~rarl!6
rldjktjrl -kirlktjrl!6
eirojtjrl -jrj`hjrl# `er|o|{ljrl!6 l}trjglrl -{jcujrl!.
Uio rlul`a k| jo`|`tl cj jkl{tl i~lrjaa d|~ l}~cakjrlj ~i{abacatacira j oidjcatacir dl
c|kr| k| ~rikl{ir|c|a dl tl}tl Wird.
AA. ^rigrjo|c Wird.
^rigrjo|c Wird l{tl |` ~rikl{ir dl tl}t k| ~i{abacata cjrga dl eirojtjrl a kio~cltjrl-`er|o|{ljrl! j dik|ol`t|c|a tl}t|jc k| jctl ta~|ra dl a`eirojal -dl{l`l# eitigrjeaa#
dajgrjol# tjblcl# eiro|cl ltk.!. ^rigrjo|c ~ijtl ea cj`{jt ~ra` daelratl ka# klj oja
kioid eaa`d cj`{jrlj j|tiojt ~ra` dl{kmadlrlj dik|ol`t|c|a dl ta~|c Oakri{iet Wird
Dik|ol`t. Elrlj{trj ~rigrjo|c|a l{tl i elrlj{trj~cakjal {tj`djrd# k| lclol`tlcl
rl{~lktaul -ulxa Eag. 1.:!.
^rigrjo|c {|{a`l c|kr|c ki`kioatl`t k| oja o|ctl dik|ol`tl -~` cj :>>!# elrl{trlcl krirj
{l ~ixaai`ljx ` a`tlrair|c elrl{trla ~rigrjo|c|a. Elrl{trlcl dik|ol`tlcir {|`t{ao~caeakjtl a ki`a` lclol`tl {~lkaeakl8 ragclcl iraxi`tjca ulrtakjc. Trlklrlj dl cj
|` dik|ol`t cj jct|c {l ejkl ~ra` |`atjtlj dl ol`a| Wa`diw.
AAA. Ol`a|c ~rigrjo|c|a.
^ra` a`tlrolda|c ol`a|c|a ~rigrjo|c|a Wird {l lelkt|ljx tijtl i~lrjaacl k| dik|ol`t|c a
k| ki`a`|t|c c|a. Klcl oja dl{ |tacaxjtl kiol`xa {|`t {kij{l da` ol`a| {|b eiro dl
bjrl dl a`{tr|ol`tl -ar|ra dl b|tij`l# kjrl {l jkai`ljx k| kcak|ra {ao~cl jcl
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oi|{|c|a!. Jeajrlj {j| {kijtlrlj dl cj lkrj` j bjrlcir dl a`{tr|ol`tl {l ~ijtl ejkl
~ra`tr/|` kcak/drl~t ` irakl cik jc xi`la a`{tr|ol`tlcir -jc bjrla dl ol`a|ra! a
{icakatjrlj dl`|oaraa bjrla dl a`{tr|ol`tl `lkl{jrl da` ol`a|c ki`tl}t|jc j~r|t
-`|olcl bjrlcir jeajtl cj lkrj` j| ` {t`gj {lo`|c !. [l rlkioj`d dl ~{trjt
~lroj`l`t cj lkrj` bjrlcl [tj`djrd -ki`a`l kiol`xacl dl c|kr| k| dik|ol`t|c `
`trlgaol! a Eirojtta`g -kiol`xa dl eirojtjrl j dik|ol`t|c|a!. \`lcl bjrl j~jr cj
lkrj` j|tiojt# idjt k| cj`{jrlj |`ir rlgao|ra {~lkajcl dl c|kr|# a da{~jr# idjt k|
`kmadlrlj jkl{tirj.
\`atacl dl ol`a| jcl ~rigrjo|c|a j| |rotijrlj dl{ta`jal a ki`a` |rotijrlcl i~a|`a -`
ki`ta`|jrl uir ea jd|{l klcl |tacaxjtl oja erlkul`t!8
Eacl ki`a`l i~a|`a dl c|kr| k| dik|ol`t|c ` `trlgaol8
@lw... eirojrlj |`|a dik|ol`t tl}t|jc `i| ` olda|c Wird ` ki`eiroatjtl k|
oidlclcl ~ri~|{l dl ~rigrjo6
I~l`... dl{kmadlrlj |`|a dik|ol`t da` oloiral ~l`tr| j c|krj k| lc6
Kci{l `kmadlrlj dik|ol`t|c|a jkt|jc6
Eag. 1.:. Lkrj`|c ~rigrjo|c|a Wird.
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[jul {jcujrlj dik|ol`t|c|a ` cik|c ulkma# {|b jklcja `|ol6
[jul J{... {jcujrlj dik|ol`t|c|a ` jct cik a){j| {|b |` jct `|ol6
^jgl [lt|~... a`{tjcjrlj ~jrjoltracir ~jga`aa6
^ra`t ^rlualw... uax|jcaxjrlj ~rljcjbac j dik|ol`t|c|a `ja`tl dl j ea l}trj{ cj
ta~jr6
^ra`t... l}trjglrlj cj ta~jr j dik|ol`t|c|a -~jga`j k|rl`t# ktluj ~jga`a {lclktau#
dik|ol`t|c ` `trlgaol# erjgol`t|c {lclktjt!6
L}at jbj`di`jrlj ~rigrjo|c|a -alarlj da` ~rigrjo!6
Ldat ki`a`l |`lcl kiol`xa dl rldjktjrl8
\`di -Rldi! `tijrklrl k| |` ~j{ `j~ia -|` ~j{ `ja`tl! ` ~rikl{|c c|kr|c|a `
{ki~|c rl{tjbacaraa kirlktracir6
K|t# Ki~q# ^j{tl kiol`xa dl ki~alrl# o|tjrl j erjgol`tlcir# j jctir ibalktl
{lclktjtl da` dik|ol`t6
Kcljrtlrglrlj erjgol`t|c|a {lclktjt6
[lclkt Jcc {lclktjrlj `trlg|c|a dik|ol`t6
Ea`d... k|tjrlj ` dik|ol`t j |`|a ar a`dakjt dl kjrjktlrl6
Rl~cjkl... k|tjrlj a `cik|arlj ` dik|ol`t j |`|a ar dl kjrjktlrl k| jct|c6
Ualw ki`a`l kiol`xa dl jeajrl {j| {kijtlrl dl cj lkrj` j daelratir lclol`tl8
@irojc# I`ca`l Cjqi|t# ^jgl Cjqi|t# I|tca`l# Oj{tlr Dik|ol`t oid|ra dl
uax|jcaxjrl j dik|ol`t|c|a -b|tij`lcl rl{~lktaul {l g{l{k ` {t`gj bjrla dl
dleacjrl iraxi`tjcl!. [l rlkioj`d |tacaxjrlj oid|c|a^jgl Cjqi|t*
Tiicbjr{ / jeajrlj){kijtlrlj dl ~l lkrj` j bjrlcir dl a`{tr|ol`tl6
R|clr jeajrlj){kijtlrlj ragclcir6
Mljdlr j`d Eiitlr jktaujrlj j`tlt|c|a a {|b{ic|ca|a ~jga`aa ~l`tr| j {l ~|tlj c|krj
` lcl. A`eirojaj a`kc|{ ` j`tlt|c -{|b{ic|c! |`la ~jga`a j|tiojt {l rl~lt ~l
tijtl ~jga`acl dik|ol`t|c|a*
Eiit`itl{ trlklrl rj~ad dl cj `itj dl {|b{ic cj traoatlrlj da` tl}t a a`ulr{6
E|cc {krll` l}ta`dlrl j ~jga`aa dik|ol`t|c|a ~l tit lkrj`|c -klclcjctl lclol`tl jcl
elrl{trla da{~jr!6
Xiio... rlgao dl orarl -oakirjrl! j aojga`aa dik|ol`t|c|a dl cj lkrj` -{l
j{ljo` k| i c|~!.
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A`{lrt ki`a`l kiol`xa dl a`{lrjrl ` ~jga`acl dik|ol`t|c|a j daelratir ibalktl8
Brljf... `trlr|~lra dl ~jga`a -trlklra eirjtl cj ~jga`a `ia!6
^jgl @|oblr{... `|olrl jcl ~jga`acir dik|ol`t|c|a6
[qobic... kjrjktlrl {~lkaeakl# kl `| l}a{t cj tj{tjt|r6
Kiool`t kiol`tjraa cj |`aa tlrol`a da` dik|ol`t -lcl ~it ea ux|tl cj lkrj` djr `|
{l l}trjg cj ta~jr!6
Eiit`itl... `ital dl {|b{ic6
^akt|rl / dl{l`l da` babcaitlkj kjck|cjtir|c|a -Kca~Jrt...!# da` jctl dik|ol`tl
grjeakl -Erio Eacl...!# aojga`a {kj`jtl -Erio [kj``lr!# tl}t jrta{tak -Wird Jrt...!#
eag|ra grjeakl lclol`tjrl -J|ti[mj~l{!# dajgrjol -Kmjrt!6
Tl}t Bi} bi}l dl tl}t6
Eacl... ki`a`|t|c irakrir jctir eaalrl Wird6
Ibhlkt... jctl ibalktl -eiro|cl# irgj`agrjol# bjxl dl djtl ltk.!.
Eirojt ki`a`l kiol`xa dl eirojtjrl j ki`a`|t|c|a dik|ol`t|c|a8
Ei`t... eirojtjrlj kjrjktlrlcir6
^jrjgrj~m... eirojtjrlj ~jrjgrjelcir6
B|cclt{ j`d @|oblra`g... eirojtjrlj ca{tlcir6
Birdlr{ j`d [mjda`g... eirojrlj kml`jrlcir -bird|racir! a mj|rjrlj tl}t|c|a
-~jga`aa!6
Kic|o`{... eirojtjrlj kicij`lcir dl tl}t -jt|`ka k`d lcl {l eici{l{k!6
Tl}t Darlktai`... {kmaobjrlj darlkala tl}t|c|a ` klc|clcl dl tjblc# ` bi}lcl dl tl}t6
Kmj`gl Kj{l... {kmaobjrlj catlrlcir da` ojh|{k|cl ` oa`|{k|cl a a`ulr{6
Ibhlkt... eirojtjrlj ibalkt|c|a {lclktjt -bi} dl tl}t# dl{l` ltk.!.
Tiic{ ki`a`l kiol`xa {|~caol`tjrl# a`{tr|ol`tl dl j|tiojtaxjrl j |`ir i~lrjaa#
kiol`xa dl ki`eag|rjrl j olda|c|a dl c|kr| ltk.8
[~lcca`g j`d Grjoojr... ki`tric grjojtakjc jc tl}t|c|a k| ~i{abacata dl kirlktjrl
j|tiojt j grllcacir6
Cj`g|jgl / a`{tjcjrl j dakai`jrlcir -[lt Cj`g|jgl...! ` ki`eiroatjtl k| caobj
dik|ol`t|c|a -jtl`al# dakai`jr|c trlb|al { kirl{~|`d jcejblt|c|a tj{tjt|raa*!6
J|tiKirrlkt... rlgao dl `ujrl j kjck|cjtir|c|a ~l`tr| j kirlktj j|tiojt |`lcl
grllca grjojtakjcl# dl {tac# dl eiro ltk.6
Olrgl Dik|ol`t{... kioj{jrlj -|`arlj! oja o|ctir dik|ol`tl ` |`|c6
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^ritlkt Dik|ol`t... kidaeakjrlj dik|ol`t|c|a# a`trid|klrlj |`la ~jricl dl
dl{kmadlrl ` {ki~|c ~ritlhraa c|a dl j ea katat {j| eici{at -jtl`ai`o# k jkl{tl
oltidl `| o~aldaktlrglrlj dik|ol`t|c|a*!6
Ojac Olrgl... irgj`axjrlj kirl{~i`dl`la -dl l}lo~c|# {l ~ijtl {kral i {a`g|r
{kra{ijrl# ` kjrl jdrl{jt|c# jct a`eirojal kl a`l dl lc# l{tl jcl{ dl kjck|cjtir
j|tiojt da`tr/i bjx dl djtl. Cj ao~raoj`t {l l}trjg jttlj {kra{ira daelratl# ka
jdrl{ja j| ei{t a`dakja ` bjxj dl djtl!6
L`ulci~l{ j`d Cjblc{... rlgao dl {kralrl j jdrl{lcir ~l ~cak|ra# j ltakmltlcir.
A`eirojaacl {l l}trjg j|tiojt dl kjck|cjtir da` bjxl dl djtl6
Clttlr Uaxjrd... rlgao dl kio~|`lrl j {kra{iracir. Kjck|cjtir|c tl jh|t ~ra` {ejt|ra#
kl a` dl ki`a`|t|c a eiroj {kra{iraa6K|{tioaxl... rlgao dl oidaeakjrl j ol`a|racir# j bjrlcir dl a`{tr|ol`tl# dl eirojrl
j |`ir `ia bjrl dl a`{tr|ol`tl ` ki`eiroatjtl k| diclj`lcl |tacaxjtir|c|a
-|tacaxjtir|c jrl ~i{abacatjtlj { jh|{tlxl ol`a|racl a bjrlcl dl a`{tr|ol`tl d|~
`lkl{atacl c|a*!6
I~tai`{... rlgao dl ki`eag|rjrl j olda|c|a dl c|kr| ~ra` {ltra j daelratir ~jrjoltra.
Tjbcl |`atjtl dl ol`a|# {~lkajcaxjt ` ~rlc|krjrlj tjblclcir# kjrl ~it ea a`{lrjtl a
|tacaxjtl ` dik|ol`t. Jaka {l ki`a` |rotijrlcl i~a|`a8
Drjw Tjbcl dl{l`jrl oj`|jc j tjblc|c|a -k| krlai`|c!6
A`{lrt Tjbcl... -Riw{...# Kic|o`{...# Klcc{...! a`{lrjrl j |`|a tjblc ` dik|ol`t -j
ca`aacir# kicij`lcir# klc|clcir ` tjblc {|~caol`tjrl!6
Dlcltl Klcc{ -Riw{# Kic|o`{! tlrglrl da` tjblc j klc|clcir -ca`aacir# kicij`lcir!6
Olrgl Klcc{ ki`ti~arlj oja o|ctir klc|cl ` |`j6
[~cat Klcc{... dauaxjrlj klc|clcir ` 2 a oja o|ctl6
[lclkt Riw# [lclkt Kic|o`# [lclkt Tjbcl kiol`xa dl {lclktjrl j ca`ala# kicij`la#tjblc|c|a ` kjrl l ~ixaai`jt k|r{ir|c dl tl}t6
Tjbcl J|tiEirojt... kioj`d dl eirojtjrl j|tiojt j tjblclcir ` ki`eiroatjtl
k| oidlc|c jcl{ dl |tacaxjtir da`tr/i babcaitlk j kjck|cjtir|c|a6
Klcc Mlagmt j`d Wadtm... {tjbacarlj oj`|jc j daol`{a|`acir klc|clcir6
Mljda`g{ rl~ltjrlj ~crala tjblc|c|a ~l |rotijrlcl ~jga`a jcl dik|ol`t|c|a6
[irt... {irtjrlj -jrj`hjrlj! ki`a`|t|c|a klc|clcir {j| j ~jrjgrjelcir -d|~ {j|
o~itrauj jcejblt|c|a# ` krltlrl {j| dl{krltlrl ltk.!6
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[miw -Madl! Gradca`l{ jeajrlj -j{k|`dlrlj! |`la gracl# ~l kjrl l ki`{tr|at tjblc|c.
Gracj# kjrl l{tl uaxabac cj lkrj`# `| {l l}trjgl cj ao~raoj`t# ka {lrultl dijr
~l`tr| iral`tjrl.
Wa`diw kiol`xa dl c|kr| k| elrl{trlcl dik|ol`tlcir -djk {l dl{kmad oja o|ctl `
jkllja {lkul` dl c|kr|!. J|tiojt ` jkl{t ol`a| j~jrl ca{tj dik|ol`tlcir dl{kma{l
k| ~i{abacatjtlj dl j jkt|jcaxj -j {kijtl ` ej! |`|c {j| jct|c. Jkt|jcax`d |`
dik|ol`t {j| jct|c# j~jrl ~i{abacatjtlj dl j {kmaobj a`eirojaj `trl dik|ol`tl
-eici{a`d kiol`xacl K|t# Ki~q#^j{tl!*
Mlc~ rlgao dl j{a{tl -jh|tir!# kjrl ki`a`l tijt a`eirojaj dl{~rl ~rigrjo# l}~cak
c|kr|c k| ~rigrjo|c ltk.
Ib{lrujaj 1.:. ^l`tr| kioidatjtl# |` ar dl kiol`xa da` ol`a|c ~rigrjo|c|a {|`t {kij{l {|b
eiro dl b|tij`l ` bjrlcl dl a`{tr|ol`tl. Dl`|oarlj jkl{tir kiol`xa j~jrl c`g
a`dakjtir|c oi|{|c|a k`d lc {l ~ixaai`ljx ~l b|ti`.
Ib{lrujaj 1.2. ` ol`a|ra |`lcl kiol`xa ~it ea ~j{aul -`| {|`t {kra{l luadl`ajt!. Jkl{tlj {|`t
kiol`xa a`jdoa{abacl ` {at|jaj -rlgao|c! ki`krlt dl c|kr|.
Ib{lrujaj 1.;. L}lk|tjrlj o|ctir kiol`xa `lkl{at i ~rlgtarl ~rljcjbac -{lclktjrl#
~ixaai`jrl j k|r{ir|c|a# jktaujrl j ibalkt|c|a ltk.!. \tacaxjtir|c `| trlb|al { |atl jkl{t
c|kr|*
Ib{lrujaj 1.4. I {ic|al leakal`t l{tl |tacaxjrlj ol`a|racir ki`tl}t|jcl -jeajtl k| |` kcak drl~t
jc oi|{|c|a!. Lcl ki`a` kiol`xacl jdoa{abacl ` {at|jaj# rlgao|c# cik|c ltk. ki`krltl dl
c|kr|.
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Tloj :>.
\tacaxjrlj ~rjktak j ~rikl{ir|c dl tl}tl Wird
A. I~lrjaa ~rljcjbacl k| dik|ol`t|c i|/eirojt.
C|kr|c k| |` dik|ol`t `i|/eirojt -er ki`a`|t! a dl{kma{ {l uj `kl~l k|8
:.A`{tjcjrlj jcejblt|c|a tj{tjt|raa -kcak ~l a`dakjtir|c tj{tjt|raa da` drlj~tj bjrla dl j~cakjaa
a# ` ki`ta`|jrl# jclglrlj da` ol`a|c jeajt j jcejblt|c|a `lkl{jr!. \` kcak drl~t ~l jkl{t
a`dakjtira {icakatjrlj i~a|`aa ^ri~lrtal{... ~lroatl dl j jd|gj ` ca{t -{j| j {kijtl da`lj! jcejbltl `ia.
2. Ulraeakjrlj a a`{tjcjrlj dakai`jr|c|a `lkl{jr ~l`tr| ki`tric|c grjojtakjc -ki`{lk|tau {l
{icakatTiic{&Cj`g|jgl &[lt Cj`g|jgl...!.
;.A`{tjcjrlj |`|a {lta oraol dl kjrjktlrl -kioidl {j| dl bjx! ~l`tr| uaatir|c dik|ol`t
-dl l}lo~c|# Taol{ @lw Rioj` {j|Jrajcdl :2/:4 ~t{!6
4. A`{tjcjrlj kileakal`t|c|a dl uax|jcaxjrl cj lkrj` j dik|ol`t|c|a -Ualw&Xiio... {j|
a`{tr|ol`t|cXiio da` bjrj [tj`djrd! `trl 7>,.
AA. K|clglrlj a`eirojala.
K|clglrlj tl}t|c|a -ta~rarlj!{l ejkl dl cj tj{tjt|r k| rl{~lktjrlj |rotijrlcir rlg|ca8
:. Tit|c {l k|clgl `kl~`d k| ~raoj ~ixaal j r`d|c|a -eal tatc|# eal `kl~|t dl ~jrjgrje {j|
jct ~ira|`l dl tl}t# kjrl `lkl{at ~l uaatir i dl~cj{jrl {~rl kl`tr|c {j| {~rl drlj~tj
~jga`aa!. [|`t a`tlrxa{l ~j|xlcl -bcj`k|racl! cj `kl~|t|racl r`d|racir*
2. Dlijrlkl ~rikl{ijrlcl dl tl}t trlk a`eirojaj da`tr/|` r`d ` jct|c j|tiojt# r|~`d/i `
cik|racl kl ki`a` ~j|xl# trlklrlj eirjt cj |` r`d `i| {l ejkl `|oja cj {erat|c
~jrjgrjelcir -` ~jrtak|cjr# j tatc|racir! ~ra` tj{tjrlj c|a L`tlr. Djk l `lkl{jr# {l ~ijtl
trlkl eirjt cj |` r`d `i| er j jelktl {tr|kt|rj -kir~|c! ~jrjgrje|c|a k| [maet & L`tlr.
;. `trl k|ua`tl {l cj{ `|oja i {a`g|r ~j|x -~l`tr| j ejkl ~i{abac trlklrlj tl}t|c|a da`tr/|`
r`d ` jct|c!.
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4. @| {l ~|` ~j|xl `ja`tlj {lo`lcir dl ~|`kt|jal# d|~ ~jrj`tlxlcl -gmacaolclcl! kl {l
dl{kmad a `ja`tlj klcir kl {l `kmad.
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i ca`al dl tl}t {l {lclktljx k| |` kcak ` {t`gj la -k`d a`dakjtir|c oi|{|c|a ~raoltl
eiroj(!# ajr ktluj ca`aa ki`{lk|taul ~ra` trjglrlj jkl{t|a a`dakjtir ` hi{ -{j| ` {|{!6
tit tl}t|c {l {lclktljx k| |` tra~c|/kcak ` ko~|c {t`g jc ~jga`aa {j| k| jh|tir|ckioba`jala dl tj{tl Ktrc & J.
Erjgol`tlcl {lclktjtl ~it ea8
tlr{l k| tj{tj Dlcltl6
`cik|atl k| jct tl}t ~ra` k|clglrlj `i|c|a tl}t6
ki~ajtl -dl~cj{jtl! cj elc kj a ibalktlcl ` Wa`diw{ -~ra` |tacaxjrlj kiol`xacirKi~q# K|t#
^j{tl da` ol`a|c ki`tl}t|jc# da` |`atjtlj dl ol`a| Ldat {j| da` bjrlcl dl a`{tr|ol`tl!.
Kirlktjrlj k|ua`tlcir kl ki a` grllca grjojtakjcl -lcl {l {|bca`ajx dl kjck|cjtir k| i ca`al
uc|rij{ dl k|cijrl rial {j| ulrdl! ~ijtl ea `klrkjt# l}lk|t`d |` kcak drl~t ~l
k|u`t a jclg`d da` ol`a|c ki`tl}t|jc j ujraj`tla kirlktl. ` kjx|c ca~{la ujraj`tlcir
k|u`t|c rl{~lktau -kirlkt da` ~|`kt|c dl uldlrl jc |tacaxjtir|c|a*! ~i{abac k `| {l
ki`a`l ` dakai`jr. Lc ~ijtl ea jdj|gjt ` dakai`jr k| kioj`djJddda` jklcja ol`a|
ki`tl}t|jc.
AU. Eirojtjrlj dik|ol`t|c|a.
^l`tr| j eirojtj -j jrj`hj! dik|ol`t|c {l rlkioj`d |rotijrlj ki`{lk|tauatjtl dl i~lrjaa8
:. [l a`{tjcljx ~jrjoltraa ~jga`aa dik|ol`t|c|a -dl l}lo~c|# jkl{t c|kr| {l ejkl ~ra` ol`a|c
Eacl&^jgl [lt|~...!.
2. [l eirojtljx# djk l `lkl{jr# kjrjktlrlcl -eici{a`d ol`a|c Eirojt&Ei`t...!.
;. [l eirojtljx ~jrjgrjelcl -eici{a`d ol`a|c Eirojt&^jrjgrj~m...!.
4. [l eirojtljx ca{tlcl -djk lcl l}a{t ` dik|ol`t! ~ra` ol`a|c Eirojt& B|cclt{ j`d
@|oblra`g...
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5. D|~ `lkl{atjtl# ` dik|ol`t ~it ea a`{lrjtl tjblcl -~ra` Tjbcl& A`{lrt Tjbcl... {j|
eici{a`d b|ti`|c rl{~lktau da` bjrj dl a`{tr|ol`tl [tj`djrd!. ` ki`ta`|jrl tjblclcl {l
kio~cltljx k| a`eirojal -ealkjrl klc|c j tjblc|c|a ~ijtl ea ~rauat kj |` dik|ol`t
tl}t|jc {l~jrjt k| caolj ~jga`aa ~rl{tjbacat# ajr `caolj lcj{tak# ` kjrl {|`t ujcjbacl
i~lrjaacl dl rldjktjrl a eirojtjrl jcl tl}t|c|a!# {l rldjktljx# {l eirojtljx ~ra` jd|gjrl
dl bird|ra# mj|rra jcl klc|clcir ltk. C|kr`d k| tjblclcl# {l uir |tacaxj i~a|`acl ol`a|c|a
Tjbcl.
Ib{lrujaj :>.:.I~lrjaacl dl eirojtjrl {l lelkt|ljx k| erjgol`tlcl dl tl}t. ` ~rljcjbac lcl {l
{lclktljx*
Ib{lrujaj :>.2. \`lcl i~lrjaa dl eirojtjrl -klcl oja {ao~cl! ~it ea ek|tl k| jh|tir|c
a`{tr|ol`tlcir da` bjrj dl a`{tr|ol`tl Eirojtta`g-{j| da` jctl bjrl dl a`{tr|ol`tl!.
U. L}trjglrlj -{jcujrlj! dik|ol`tlcir.
L}trjglrlj dik|ol`t|c|a -~jrajc# titjc# j ~jga`aa k|rl`tl {j| j erjgol`t|c|a {lclktjt! {l
ejkl ~ra` ol`a|c Eacl&^ra`t...
[jcujrlj dik|ol`t|c|a~l ~jrk|r{|c {lkul`la dl c|kr| -{l rlkioj`d lelkt|jrlj da` k`d `
k`d j jkl{tla i~lrjaa ` {ki~|c ~ritlhraa a`eirojala! a cj ea`lcl c|kr|c|a {l ejkl k|
Eacl& [jul# k| b|ti`|c rl{~lktau -[jul! da` bjrj dl a`{tr|ol`tl [tj`djrd {j| ~ra`
tj{tjrlj c|a Ktrc & [.
[jcujrlj dik|ol`t|c|a ` jct cik a){j| {|b |` jct `|ol {l lelkt|ljx ~ra` ol`a|c
Eacl&[jul J{... Jkl{t ~rikldl| ~ijtl ea eici{at ` {ki~|c eiroraa |`ir dik|ol`tl `ia
` bjxj dik|ol`tlcir l}a{tl`tl# kio~cltjtl k| a`eirojal.
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Tloj ::.
^rikl{ir|c dl tl}tl WirdA`eirojaa {|~caol`tjrl# {ejt|ra ~rjktakl.
A. ` ~rikl{|c c|kr|c|a dl{lira {l j~lcljx cj oloiraj kjck|cjtir|c|a -~l`tr| dl{kmadlrlj {j|
{jcujrlj dik|ol`tlcir# ~l`tr| a`{lrjrlj ibalktlcir ltk.!. Kj{ltj dl dajcig# kjrl
~lroatl jkkl{|c cj oloiral# jrl i eiro a |` ki`a`|t {tj`djrd ~l`tr| kjx|racl
l`|olrjtl -Eag. ::.:!.
K| j{telc dl kj{ltl dl dajcig {l rlkioj`d |rotijrlj ki`{lk|tauatjtl dl i~lrjaa8
: / dl{kmadlrlj k| |` kcak j ca{tla ibalktlcir Wa`diw{ a {icakatjrlj |`|aj da` lcl -alrjrmak
{|~lrair klc|a k|tjt ` oloiral!. Dl l}lo~c|# {l ~ijtl `kl~l k| Dl{fti~ {j| Oq
Kio~|tlr ltk.!6
2 / ki`{lk|tau# k| d|bc|/kcak|ra# {l dl{kmad di{jrlcl {~rl dik|ol`t|c -di{jr|c! kl {l kj|t6
; djk l `lkl{jr# k| |` kcak {l ~ixaai`ljx k|r{ir|c dl tl}t ` kj{ltj kioba`jta {l k|clgl
`|olcl ibalkt|c|a -dl l}lo~c|# cj {jcujrlj k| i~a|`lj [jul J{... jaka {l k|clgl
`|olcl i| jc dik|ol`t|c|a!6
Eag. ::.:. Kj{ltdl dajcig dl `juagjrl ~ra oloiraj kjck|cjtir|c|a.
:2 ; 4
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4 {l jkai`ljx k| |` kcak b|ti`|c dl kioj`d ~l`tr| jkkl~tjrlj jclglraa a `kmadlrlj
kj{ltla dl dajcig.
AA. Ibalktlcl a`{lrjtl ` dik|ol`t `lkl{at i eirojtjrl -` jejr dl rldaol`{ai`jrl!. ^l`tr| jcl eirojtj {l ejkl |` kcak drl~t ~l bird|r a da` ol`a|c ki`tl}t|jc {l {icakat
i~a|`lj Eirojt -Ibhlkt!... J~jrl i kj{lt dl dajcig dl ta~|c klcla da` Eag. ::.2#
|`dl {|`t jd|{l ~i{abacatacl dl eirojtjrl.
tlrglrlj ibalkt|c|a da` dik|ol`t {l ejkl ~ra` jktaujrlj c|a -~ra`tr/|` kcak ~l bird|rj
ibalkt|c|a# ` rlx|ctjt|c kr|aj j~jr ~|`ktlcl dl rldaol`{ai`jrl! a tj{tjrlj c|a
Dlcltl. Rldaol`{ai`jrlj ibalkt|c|a jktau {l ejkl ~ra` trjglrlj ~|`ktlcir dl
rldaol`{ai`jrl# ajr o|tjrlj -ki~alrlj! ~ra` trjglrlj -Ktrc & trjglrl! bird|raa.
AAA. \` tjblc a`{lrjt ` dik|ol`t ik|~ ~ixaaj |`|a ~jrjgrje -`aka ` {t`gj# `aka ` drlj~tj c|a
`| ~ijtl ea {kra{ tl}t!. ` a`tlrair|c klc|clcir {l c|krljx iba`|at8 {l k|clgl# {l
rldjktljxa {l eirojtljx tl}t|c.
jklj{tkjrtlc{leirojtljxbird|racl# {l
ui~{ltl ei`|cibalkt|c|a.
jklj{tkjrtlc{l{tjbacltl ~ixaaj
ibalkt|c|a ejdl tl}t|cdik|ol`t|c|a.
jklj{tkjrtlc{la`{tjcljxda{tj j `trl
bird|ra tl}t-cj bi}lcl dl tl}t!.
Eag. ::.2. Kj{ltdl dajcig dl eirojtjrl j ibalktlcir a`{lrjtl.
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[|~caol`tjr# k| jkl{t ibalkt {tr|kt|rjt tjblc|c# ~it ea lelkt|jtl |` ar dl i~lrjaa8
jktaujrlj klc|cla ~ra` ~ixaai`jrlj k|r{ir|c|a dl tl}t ` lj6
dl~cj{jrlj k|r{ir|c|a dl tl}t da`tr/i klc|c` jctj ~ijtl ea lelkt|jt k| tj{tlcl dl darahjrl j
k|r{ir|c|a {j| k| tj{tj Tjb -dl~cj{jrlj k|r{ir|c|a {~rl drlj~tj!. I tj{tjrl j c|a Tjb `
|ctaoj klc|c j tjblc|c|a d|kl cj jd|gjrlj |`la ca`aa {|~caol`tjrl6
rldaol`{ai`jrlj kicij`lcir -ca`aacir! ~ra` trjglrlj bird|racir kl dl{~rl{k kicij`lcl
-ca`aacl!6
{lclktjrlj ca`aacir -j |`la ca`aa! ~ra` trjglrlj ~l ulrtakjc j a`dakjtir|c|a oi|{|c|a( `
{t`gj tjblc|c|a -|` kcak ` {t`gj ca`ala!6
{lclktjrlj kicij`lcir -j |`la kicij`l! ~ra` trjglrlj ~l iraxi`tjc j a`dakjtir|c|aoi|{|c|a dl eiroj dlj{|~rj tjblc|c|a -|` kcak dlj{|~rj kicij`la!6
{lclktjrlj klc|clcir -~it ea {lclktjtl `|oja diol`aa drl~t|`gma|cjrl dl klc|cl! ~ra`
trjglrlj a`dakjtir|c|a oi|{|c|a da`tr/i klc|c ~l{tl klclcjctl6
a`{lrjrlj ca`aacir -kicij`lcir! `ia ` a`tlrair|c tjblc|c|a ~ra` {lclktjrlj ca`aacir
-kicij`lcir! a eici{arlj ol`a|c|a Tjbcl& A`{lrt Riw{ -Kic|o`{!. Ca`aacl -kicij`lcl!
a`{lrjtl {l ~ixaai`ljx dlj{|~rj -` {t`gj! klcir {lclktjtl# ajr `|or|c cir l{tl lgjc k|
`|or|c klcir {lclktjtl6 tlrglrlj ki a`|t|c|a |`|a diol`a| dl klc|cl {lclktjt ~ra` tj{tjrlj c|a Dlcltl6
tlrglrlj ca`aacir -kicij`lcir! {lclktjtl ~ra` ol`a|c Tjbcl&Dlcltl Riw{ -Kic|o`{!6
ki~alrlj -o|tjrlj! diol`aacir dl tjblc {lclktjtl ` oid iba`|at# ki`eiro rlg|cacir
~l`tr| jctl ta~|ra dl ibalktl -|tacax`d kiol`xacl Ki~q# K|t# ^j{tl!6
ki`ti~arlj klc|clcir ~ra` {lclktjrl a j~cakjrlj ol`a|c|a Tjbcl&Olrgl Klcc{6
dauaxjrlj klc|clcir ~ra` jktaujrl a j~cakjrlj ol`a|c|a Tjbcl&[~cat Klcc{...6
|` ar dl i~lrjaa k| bird|racl# ui~{arlj klc|clcir~it ea lelkt|jtl eici{a`d a`{tr|ol`tlclda` bjrj Tjbcl{ j`d Birdlr{6
tlrglrlj `trlg|c|a tjblcda` dik|ol`t ~ra` {lclktjrlj t|t|rir ca`aacir -{j| kicij`lcir! a
j~cakjrlj ol`a|c|a Tjbcl&Dlcltl Riw{ -Kic|o`{!.
Ib{lrujal. Jctl ~i{abacata a oltidl dl c|kr|# ki`krltaxra jcl klcir l}joa`jtl oja {|{# {l ~it
g{a ` catlrjt|rj rl{~lktau dl {~lkajcatjtl.
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Tloj :2.
^rikl{jrlj tjblclcir.^rikl{ir|c dl tjblclL}klc
A. [tr|kt|rj dik|ol`t|c|a L}klc. Tlroa`icigal.
Dik|ol`t|c L}klc# `|oat rlga{tr| -Biif!# l{tl dl{ta`jt ~l`tr| irgj`axjrlj a`eirojala `
tjblcl. Rlga{tr|c ki`a`l ktluj eia dl kjck|c -Wirf{mllt{ {j| [mllt{!# `|or|c
krirj ~ijtl ea oidaeakjt dl ktrl |tacaxjtir.
Eijaj dl kjck|c l o~rat ` ca`aa -Riw{! a kicij`l -Kic|o`{!. Cj a`tlr{lkaj cir {l
eiroljx klc|clcl -Klcc{!. D|~ `lkl{atjtl# daol`{a|`acl klc|clcir -caolj
kicij`lcira `caolj ca`aacir! ~it ea oidaeakjtl dl ktrl |tacaxjtir.
I eijal dl kjck|c ki`a`l ao~cakat 2= -2
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AA. Lclol`tlcl lkrj`|c|a ~rigrjo|c|a L}klc.
Lkrj`|c a`aajc jc ~rigrjo|c|a L}klc l j{lo`tir klc|a jc ~rigrjo|c|a Wird# ki`a``d
~rjktak jklclja lclol`tl -ulxa Eag. :2.:!. Jkl{t c|kr| ki`earo tl`da`j dl |`aeakjrl
j a`tlrellcir -lkrj`lcir! ~rigrjolcir da` olda|c Wa`diw{# kllj kl# cj r`d|c {|#
||rljx |tacaxjtir|c|a `lclglrlj oltidlcir dl c|kr| a `{|arlj |`ir `ia ~rigrjol.
Dli{lbaracl `ll{l`ajcl `trl a`tlrellcl L}klc a Wird {|`t kj|xjtl dl ta~|racl dik|ol`tlcir
rl{~lktaul# dl oid|c dl ~rlc|krjrl j a`eirojala# dl oid|c dl rl~rlxl`tjrl j
a`eirojala# dl oid|c dl l}trjglrl ltk. Jkl{tl dli{lbara jelktljx ta~|c |`ir
lclol`tl jcl lkrj`|c|a -` L}klc j~jr |`lcl lclol`tl `ia a ca~{l{k klcl {~lkaeakl
~rigrjo|c|a Wird!# bjrlcl dl a`{tr|ol`tl -` kjrl |`lcl kiol`xa {~lkaeakl
~rigrjo|c|a Wird {|`t `cik|atl k| kiol`xa {~lkaeakl ~rigrjo|c|a L}klc! a
i~a|`acl ol`a|racir.
K|r{ir|c dl tjblc-|` kjdr| drl~t|`gma|cjr# kl kia`kadl k| |`j da` klc|clcl eiaa dl kjck|c! jrl
ric|c dl j a`dakj klc|cj k|rl`t -{j| jkt|jc! da` eijaj dl kjck|c -klc|cj# ` kjrl j~jrl
a`eirojaj k|clj{ dl cj tj{tjt|r# kjrl ~ijtl ea rldjktjt# eirojtjt ltk.!.
Eag. :2.:. Lclol`tlcl lkrj`|c|a L}klc.
Bjrl dl dleacjrl
Bjr dl tatc| jkicij`lcir
Bjrl dla`{tr|ol`tlBjr dl tatc|Bjr dl ol`a|ra
Bjr dl tatc| jca`aacir
Ltakmltlcl eiacirdl kjck|c
Bjr dl {tjrl
B|tij`l dl gl{ta|`l jelrl{trlcir~rigrjo|c|a adik|ol`t|c|a
Bjr dl eiro|cl
Klc|cl
K|r{ir dl tjblc
Ki`a`|t|ceiaa dl kjck|c
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A`dakjtir|c oi|{|c|a# kj a ` ~rigrjo|c Wird# a {kmaob eiroj ` dl~l`dl` dl xi`j
lkrj`|c|a ` kjrl {l jec. Ealkjrl da` jkl{tl eirol ~lroatl |tacaxjtir|c|a dl j {l
iral`tj ` ~i{abacatacl dl |tacaxjrl j oi|{|c|a. Dl l}lo~c|8
! -jrttir!# / rlgao dl {icakatjrl j ol`a|racir# dl cj`{jrl j kiol`xacir# dl o|tjrl {j|
ki~alrl j klc|clcir -erjgol`tlcir! k| jh|tir|c oi|{|c|a ltk. -jj eiro j a`dakjtir|c|a {l
`tc`ltl ` l}tlrair|c eiaa dl kjck|c# ~l bird|rj klc|cla jkt|jcl {j| j erjgol`t|c|a
{icakatjt6
-kr|kl grj{! / rlgao dl ~ixaai`jrl j k|r{ir|c|a dl tjblc -k| |` kcak!# dl {lclktjrl j
klc|clcir# ca`aacir# kicij`lcir -~ra` trjglrl! ltk.6
/ rlgao dl rldaol`{ai`jrl j ca`aacir# kicij`lcir ~ra` trjglrl -jklj{t eiro j
a`dakjtir|c|a j~jrl ` bjrj dl tatc| j ca`aacir -kicij`lcir! ~l ca`aacl kl cl dl{~jrt6
- / rlgao dl a`{lrjrl j ar|racir ~ra` trjglrlj kic|c|a drl~t/hi{ jc klc|cla jkt|jcl {j| j
diol`a|c|a dl klc|cl {lclktjt -jkl{t kic jrl eiroj |`|a ~|`kt grj{!6
/ rlgao dl a`{lrjrl j kjdrlcir -dl l}lo~c|# j bi}lcir dl tl}t! ` eijaj dl kjck|c -~ra`
trjglrlj a`dakjtir|c|a oi|{|c|a!.
AAA. Ol`a|c ~rigrjo|c|a.
` L}klc `tc`ao ~rjktak jklclja |`ata dl ol`a| kj a ` Wird -l}kl~aj i ejkl |`atjtlj dl
ol`a| Djtj da` L}klc# kjrl i `cik|altl ~l Tjbcl da` Wird!. Dl{ta`jaj |`atacir
dl ol`a| L}klc -rl{~lktau# j o|ctir i~a|`a! kia`kadl k| klj j |`atacir dl ol`a| da`
Wird. Jtt |`atacl dl ol`a|# kt a i~a|`acl da` lcl {l {icakat k| |` {ao~c| kcak jc
oi|{|c|a.
` ki`ta`|jrl `l uio rlelra cj |`lcl i~a|`a# {~lkaeakl ~rigrjo|c|a L}klc8 ` ol`a|c Eacl8
^ra`t Jrlj {l eici{ltl ~l`tr| {ltjrlj {j| ojrkjrlj ~jga`acir kl {l ~rl{|~|` dl j ea
l}trj{l cj ao~raoj`t. L kjx|c { ol`ai`o# k a`eirojaj tjblcjr da` L}klc#
{~rl dli{lbarl dl klj tl}t|jc da` Wird# `| l{tl ~cj{jt ` ~jga`a# ka l{tl
~ixaai`jt jrbatrjr ` eijaj dl kjck|c. D|~ dauaxjrlj eiaa dl kjck|c ` ~jga`a
a`eirojaj da` lj ~ijrl ea jrj`hjt# dl~cj{`d/i ` jj elc# kj lj { `aolrlj{k `
lcl6
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` ol`a|c Ldat8
^j{tl {~lkajc... i ~i{abacatjtl {~lkajc dl ki~alrl -o|tjrl! {j| j aojga`aa klc|clcir#
{j| j ki`a`|t|racir cir ltk. -dl l}lo~c|# ~it ea ki~ajtl {j| o|tjtl `|oja
eiro|clcl {j| `|oja rlx|ctjtlcl kjck|racir!6
Kcljr tlrglrlj kio~clt j ki`a`|t|c|a diol`a|c|a {lclktjt -Jcc!# `|oja j
eirojtracir -Eirojt{!# `|oja j ki`a`|t|c|a -Ki`tl`t{!# `|oja j kiol`tjraacir
-Kiool`t{!. ` rlx|ctjt|c jkl{tir tlrglra klc|clcl {l ~{trljx# ` lcl
oidaeak`d|/{l |oja ki`a`|t|c6
Dlcltl... tlrglra jcl klc|clcir# ca`aacir# kicij`lcir k| tit k| ki`a`|t6
Dlcltl [mllttlrglrlj eiaa dl kjck|c jkt|jcl -k|rl`tl! da` rlga{tr|6
Oiul ir Ki~q [mllt... o|tjrlj {j| ki~alrlj eiaa dl kjck|c jkt|jcl6
` ol`a|c Ualw8
Ualw Kiool`t{ jeajrlj {j| j{k|`dlrlj dl cj lkrj` j kiol`tjraacir a`trid|{l `
klc|cl6
` ol`a|c A`{lrt {l ki`a` kiol`xa {~lkaeakl dl a`{lrjrl8
Klcc{... a`{lrjrl dl klc|cl `ia6
Riw{ a`{lrjrl dl ca`aa `ia6
Kic|o`{ a`{lrjrl dl kicij`l `ia6
Wirf{mllt a`{lrjrl j |`la eia dl kjck|c `ia6
Kmjrt... a`{lrjrl j |`la dajgrjol6
E|`ktai`... a`{lrjrl ` eiro|cl j e|`kaacir {tj`djrd6
Kiool`t a`{lrjrl j kiol`tjraacir k| ~rauarl cj ki`a`|t|c klc|cla -kiol`tjraacl
a`{lrjtl ` klc|c `| {|`t uaxabacl cj lkrj`# `| {l l}trjg cj ao~raoj`t# j~jr k`d
{l ~ixaai`ljx a`dakjtir|c oi|{|c|a ~l klc|ca {lrul{k |tacaxjtir|c|a ` kjcatjtl
dl l}~cakjal j ki`a`|t|c klc|cla!6 ` ol`a|c Eirojt {l g{l{k kiol`xa dl eirojtjrl j a`eirojala da` dik|ol`t8
Klcc{... eirojtjrlj klc|clcir6
Riw{ / eirojtjrlj ca`aacir eiaa dl kjck|c6
Kic|o`{ / eirojtjrlj kicij`lcir eiaa dl kjck|c6
[mllt / eirojtjrlj eiaa k|rl`tl dl kjck|c6
J|tiEirojt... eirojtjrlj tjblclcir -{lclktjtl ` ~rljcjbac! ` ki`eiroatjtl k|
oidlcl ~ri~|{l dl kjck|cjtir6
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` ol`a|c Tiic{ ol`ai`o8
^ritlkai` / ~i{abacata dl ~ritlhjrl j dik|ol`t|c|a6
Gijc [llf... rlxicujrlj |`ir ~ribclol dl i~taoaxjrl -kjck|cjrlj |`ir ujcira
~rldltlroa`jtl jcl klc|cla ~ra` oidaeakjrlj ujciracir jctir klc|cl!6
[iculr... rlxicujrlj |`ir ~ribclol dl kjck|c6
ol`a|c Djtj ki`a`l kiol`xa {~lkajcaxjtl ` c|kr|c k| klcl oja {ao~cl bjxl dl djtl#
irgj`axjtl ` eijaj dl kjck|c {|b eiro dl tjblcl8
[irt... {irtjrlj bjxla dl djtl d|~:/; ko~|ra6
Eactlr / eactrjrlj a`eirojala {j| {lclktjrlj da` bjxj dl djtl j a`eirojala d|~
kratlraa eiro|cjtl dl ktrl |tacaxjtir6
Eiro... ~rialktjrlj# lcjbirjrlj a gl{ta|`lj bjxla dl djtl -kirlktjrl#
a`trid|klrl)tlrglrl j `{kralracir ltk.!6
|`atjtlj dl ol`a| Wa`diw {lrultl ~l`tr| j oj`a~|cj k| elrl{trlcl dik|ol`tlcir# ~l`tr|
j jkt|jcaxj |`lcl {j| jctl dik|ol`tl ` kjx|c dl{kmadlraa a c|kr|c|a k| oja o|ctl
idjt6
Mlc~ l{tl |` ol`a|# ~ra` kjrl {l ~ijtl ki`{|ctj kjck|cjtir|c ` {ki~|c j{a{tl`la
-jh|tir|c|a!.
Ib{lrujal8 ` L}klc l{tl kioida leakal`t |tacaxjrlj ol`a|racl ki`tl}t|jcl. ^ra`a`tlrolda|c cir {l ~it ejkl ojhiratjtlj c|krracir -i j{telc dl oltid uj ea ~rioiujt` ki`ta`|jrl cj l}~cakjrlj c|kr|c|a k| tjblclcl# dajgrjolcl ltk.!
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Tloj :;.
\tacaxjrlj ~rjktak j ~rikl{ir|c|a dl tjblclL}klc
A. I~lrjaa a`aajcl -dl ~rlgtarl!.
K| `iacl rlga{trl L}klc a`aajc {l ~rikldljx j{lo`tir kj a k| dik|ol`tlcl Wird8
dl{kmadlrlj# {tjbacarlj# djk l `lkl{jr# j ~jrjoltracir ~jga`aa# a`{tjcjrlj jcejbltlcira
j dakai`jrlcir ltk. D|~ `lkl{atjtl# ~it ea rldaol`{ai`jtl kicij`lcl -ca`aacl! ~ra`
trjglra jcl ca`aacir kl cl dl{~jrt ` bjrlcl dl tatc|.
Daol`{a|`acl kicij`lcir -ca`aacir! ` ~rikl{|c rldaol`{ai`raa {l jealjx `tr/i kj{lt {at|jt
` ulka`tjtlj a`dakjtir|c oi|{|c|a. Jkl{tl daol`{a|`a {|`t l}~raojtl ` `atl
|`ata# kjrl j| |rotijrlcl ujcira8 ~l iraxi`tjc -~l`tr| kicij`l! < |`at. ? :ko6 ~l
ulrtakjc -~l`tr| ca`aa! ;> |`at. ? : ko.
AA. K|clglrlj a`eirojala -kio~cltjrlj tjblclcir!.
K|clglrlj a`eirojala-kio~cltjrlj klc|clcir tjblclcir k| a`eirojal! {l ejkl k| rl{~lktjrljrlg|cacir dl k|clglrl j tl}t|c|aa# {|~caol`tjr# j |rotijrlcir rlg|ca8
:. [l ~ixaai`ljx k|r{ir|c dl tjblc ` klc|cj kl uj ea kio~cltjt k| a`eirojal a {l k|clgl
|`|c da` |rotijrlcl ta~|ra dl a`eirojal8
/ tl}t|jc {|b eiroj |`|a ar dl kjrjktlrl jrbatrjrl6
/ `|olrak{|b eiroj |`|a `|or# kirlkt da` ~|`kt dl uldlrl ojtlojtak6
/ eiro|clcl {|b eiroj |`la l}~rl{aa ojtlojtakl kirlktl# kjrl {l `kl~l k| {lo`|c ?.
D|~ tlroa`jrlj k|clglraa {l tj{tljxTjb ~l`tr| j trlkl ` klc|cj ulka` da` drlj~tj {j|
L`tlr ~l`tr| j trlkl ` klc|cj |rotijrl dl oja hi{.
` rlx|ctjt# a`eirojaj a`trid|{ {l ~ixaai`ljx ` klc|c ` dl~l`dl` dl ta~8
/ tl}t|jc {~rl {t`gj6
/ `|olrak {~rl drlj~tj -j{telc {l ~ijtl ulraeakj# djk `|or|c k|cl{ a a`trid|{ l{tl
`lcl{ dl kjck|cjtir kj `|or {j| kj tl}t iba`|at*!6
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/ eiro|cj {l j{k|`dl -`| l{tl uaxabac ` klc|c# ka `|oja ` bjrj dl eiro|cl!# ajr `
klc|c j~jrl rlx|ctjt|c# kjck|cjt ` ki`eiroatjtl k| eiro|cj a`trid|{ -` kjx|c kioatlraa
grllcacir ` eiro|c kjck|cjtir|c jealjx ` klc|c tl}t|c +@JOL!.
2. Jdrl{lcl klc|clcir ~jrtaka~j`tl ` kjck|c ~it ea a`trid|{l ` ~rikl{|c k|clglraa eiro|clcir
{icakat`d|/cl k| oi|{|c -l}lk|t`d |` kcak ` klc|clcl rl{~lktaul!# ajr e|`kaacl k|
jh|tir|c rlgao|c|a A`{lrt& E|`kai`... ^l`tr| j oidaeakj jdrl{jrlj klc|cla -da`
rlcjtau ` jb{ic|t {j| a`ulr{! aoldajt d|~ k|clglrlj jdrl{la {l tj{tljx i djt {j|
dl ktluj ira tj{tj e|`kai`jcE4 ~` {l iba`l eiroj `lkl{jr j jdrl{la.
;. Tatc|racl -dl`|oaracl! tjblclcir {l a`trid|k ` klc|cj {at|jt ` ~raoj kicij` j tjblc|c|a.
4. A`trid|klrlj ar|racir `|olrakl |`aeiro krl{ktijrl ~ijtl ea j|tiojtaxjt ` elc|c |rotir8/ {l k|clg ~raolcl 2 lclol`tl jcl ar|c|a ` 2 klc|cl ki`{lk|taul6
/ {l {lclktljx jkl{tl klc|cl -oltidj dl {lclktjrl uj ea l}~|{ oja hi{!6
/ {l trjgl k| a`dakjtir|c oi|{|c|a --! kic|c drl~t/hi{ jc diol`a|c|a {lclktjt ` darlkaj
`lkl{jr.
Djk l `lkl{jr# ~ra` jklj{t oltid ~it ea kio~cltjtl klc|clcl ki`{lk|taul k| |`j a jklaja
a`eirojal tl}t|jc# ~it ea ki~ajtl eiro|clcl. Cj ki~alrlj eiro|clcir# `{# jdrl{lcl
rlcjtaul jcl klc|clcir {l jdj~tljx cj `|olrlcl ca`aacir -ki~alrlj ~l ulrtakjc! {j| cj
`|olcl kicij`lcir -cj ki~alrlj ~l iraxi`tjc!. [l ~{trljx titjc {j| ~jrajc jdrl{lcl
klc|clcir ` eiro|cl# djk lcl {|`t jb{ic|tl -ki`a` {lo`|c $ `ja`tlj `|olcir ca`aacir
a){j| j kicij`lcir!.
AAA. Rldjktjrlj a`eirojala.
^l`tr| rldjktjrlj tjblclcir -kirlktjrlj ki`a`|t|c|a klc|clcir! l}a{t |rotijrlcl oltidl8
:. Trlklrlj ` rlgao|c dl kirlktjrl j klc|cla jkt|jcl {l ejkl tj{tjrlj c|a E2# ~ra`tr/|` d|bc|/
kcak ` lj {j| ~ra` ~ixaai`jrlj k|r{ir|c|a dl tl}t ` bjrj dl eiro|cl.
2. `cik|arlj ki a`|t|c|a klc|cla jkt|jcl k| jct|c `i| {l lelkt|ljx ~ra` k|clglrlj `i|c|a
ki`a`|t.
;. tlrglrlj ki a`|t|c|a klc|cla jkt|jcl {l ejkl ~ra` tj{tjrlj c|a Dlcltl.
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4. [lclktjrlj diol`aacir ` {ki~|c |`ir kirlktra# tlrglra {j| eirojtra# ` jctl {ki~|ra {l
ejkl ~ra` |rotijrlcl oltidl8
/ diol`aacl eirojtl da` klc|cl / ~ra` trjglrlj a`dakjtir|c|a oi|{|c|a dl eiroj kr|kl
grj{ ~l{tl klc|cl6
/ ktluj ca`aa -kicij`l! ki`{lk|taul / ~ra` trjglrlj a`dakjtir|c|a oi|{|c|a dl eiroj kr|kl
grj{ ` bjrlcl dl tatc| jcl ca`aacir -kicij`lcir!6
/ i {a`g|rca`al -kicij`! |` kcak ~l `|olcl la ` bjrj dl tatc|6
/ tijt eijaj dl kjck|c |` kcak ` a`tlr{lkaj bjrlcir dl tatc| j ca`aacir a kicij`lcir `
kic|c {t`g/{|{ jc eiaa dl kjck|c.
I trjglrl rl~ltjt k| tj{tj Ktrc ~rl{jt ~lroatl dl j {lclktj diol`aa jrbatrjrl# da{krltl
-eirojtl da` erjgol`tl daelratl!.
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2. Eirojtjrlj oj`|jc -~l ~ira|`a! j tjblclcir ~ijtl ea ek|t ` elc|c |rotir8
tatc|c tjblc|c|a {l kl`trljx# {lclkt`d tijtl klc|clcl ` caolj tjblc|c|a o~rl|` k|
~raoj# kl ki`a`l tatc|c# a jkai``d b|ti`|c Olrgl j`d Kl`tlrda` bjrj a`{tr|ol`tlcir
dl eirojtjrl -bjrjEirojta`g!6
ei`t|racl a ~ixaaj ~l iraxi`tjcj ki a`|t|c|a klc|clcir~it ea eirojtjtl~ra` {lclktjrlj
klc|clcl a jkai`jrlj b|tij`lcl rl{~lktaul da` bjrj a`{tr|ol`tlcir dl eirojtjrl6
eirojtjrlj kio~cl}j tjblclcir{l ejkl ~ra` {lclktjrlj erjgol`tlcir ` lcl# l}lk|tjrlj
|`|a kcak/drl~t ` diol`aacl {lclktjtl a {icakatjrlj da` ol`a|c ki`tl}t|jc j i~a|`aa
Eirojt klcc{... ` kj{ltj dl dajcig rl{~lktau -ulxa Eag. :;.:! ki`{lk|tau {l {ltljx
~jrjoltraa dl eirojtjrl# |tacax`d |rotijrlcl rlgao|ra8
: @|oblr eiroj dl rl~rlxl`tjrl j a`eirojala ` klc|c -eirojt|c `|olrlcir# jc
djtlcir# jc a`eirojala ki`tjbacl ltk.!6
: 2 ; 4 < 5
Eag. :;.:. Kj{ltj dl dajcig dl eirojtjrl kio~cl} j klc|clcir.
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2 Jcag`aol`t ~ixaaj -jca`alrlj! a`eirojala ` klc|c. Ujcadjrlj kj{ltla Wrj~ tl}t
da` jklj{t kjrtlc ~lroatl trlklrlj tl}t|c|a da` klc|cl da`tr/|` r`d ` jct|c6
; Ei`t eirojtjrlj kio~cl} j kjrjktlrlcir da` klc|cl6
4 Birdlr eirojrlj -dl{l`jrlj! bird|racir klc|clcir# kjrl uir j~jrl a cj ta~jr6
< ^jttlr`{ mj|rjrlj -ui~{arlj! klc|clcir6
5 ^ritlktai` lclol`tl dl ~ritlkal j a`eirojala da` klc|cl -j| lelkt# djk l ~ritlhjt
`trlg dik|ol`t|c!.
` ea`jc# d|~ lelkt|jrlj t|t|rir {ltracir# {l jkai`ljx b|ti`|c dl kioj`d IF ~l`tr|
jkkl~tjrl {j| Kj`klc ~l`tr| jbj`di`jrlj cir.
U. L}trjglrlj dik|ol`tlcir L}klc. [jcujrlj a`eirojala.
L}trjglrlj cj ao~raoj`t j a`eirojala# lcjbirjtl ` L}klc# daelr o|ct dl l}trjglrlj
dik|ol`tlcir Wird# kjrl dl cj b|` `kl~|t {|`t ~ixaai`jtl ~l ~jga`a. ` L}klc tijt
a`eirojaj -tjblclcl# dajgrjolcl# bi}lcl dl tl}t# dl{l`lcl ltk.! {l ~cj{ljx ~l eijaj dl
kjck|c# kjrl ~rjktak l{tl `lcaoatjt# djr# ~` cj |ro# ~ijtl ea dauaxjt ` ~jga`a
~l`tr| j cl l}trjgl -~jrjoltraa ~jga`acir {l {tjbacl{k ~ra` ol`a|c Eacl&^jgl
[lt|~...!. Jklj{t dauaxjrl -~ra` ca`aa ~|`ktjtl! j eiaa dl kjck|c ~ijtl ea ib{lrujt d|~
i uax|jcaxjrl ~rljcjbac j eiaa dl kjck|c -~ra` Eacl&^ra`t ^rlualw! {j| ` rlx|ctjt|c
l}lk|traa kiol`xaa Eacl&^ra`t Jrlj &[lt ^ra`t Jrlj.
Ju`d i j{telc dl dauaxjrl j eiaa dl kjck|c ` ~jga`a# {l trlkl cj i {kjr dl jeajrl j eiaa dl
kjck|c -Ualw&Xiio... ! oja oak -2
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Tloj :4.
Kjck|c|c tjblcjr.\tacaxjrlj eiro|clcir a j e|`kaacir `L}klc
Oa{a|`lj ~ra`ka~jc j ~rigrjo|c|a L}klc# jecjt cj bjxj lcjbirraa c|a# `| l{tl dl j dl{l`j
tjblcl -lcl ~it ea lcjbirjtl a ` Wird!# djr dl j j|tiojtaxj kio~cltjrlj ca`aacir
-kicij`lcir! tjblclcir k| a`eirojal `|olrak# ` ojhiratjtlj kjx|racir kjck|cjt `
dl~l`dl` dl jct a`eirojal# tit `|olrak# a`trid|{ l}~cakat# dl j jd|`j a`eirojaj
`|olrak da` ca`aa -kicij`l! {j| dl j ejkl titjc|ra# dl j i~taoaxj |`lcl ujcira jclklc|clcir ` dl~l`dl` dl ujciracl jctirj ltk.
Tijtl kjck|clcl {l lelkt|ljx ` bjxj eiro|clcir a`trid|{l ` klc|cl. Jkl{tl eiro|cl {l
~{trljx ` klc|cl a `| {l ud ` lcl8 ` klc|clcl {l jealjx rlx|ctjtlcl kjck|clcir.
^ra` a`tlrolda|c eiro|clcir jkl{tl rlx|ctjtl dl~a`d dl jctl djtl -a`aajcl {j| a`trid|{l
l}~cakat# kjck|cjtl j`tlrair ltk.! a {l oidaeak idjt k| oidaeakjrlj klcir a`aajcl.
^rjktak eijaj dl kjck|c -{j| tjblc|c! kl ki`a`l eiro|cl rl~rlxa`t |` ~rigrjo# k|
jh|tir|c kr|aj ~it ea lcjbirjtl tjblcl# ju`d |`j a jkllja {tr|kt|r# djr k| ki`a`|tdaelrat.
A`trid|klrlj irakrla eiro|cl {l `kl~l k| k|clglrlj kjrjktlr|c|a ?. ` ki`ta`|jrl {l k|clgl i
l}~rl{al ojtlojtak kirlkt# kl ~ijtl ki`a`l jtt `|olrl -kirlktl da` ~|`kt dl
uldlrl ojtlojtak!# kt a jdrl{l jcl klc|clcir# daelratl e|`kaa {tj`djrdl. [l rl{~lkt
rlg|cj ~jrj`tlxlcir -~it ea eici{atl `|oja ~jrj`tlxl rit|`dl*!8 `|or|c ~jrj`tlxlcir
kl {l dl{kmad trlb|al { kia`kad k| `|or|c klcir kl {l `kmad.
I~lrjaacl jratoltakl jdoa{abacl {|`t |rotijrlcl8 & -jd|`jrlj!# / -{kdlrlj!# ( -`o|carlj!#
) -o~rarlj!# P -radakjrlj cj ~|tlrl!.
Jd|klo ktluj l}lo~cl dl eiro|cl {ao~cl8
?2&2 -{l jd|` 2 k| 26 ` rlx|ctjt ` klc|cj k| jklj{t eiro|c uj j~jrl 4!6
?j: -klc|cj kl ki`a`l i j{telc dl eiro|c uj julj jklaja ujcijrl kj a klc|cj j:!6
?j:(2>, -ujcijrlj klc|cla kl ki`a`l jklj{t eiro|c uj rl~rlxl`tj 2>, da` ujcijrlj
klc|cla j:!6
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?-j:&b:!)2 -klc|cj k| jklj{t eiro|c uj ki`a`l oldaj jratoltak j ujciracir klc|clcir
j:a b:!.
` eiro|cl ~it ea eici{atl |` ar dl e|`kaa. Tijtl e|`kaacl kl ~it ea |tacaxjtl ` eiro|cl {l
g{l{k ` ol`a|c A`{lrt&E|`ktai`... -jaka lcl {|`t gr|~jtl d|~ kjtlgiraa# l{tl
jd|{ eiroj gl`lrjc dl {kralrl j cir k| l}~cakjaacl rl{~lktaul!. Jd|klo ktluj
l}lo~cl dl e|`kaa8
{|o-j48j;>! jd|` ujciracl t|t|rir klc|clcir dl cj j4 ~` cj j;> a`kc|{au6
{zrt-b;! l}trjgl rdka`j ~trjt da` ujcijrlj klc|cla b;6
ae-j:0:>>6:6>! djk ujcijrlj klc|cla j: l oja ojrl kj :>># jt|`ka ujcijrlj e|`kala
l{tl lgjc k| :# jctelc -djk ujcijrlj klc|cla j: l oja oak {j| lgjc k| :>>!
ujcijrlj e|`kala l{tl lgjc k| >6
oj}-j:6j26j;6j4! ujcijrlj e|`kala l lgjc k| klj oja ojrl da`trl ujciracl
klc|clcirj:# j2# j;# j4.
Cj ki~alrlj klc|clcir# kl ki`a` eiro|cl# jdrl{lcl rlcjtaul jcl klc|clcir ~jrtaka~j`tl ` eiro|cl
{l oidaeaka {l jdj~tljx cj ca`aacl -kicij`lcl! ` kjrl lcl {l ki~al. ^l`tr| j ea}j
|`lcl jdrl{l -{j| j `| ~lroatl oidaeakjrlj cir cj ki~alrl!# ` lcl {l eici{ltl {lo`|c
dicjr|c|a -$!. ` Eag. :4.: {|`t jd|{l tijtl kjx|racl ~i{abacl dl oidaeakjrl j jdrl{lcir
J B K D L
:
2 ?j:&$j2/b$: ?b:&$j2/k$: ?k:&$j2/d$: ?d:&$j2/l$:
; ?j2&$j;/b$:4 ?j;&$j4/b$:
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$!# ajr cj ki~alrlj ~l iraxi`tjc {l oidaeak ` krltlrl d|~ jcejblt catlrj da`
jdrl{ -lj `| l{tl ea}jt k| kjrjktlr|c $!. Dl jkl{t c|kr| `lj~rjt {l uj a`l ki`t cj
ki~alra.
Ib{lrujaj :4.:. Cj o|tjrlj klc|clcir -erjgol`tlcir! jdrl{lcl klc|clcir ro` ki`{tj`tl -`| {l
oidaeak!.
Ib{lrujaj :4.2. Cj {|ojrlj ki`a`|t|racir klc|clcir {l ~ijtl eici{a kioj`djJ|ti[|o da` bjrj
a`{tr|ol`tlcir[tj`djrd. ^l`tr| `kl~|t {l ~ixaai`ljx k|r{ir|c dl tjblc ` klc|cj#
|`dl {l kjck|cljx {|oj a {l jkai`ljx b|ti`|c . ` rlx|ctjt# kjck|cjtir|c
~rl{|~|`lkjo kl diol`a| dl klc|cl {l {|oljx -c `ki`hijr k| i ca`al ~|`ktjt! a
a`{lrljx ` klc|c eiro|cj rl{~lktau. Djk {l jkkl~t ~rl{|~|`lrlj kjck|cjtir|c|a#
{l tj{tljxL`tlr# ajr djk `| / {l {lclktljx k| oi|{|c diol`a|c dl klc|cl# kl {l
{|oljx# a {l tj{tljxL`tlr.
Ib{lrujaj :4.;. C|`gaolj eiro|cla `| trlb|al { dl~lj{k 2
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Tloj :
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cj ltj~j A {l jclgl ta~|c dajgrjola -da` ca{tj da` ~jrtlj {t`g j kj{ltla dl dajcig!
a {|bta~|c la. ^rl{jrlj b|ti`|c|a ^rl{{ j`d micd ti ualw {jo~cl d|kl cj i
uax|jcaxjrl ~rljcjbac j rlx|ctjt|c|a jclglraa. D|~ kl {/j ek|t jclglrlj ta~|c|a
uaatijrla dajgrjol {l jkai`ljx b|ti`|c dl kioj`d @l}t06
cj ltj~j AA |tacaxjtir|c jrl ~i{abacatjtlj dl j jkkl~tj {j| j kirlktj jdrl{lcl ar|racir
`|olrakl -{lraacl!# {lclktjtl ` tjblc# ` bjxj krirj {l lcjbirljx dajgrjoj. `
ki`ta`|jrl {l jkai`ljx b|ti`|c @l}t06
cj ltj~j AAA {l a`trid|k tatc|c dajgrjola# dl`|oaracl j}lcir -djk l `lkl{jr!# {l
~cj{ljx clgl`dj {j| {l a`dak oid|c dl jeajrl a ta~|c a`eirojala l}~cakjtaul da`
uaatijrlj dajgrjo. [l ki`ta`| k| b|ti`|c @l}t06
cj ltj~j AU -ea`jc! {l jclgl cik|c ~cj{raa dajgrjola8 ` eijaj dl kjck|c# jct|ra dl
tjblc# {j| `tr/i eijal {l~jrjt. [l tlroa` c|kr|c k| jkai`jrlj b|ti`|c|a Ea`a{m.
Eici{a`d b|ti`|c 3Bjkf da` kj{ltj dl dajcig ` irakl oiol`t {l ~ijtl `tijrkl `j~ia ~l`tr|
j kirlktj grllcacl kioa{l.
Eag. :
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Dajgrjoj ki`{tr|at# dl rlg|c# `| kirl{~|`dl jtl~tracir a `lkl{at i eirojtjrl oj`|jc
-dl ktrl |tacaxjtir!. Jklj{t eirojtjrl ~rl{|~|`l rldaol`{ai`ra jcl `trlgaa
dajgrjol -lcl ~it ea ek|tl ~ra` trjglrlj ~|`ktlcir dl rldaol`{ai`jrl djk kjdr|c
dajgrjola l jkt|jcaxjt!# jcl lclol`tlcir# lelkt|jrlj daelratir mj|rra a oidaeakra jcl
k|ciracir# eirojtra jcl ei`t|racir ltk.
Oja hi{ {l jd|k lclol`tlcl |`la dajgrjol# kjrl ~it ea oidaeakjtl a jh|{tjtl dl ktrl |tacaxjtir
` ~rikl{|c eirojtraa -ulxa l}lo~c|c da` Eag. :.1
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:> e|`djol`t|c {j| ~idlj|j -Eciir!6
:: gracj {j| ca`aacl dl grac -Gradca`l{!.
Eirojtjrlj ealkr|a lclol`t jc dajgrjola {l ejkl# l}lk|t`d |` kcak drl~t ~l lc a {icakat`d `ki`ta`|jrl i~a|`ljEirojt -dl`|oarl lclol`t!... da` ol`a|c ki`tl}t|jc. ` kj{ltlcl
dl dajcig kl j~jr {l a`{tjcljx ~jrjoltraa `lkl{jra. ` ~c|{# ` jklcja ol`a|
ki`tl}t|jc ~it ea {icakatjtl a jctl i~a|`a {j| kiol`xa# kjrl ~lroat dl j oidaeakj
dajgrjoj ` `trlgaol. D|~ `lkl{atjtl# |`lcl lclol`tl ~it ea o|tjtl da`tr/|` cik `
jct|c -~it ea jrj`hjtl! ~ra` trjglrlj cir k| oi|{|c.
Dajgrjoj lcjbirjt ~ijtl ea l}trj{ cj ta~jr ~l i ~jga` {l~jrjt -` kjx|c k`d lj l{tl
jktaujt!# ~ijtl ea dl~cj{jta jrj`hjt ` eijaj dl kjck|c# ~ijtl ea ki~ajta a`{lrjt` irakl jct dik|ol`t -a`kc|{au# ` dik|ol`tlcl Wird! eici{a`d ~rikldl|c {tj`djrd8
Ki~q -K|t! ^j{tl.
AA. @ia|`l dl bjxl dl djtl.
^rigrjo|c L}klc ~lroatl lcjbirjrlj a gl{tai`jrlj bjxlcir dl djtl {ao~cl. Bjxlcl dl djtl `
L}klc rl~rlxa`t tjblcl k| `{kralra ioigl`l -dl jklaja {tr|kt|r# ki`a``d jklcljako~|ra!. Dl`|oaracl ko~|racir {l `{kra| ` ~craj tjblc|c|a.
Gl{ta|`lj bjxlcir dl djtl -i~lrjaacl klcl oja {ao~cl! {l ejkl ~ra` i~a|`acl ol`a|c|a Djtj8
[irt... {irtjrlj a`eirojala d|~:/; ko~|ra6
Eactlr / eactrjrlj a`eirojala {j| l}trjglrlj la d|~ |`lcl kratlraa -{l rlkioj`d
|tacaxjrlj rlgao|c j|tiojt J|tiEactlr!6
Eiro{... kio~cltjrlj bjxla k| djtl `ia# rldjktjrlj bjxla dl djtl# k|tjrlj dl
a`eirojaa ` bjxj dl djtl ltk.
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Tloj :5.
A`tlr`lta ~it lclktri`ak -L/ojac!
A. Rllj|j gcibjc dl kjck|cjtijrl A`tlr`lta {lruakaacl la.
Adllj ki`lktraa kjck|cjtijrlcir `trl lcl j ei{t rljcaxjt ` [\J cj {erat|c j`acir 5>. Jklj{t
ki`lktjrl j ei{t rl|at a j ju|t drl~t {ki~ ~ra`ka~jc {kmaob|c|a i~lrjtau dl
a`eirojaa `trl kjck|cjtijrl. ` ki`ta`|jrl# cj `kl~|t ` [\J# j~ia a ` jctl ra#
rllclcl dl kjck|cjtijrl {l dlxuict# rllclcl cikjcl ki`lktjtl `trl lcl eiroljx rllcldl~jrtjol`tjcl# tlratirajcl# `jai`jcl ltk. Idjt k| ki`lktjrlj `trl lcl j rllclcir dl
kjck|cjtijrl da` daelratl ra ` j`aa => j~jrl a tlrol`|c A`tlr`lt# kjrl jrl
{lo`aeakjaj dl rllj a`tlr`jai`jc dl kjck|cjtijrl.
Rllj|j A`tlr`lt l{tl jdoa`a{trjt ~l bjx dl uic|`tjrajt dl ktluj irgj`axjaa# kjrl
lcjbirljx {tj`djrdl dl c|kr|# rlkioj`dra ltk.# lcl eaa`d ~|bcakjtl a {lrua`d `
kjcatjtl dl kc|xl ~l`tr| tia kla kia`tlrl{ja.
Ealkjrl kjck|cjtir ki`lktjt cj A`tlr`lt jrl i jdrl{ -|` `|ol!# eirojt da` 4 `|olrl `jt|rjcl
oja oaka kj 2
Dljkllj {/j rlk|r{ cj i jct oidjcatjtl dl jdrl{jrl j kjck|cjtijrlcir da` A`tlr`lt ~ra`
jtrab|arlj jkl{tirj j |`ir dl`|oara eirojtl da` k|ua`tl# ~{tr`d|/{l kirl{~i`dl`j
ba|`auik `trl |ctaolcl a jdrl{lcl `|olrakl. \`akj rl{trakal ` jtrab|arlj `|olcir
l{tl kj ` A`tlr`lt { `| l}a{tl 2 {j| oja o|ctl kjck|cjtijrl k| jklcja `|ol.
` `|olcl kjck|cjtir|c|a da` A`tlr`lt ~it eag|rj ~` cj < k|ua`tl# dl{~ratl ~ra` ~|`ktl.
Jkl{tl k|ua`tl j| i {lo`aeakjal ~rl{tjbacat -rlkioj`djt!# lcl dltlroa``d
ki`{lk|tau diol`aacl# ~ra` kjrl {l jh|`gl cj kjck|cjtir|c ki`krlt. J{telc# |ctao|c
k|u`t da` `|olcl kjck|cjtir|c|a dltlroa` diol`a|c gligrjeak -jrj! {j|
irgj`axjai`jc -diol`a|c dl jktauatjtl!# ~l`|ctao|c k|u`t `|olcl e|r`axir|c|a
A`tlr`lt -~riuadlr|c|a!# |rotir|c {~rl {t`gj `|olcl irgj`axjala ` kjrl {l jec
kjck|cjtir|c ltk. Dl l}lo~c|# `|olcl kqb.ojtm.|{o.d`t.od c ~ijtl julj |`
kjck|cjtir dl cj kjtldrj dl kablr`ltak -kqb!# ejk|ctjtlj dl ojtlojtaka a`eirojtak
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-ojtm! j \`aulr{ataa dl [tjt da` Oicdiuj -|{o!# rllj|j dl kjck|cjtijrl j krlaj l
ki`lktjt cj A`tlr`lt ~ra` ~riuadlr|c D@T -d`t! da` Oicdiuj -od!.
Ib{lrujal. Dl`|oarlj diol`aacir gligrjeakl l{tl eirojt da` 2 catlrl -jbrluajt|rj dl`|oaraa
raa# j`jcigak klcla |tacaxjtl ` `|olrlcl j|tioibaclcir8 od Oicdiuj# r| R|{aj#
|j \frja`j# ri Rio`aj ltk.!. ` kjcatjtl dl diol`aa irgj`axjai`jcl# j~r|tl a
~{trjtl ` ojhiratjtl ~l tlratira|c [\J# l}a{t |rotijrlcl8
kio irgj`axjaa kiolrkajcl6
ld| irgj`axjaa ld|kjai`jcl -|`aulr{ata!6
giu a`{tat|aa g|ulr`jol`tjcl loacatjrl6
oac irgj`axjaa oacatjrl6
irg jctl irgj`axjaa6
`lt rl{|r{l ~l`tr| rllj6
a`t a`{tat|aa a`tlr`jai`jcl -dl l}lo~c|# @JTI!.
` A`tlr`lt l}a{t |` ar dl {lruakaa# ~ra` a`tlrolda|c krirj ~it ea ujciraeakjtl rl{|r{lcl c|a. I
~jrtl da` jkl{tlj j| j~r|t a`aajc# idjt k| j~jraaj A`tlr`lt/|c|a# jctlcl ~l ~jrk|r{|c
dlxuictraa c|a. Da`trl jkl{tl {lruakaa ~it ea ol`ai`jtl |rotijrlcl8
Tlc`lt jkkl{jrlj |`|a kjck|cjtir ~l`tr| j/a eici{a rl{|r{lcl tlm`akl -oloiraj# ~rikl{ir|c!
` {ki~|c rlxicuraa |`ir ~ribclol {j| j ~rlc|krraa a`eirojala# kl `| ~it ea lelkt|jtl
k| rl{|r{lcl kjck|cjtir|c|a dl ~l cik. Jkl{t {lruaka| ~ijtl ea eici{at ` kjx|c k`d
|tacaxjtir|c jrl ~lroa{a|`l dl jkkl{ cj kjck|cjtir|c dl cj da{tj` -`|ol a ~jric dl
jkkl{# jtrab|atl dl ~i{l{ir|c kjck|cjtir|c|a {tra`!6
ET^ -Eacl Trj`{elr ^ritikic! ~lroatl trj`{elr|c dl eaalrl dl cj |` kjck|cjtir cj jct|c. `
A`tlr`lt l}a{t kjck|cjtijrl k| jrmaul dl eaalrl# da` kjrl ~it ea ki~ajtl a trj`{elrjtl
klcl `lkl{jrl ` kjck|cjtir|c dl ~l cik. a jaka l}a{t `ia|`lj dl ~lroa{a|`l dl jkkl{8
{l ~ijtl ki`lktj cj |` kjck|cjtir {tra` ~l`tr| j trj`{elrj eaalrl djk |tacaxjtir|c jrl~lroa{a|`lj rl{~lktau6
L/ojac ~itj lclktri`ak# ~lroatl kirl{~i`dl`j -{kmaob|c dl ol{jhl! `trl |tacaxjtira.
WWW -Wircd Wadl Wlb! {lruaka| a`eirojai`jc oi`dajc. Ojhiratjtlj kjck|cjtijrlcir
da` A`tlr`lt ki`a` a`eirojaa# kjrl ~it ea ki`{|ctjtl {ao~c| a ~l grjta{ dl irakl
|tacaxjtir -~rjktak WWW rl~rlxa`t i babcaitlk oi`dajc!6
\[L@LT gr|~|ra dl tara {j| dl da{k|aa. Eaa`d jbi`jt cj |` j{telc dl {lruaka| da`tr/|`
diol`a| ki`krlt# |tacaxjtir|c l{tl cj k|rl`t k| tijtl `i|tacl da` jkl{t diol`a| -~l
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kjrl cj ~raoltl ~ra` L/ojac!# ~ijtl da{k|tj daelratl ~ribclol da` diol`a| k| tia
klacjca ~jrtl`lra ltk.6
Tjcf da{k|aa ` rllj# kjrl ~rl{|~|`l ki`uirbara ` {kra{ `trl |tacaxjtira ` tao~ rljc
-ol{jh|c k|cl{ cj tj{tjt|r ~l cik j~jrl ~l lkrj`|c kjck|cjtir|c|a dl cj da{tj` a
a`ulr{# tit|c dlk|rg`d ` tao~ rljc!6
A`tlr`lt ^mi`l# A`tlr`lt Ej} da{k|aa tlclei`akl# trj`{oatlrl dl ol{jhl Ej} ~ra`
A`tlr`lt.
AA. Briw{lrl A`tlr`lt. K|tra dl a`eirojaa ` A`tlr`lt.
^l`tr| `juagjrl ~ra` A`tlr`lt ` {ki~|c k|traa dl a`eirojaa j| ei{t lcjbirjtl ~rigrjol
{~lkajcl# kjrl {l a`{tjcljxa {l ki`eag|rljx ` dl~l`dl` dl djtlcl# e|r`axjtl dl
~riuadlr|c A`tlr`lt idjt k| ki`lktjrlj cj lc. Da`trl jkl{tl ~rigrjol# `|oatl a
briw{lrl A`tlr`lt# ~ijtl ea ol ai`jt ~rigrjo|c A`tlr`lt L}~cirlr-{j| @lt{kj~l
Kioo|`akjtir!# kjrl r|cljx ` olda|c Wa`diw{.
A`tlrejj ~rigrjo|c|a A`tlr`lt L}~cirlr l{tl jd|{ ` Eag. :5.:. L{tl i elrlj{tr/j~cakjal
iba`|at# kjrl ki`a`l i bjr dl jdrl{l# |`dl {l k|clgl a {l a`trid|kl -k| tj{tj
L`tlr! dl`|oarlj kjck|cjtir|c|a da` A`tlr`lt# ~rlkldjt dl dl`|oarlj {lruaka|c|a
dirat -{~rl l}lo~c|# www.qjmii.kio {j|et~.k`a.odltk.!.
Eag. :5.:. A`tlrejj ~rigrjo|c|a A`tlr`lt L}~cirlr.
Bjrdl tatc|
Bjrdl ol`a|ra
Bjrdl a`{tr|ol`tl
Bjrdl jdrl{l
Bjrdl {tjrl
Ki a`|t
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Cj eici{arlj {lruaka|c|a WWW -` ~rlxl`t l{tl klc oja |tacaxjt {lruaka|# ki`a`l ` {a`l ~rjktak
tijtl jctl {lruakaa A`tlr`lt! ki`lktjrlj cj |` kjck|cjtir {tra` d|kl cj jeajrlj ~l lkrj`
j jj `|oatla ~jga`a Wlb da` jkl{tj. ^jga`acl Wlb j| dlul`at `atl i~lrl dl jrt#
ki`a``d eitigrjeaa# dl{l`l# rlkcjo# jctl ta~|ra dl a`eirojaa -o|xak# eacol ltk.#
kjrl ~it ea r|cjtl {j| l}trj{l! a# dl{ag|r# tl}t.
Tl}t|c da` ~jga`j Wlb ~ijrt dl`|oarlj dl ma~lrtl}t# ki`a``d k|ua`tl# `ia|`a# dl`|oara#
jdrl{l ltk. luadl`ajtl -{kra{l k| i jct k|cijrl {j| {|bca`ajtl!# ~ra` kjrl# k| |` kcak jc
oi|{|c|a -k`d a`dakjtir|c ~raoltl eiroj |`la o`a!!# ~ijtl ea dl{kma{ i|rotijrl ~jga` Wlb# kl ki`a`l a`eirojal dl{~rl tlrol`|c rl{~lktau.` jj elc {l
~ijtl `juagmj ~ra` A`tlr`lt -~ra` daelratl kjck|cjtijrl! ` {ki~|c k|traa a`eirojala`lkl{jrl.
Dl{ag|r# l{tl eijrtl grl| dl j g{a ` A`tlr`lt kllj kl/a trlb|al. ^l`tr| j ||rj c|kr|c dl
k|tjrl j a`eirojaacir ` A`tlr`lt l}a{t kjck|cjtijrl dl k|tjrl. `kl~`d k|
jkkl{jrlj jkl{tirj l{tl oja |ir dl j `juagj ` {ki~|c k|traa dl a`eirojaa. ^ra`trl
jkl{tl kjck|cjtijrl ~it ea ol`ai`jtl8
www.qjmii.kio
www.jctjua{tj.kiowww.rjobclr.r|
www.j~irt.r|
www.r|
ltk.
Oja o|ct dlkt jtt# kjck|cjtijrlcl dl k|tjrl ki`a` ko~|ra -kj{ltl dl tl}t!# ` kjrl
|tacaxjtir|c|a ~ijtl a`trid|kl |`|c {j| oja o|ca tlrol`a -k|ua`tl/kmlal! d|~ kjrl
`{a kjck|cjtir|c dl k|tjrl kj|t ~ra` A`tlr`lt a`eirojaj dirat a# ` rlx|ctjt#
~ijtl jeaj |` ar dl jdrl{l dl kjck|cjtijrl# kjrl# ~i{abac# ki`a` jklj{t a`eirojal.
AAA. \tacaxjrlj a`eirojala da` A`tlr`lt.
` rllj|j A`tlr`lt l}a{t i kj`tatjtl l`iro dl a`eirojal. ` ~rlxl`t ~rjktak irakl ~lr{ij`#
irakl irgj`axjal j| ~i{abacatjtlj dl j ~cj{j ~l |`lcl da` kjck|cjtijrlcl da` rllj
a`eirojal dl irakl `jt|r. ` jj oid jrl cik kio~cltjrlj jkl{tla babcaitlka
l`irol# A`tlr`lt/|c trj`{eiro`d|/{l `tr/i rllj a`eirojai`jc.
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dl{~rat ~ra` kjrjktlr|c N# {l {kral |` k|u`t / `|olcl dl adl taeakjrl jc
|tacaxjtir|c|a -AD!. Dl l}lo~c|8 oicdiuj`|Nmitojac.kio -jdrl{j |tacaxjtir|c|a
Oicdiuj`|# kjrl jrl i k|tal ~itjc ` kjck|cjtir|c mitojac.kio!.
K|taacl ~itjcl {|`t dl 2 ta~|ra8 cikjclagcibjcl -|`aulr{jcl!.
K|taacl ~itjcl cikjcl {l dl{kmad ~l kjck|cjtir|c ~lr{i`jc jc |tacaxjtir|c|a# ki`lktjt cj A`tlr`lt#
eici{a`d |` ~rigrjo {~lkajcaxjt dl ~it lclktri`ak -dl l}lo~c|# I|tciif L}~rl{{!.
^l`tr| j c|krj k| jklj{t k|tal ~itjc |tacaxjtir|c eici{ltl `|oja kjck|cjtir|c {|
-l{tl clgjt dl kjck|cjtir|c ki`krlt# ` kjrl {l jec k|taj ~itjc!.
K|taacl ~itjcl gcibjcl {l dl{kmad ~l jj `|oatlcl kjck|cjtijrl ~itjcl da` A`tlr`lt# cj kjrl {l
~ijtl jh|`gl da` irakl kjck|cjtir# ki`lktjt cj A`tlr`lt. J{telc# |tacaxjtir|c# ju`d i jjk|tal ~itjc# ~ijtl {/i eici{lj{k da` irakl cik# jkkl{`d/i k| jh|tir|c irakr|a
kjck|cjtir# ki`lktjt cj A`tlr`lt. Da`trl kjck|cjtijrlcl ~itjcl# cj kjrl {l ki`lktljx
~ra` {lruaka|c WWW# ~it ea ol`ai`jtl8
www.ojac.od
www.mitojac.kio
www.ojac.qjmii.kio
www.riojac.kioltk.
Cj dl{kmadlrlj -eirojrlj! k|tala ~itjcl |tacaxjtir|c a`dak `|olcl -~rao|c k|u`t da` jdrl{#
{at|jt `ja`tlj kjrjktlr|c|a N! a i ~jric -k|u`t {lkrlt# k|`i{k|t `|oja dl
|tacaxjtir!# k| kjrl ~l uaatir lc uj jkkl{j jklj{t k|tal ~l`tr| j ulraeakj ~itj# j
lcjbirj a j trj`{oatl ol{jhl ltk. Ol`ai`o# k dl{kmadlrlj |`la k|taa ~itjcl {l
ejkl i {a`g|r djt. ` ki`ta`|jrl |tacaxjtir|c i eici{ltl# a`tr`d ` lj k| `|olcl a
~jricj {tjbacatl j`tlrair# cj dl{kmadlrlj k|tala ~itjcl -|` l}lo~c| dl a`tlrej ~l`tr|
jkkl{jrlj k|tala ~itjcl l{tl jd|{ ` Eag. :5.2!.
K|taj ~itjc ki`a`l ktluj kio~jrtaol`tl8 A`bi} -~l`tr| ol{jhlcl ~raoatl!# I|tbi} -~l`tr|
ol{jhl# ~l kjcl dl j ea l}~ldajtl!# [l`t -~l`tr| ki~aacl ol{jhlcir l}~ldajtl!# Drjet
-~l`tr| oj{jhl `ltlroa`jtl# k| kjrl {l uj oja c|krj ~` cj traoatlrl!# Dlcltld
-~l`tr| ol{jhlcl tlr{l da` klclcjctl kio~jrtaol`tl!. ` Eag. :5.; l{tl jd|{ a`tlrair|c
|`la k|taa ~itjcl -kio~jrtaol`t|c A`bi}! k| |tacatjrlcl `lkl{jrl8 ol`a|# kiol`xa
ltk.!.
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^ra`trl |tacatjrlcl ~ra`ka~jcl jcl k|tala ~itjcl ~it ea ol`ai`jtl8
Kio~i{l rlgao dl kio~|`lrl -lcjbirjrl! j |`|a ol{jh `i|6
Rl~cq rlgao dl kio~|`lrl j |`|a ol{jh dl r{~|`{ cj ol{jh|c ~raoat6
Eirwjrd traoatlrlj ol{jh|c|a ~raoat oja dl~jrtl# jct|a |tacaxjtir6
Jttjkm {j| """" rlgao dl jtjjrl cj ol{jh|c lcjbirjt j irakrir eaalrl -dik|ol`tl! da`
kjck|cjtir|c |tacaxjtir|c|a {~rl j ea trj`{oa{l o~rl|` k| ol{jh|c6
[ag` ol |~*{l {icakat~l`tr| eirojrlj
k|tala ~itjcl -`|oja i{a`g|rdjt# k`d {l
jbi`ljxcj L/ojac!
Kj{ltlcl dl tl}tADa ^j{{uird {l
kio~cltljxk| |olcla~jricj |tacaxjtir|c|a dl
ealkjrl djt~l`tr| j a`trj k|taj ~itjc
[ag` a`{l tj{tljxk| |` kcak d|~
kio~cltjrlj ko~|racirADa ^j{{uird
Eag. :5.2. A`tlrejj dl jbi`jrla a`trjrl ` k|taj ~itjc.
Ol`a|c ~ra`ka~jc jck|tala ~itjcl
Kio~jrtaol`t|cA`bi}
k| ca{tjkirl{~i`dl la
~raoatl
Eag. :5.;. A`tlrair|c |`la k|taa ~itjcl.
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Kmlkf Ojac kioj`d dl ulraeakjrl j ~itla -jklj{t kioj`d jealjx cj lkrj` ca{tj
ol{jhlcir ~raoatl ` k|taj ~itjc ~lr{i`jc!.
Ol{jh|c ~itjc jrl i {tr|kt|r {tj`djrd# ki`a``d |rotijrlcl ko~|ra -ulxa l}lo~c|c da`
Eag. :5.4!8
Ti8 / ko~ ~l`tr| jdrl{j dl{ta`jtjr|c|a -jaka ~it ea a`dakja oja o|ca dl{ta`jtjra#dl{~ra`d ~ra` uarg|cl jdrl{lcl cir!6
[|bhlkt8 / ko~ ~l`tr| {|balkt|c ol{jh|c|a -a`eirojal da` ktluj k|ua`tl dl{~rl
ki`a`|t|c ol{jh|c|a!6
Kk8 / ko~ ~l`tr| jctl jdrl{l jcl dl{ta`jtjracir# kjrl `| trlb|al { jecl ka`l uj oja ~raoa
ol{jh|c -ki~al j{k|`{!6
Ki`a`|t|c ol{jh|c|a {l {kral oja hi{# eici{a`d|/{l kjrjktlrl cjta`l -{tj`djrd|c J[KAA!.
Ib{lrujal. ^ra` ~itj lclktri`ak {l ~ijtl trj`{oatl irakl a`eirojal# kl {l ~{trljx `kjck|cjtir. ^l`tr| jklj{tj eaalrlcl k| a`eirojaj rl{~lktau {l jtjljx dl ol{jh
-~ra`ka~a|c trl`|c|a8 ol{jh|c jrl ric|c dl cikioitau# ajr eaalrlcl jtjjtl {|`t
ujgij`l dl trl`!.
Jdrl{jdl{ta`jtjr|c|a
Ki a`|t|col{jh|c|a
[|balkt|col{jh|c|a
Eag. :5.4. Eiro|cjr|c ol{jh|c|a ~itjc.