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Welcome to “APA Referencing”
Approved Referencing System at The Maldives National University
Plagiarism
Using someone else's thoughts or words without giving due credit to the original author or creator.
Can be either intentional or unintentional.
Unintentional Plagiarism
Ignorance due to lack of education can result in unintentional plagiarism, it is still a copyright violation and a very serious academic honesty offense.
Intentional Plagiarism
Intentional plagiarism means that someone knowingly copies another's work for the intent of using the work as his/her own.
Examples of Plagiarism… Copying and pasting text from
online encyclopedias Copying and pasting text from
any web site Using photographs, video or
audio without permission or acknowledgement
Using another student’s or your parents’ work and claiming it as your own even with permission
Using your own work without properly citing it!
More Examples of Plagiarism…
Quoting a source without using quotation marks-even if you do cite it
Citing sources you didn’t use Getting a research paper, story,
poem, or article off the Internet Turning in the same paper for
more than one class without the permission of both teachers (this is called self-plagiarism)
Can you think of more?
How to Avoid Plagiarism…
Use your own words and ideas Always give credit to the source
where you have received your information
If you use someone’s exact words - put them in quotes and give credit using in-text citations. Include the source in your references
How to Avoid Plagiarism… If you have paraphrased someone’s
work, (summarizing a passage or rearranging the order of a sentence and changing some of the words)-always give credit
Take very good notes--write down the source as you are taking notes. Do not wait until later to try and retrieve the original source
Avoid using someone else’s work with minor “cosmetic” changes
Getting Started…
What is a reference list?
A reference list at the end of a paper provides the full information necessary to identify and retrieve each source. It cites works that specifically support a particular article.
References should be alphabetically listed by author’s last name at the end of the paper or presentation.
Reference List
What is a bibliography?
A bibliography cites works for background or for further reading.
What is a Citation?
References and citations in text are the formal methods of acknowledging the use of a creator’s work.
An In-Text Citation?
Direct citations and quotations are acknowledged in the body of a research assignment.
(Right in the sentence or paragraph)
http://gladstone.vsb.bc.ca/library/cheating/
Plagiarism is STEALING, and is a very serious offence.
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What is APA………..? American Psychological Association
(APA).
APA style enables the use of an abbreviated referencing system.
The full reference is given in the reference list at the end.
You must reference when…. Quoting the exact
words of another writer
Paraphrasing - putting the work of another writer into your own words
Summarising - using ideas or material directly based on the work of another writer
What is the purpose of referencing?
Give credit to others’ ideas
Make it easy to find references
Provide a standardized way of formatting academic documents such as journal articles: e.g. methodological papers, theory papers, case studies, and student papers
What are the parts of APA citation? Elements of a citation:
-author’s last name/date of publication-parentheses-page # for quote (and increasingly, for a paraphrase)
Examples: In his study of the long-term effects of cognitive
therapy, Crowder (1998) suggests that….(p.24) One study (Crowder, 1998) suggests that….(p.24)
Hint: provide a citation when you mention a study.
keep the author’s name and the year together.
In-text referencing Acknowledge others’ work at the
point it appears or is discussed in your essay
Relies on reader getting the details from your bibliography or works cited list.
In-text referencing In developing countries in particular, the
metaphor of the information age has generated a whole set of wild speculations about the necessity of educational reforms that will accommodate the new tools (Pelgrum, 2001). Doing so, these governments have added to their burden of debt “even though the costs are large and the payoffs modest” (Benzie, 1995, p.38). It is widely accepted that culture, within a nation or an organization, shapes individuals’ perceptions of innovations that bear directly on their lives (Chen, Mashhadi, Ang & Harkrider, 1999; Loch, Straub & Kamel, 2003; Williams-Green, Holmes & Sherman, 1997).
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One work one authorThe author’s name and year of publication
are included in the text.
Example:
The nature of the tutorial guidance is of key importance in this form of learning (Barrows, 1985).
OR
Barrows (1985) argues that effective small group learning is difficult to carry out within a traditional learning environment.
In-text referencing – one author one author:
Shaw (1995) compares various testing methods …
OR
In a recent study of various testing methods (Shaw, 1995) ...
How do I cite two authors of the same source? Use both authors’ names every time If you use a stem phrase, use the word
“and”: Example: In their study of the long-term effects of
cognitive therapy, Crowder and Marsh (1998) suggest that….
If you don’t use a stem phrase use an ampersand: One study (Crowder & Marsh, 1998)
suggests that….
How do I cite 3 to 5 authors? In the first in-text citation, name all the
authors:Examples:
In their study of the long-term effects of cognitive therapy, Crowder, Marsh , Lewis, and Frodo (1998) suggest that….
One study (Crowder, Marsh, Lewis & Frodo 1998) suggests that….
In all following citations, name the first author followed by et al. Examples:
In their study of the long-term effects of cognitive therapy, Crowder et al. (1998) suggest that….
One study (Crowder et al., 1998) suggests that….
How do I cite 6 authors? For all citations, name only the first
author, followed by et al.
Examples for a source by Crowder, Frodo, Holmes, Lewis, Marsh and Martel: In their study of the long-term effects of
cognitive therapy, Crowder et al. (1998) suggest that….
One study (Crowder et al., 1998) suggests that….
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One author, more than one work….Two or more works, same year
Example: Heron developed his ideas of such a
community (Heron, 1974a) and was later able to report on the practical implementation (Heron, 1974b).
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Same surname When two or more authors in your citation
list share a common surname, use their initials in all text citations to avoid confusion, even if the year of publication differs.
They are arranged alphabetically by the first initial in the reference list.
Example:
K.A. March (1996) found this to be true, while B. March (1998) found this to be false.
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Multiple references…….
Different authorsList in alphabetical order by the first
author's surname and separate the citations by a semi-colon.
Example:Several studies have shown this to be
the case (Archer, 1993; Row, 1996; Walton & Steel, 1992).
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Multiple references……..contTwo or more work by the same authorList in chronological order by year of
publication; use author’s name only once.
Example:Past research (Brown, 1997, 1999)
indicates…….
How do I cite a personal communication? What IS a personal communication?
Email, lectures, letters, memos, telephone conversations, e-bulletin boards, and personal interviews, etc.
Any source that doesn’t provide recoverable data Do not provide a reference; cite in the text
only. Give initials as well as a surname and as exact
a date as you can: Example: In a personal interview, one RN suggested
to me (K.T MacDonald, personal communication, March 17, 2010) that cognitive therapy is most effective when….
How do I cite a secondary source? What IS a secondary source?
A source that quotes or paraphrases another source that YOU did not read in the original
Example: If Thompson wrote in a 2001 publication on p. 201:
In 1989, Crowder et al. suggested that cognitive therapy was most effectively administered by specially trained medical staff. They concluded that, “When compared to non-medical staff….” (p. 52). In this case, Thompson would be the secondary source, and Crowder would be the primary source.
Then, you would cite the secondary source if you have not read the original. In this case, you would cite Thompson: Crowder et al., in their 1989 study, suggested
that cognitive therapy was most effectively administered…(as cited in Thompson, 2001, p.201). *
How do I cite unknown authors? Cite the source by its title in the signal
phrase or use the first word or two in the parenthetical citation. Titles of books and reports are italicized or underlined; titles of articles, chapters, and web pages are in “quotation marks,” with the comma inside the quotes.
Examples: In addition, the study that appears on the
website, “Using APA” (2001), suggests…. A similar study was done of students learning to
format research papers ("Using APA," 2001).
How do I cite an organization as author? Mention the organization in the signal
phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source. If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations
Examples: No abbreviation In text: According to the American
Psychological Association (2000),... Parenthetical: (American Psychological
Association, 2000) Abbreviation : In text: According to the American
Psychological Association (APA, 2000),... Second citation: (APA, 2000) Parenthetical: (American Psychological
Association [APA], 2000) Second citation: (APA, 2000)
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No authorIf there is no author, publisher or
sponsoring authority is normally considered as author
Example:Australian Institute of Health and
Welfare (1990) states that…..
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No author………..cont If the publisher or sponsoring body
information is not available, cite the tile and the year in in-text.
Use “Anonymous” as an author if that is how the source material is signed.
No DateWhen no date is given, substitute date
with ‘n.d’ which is abbreviation for no date.
Example: Banks (n.d., p.30) examines……………
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Articles in edited books When citing an article from an
edited book, use the surname of the author of the article and the date that this particular edited collection was published.
A specific page reference may also be given.
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Articles in edited books……..contExampleIn text The newly developed staffing method is
more cost effective compared to old methods (Nolan & Lundb, 1998, p. 5).
Reference entryNolan, M. , & Lundb, U. (1998). Ways of
knowing in nursing and health care. In P. Crooks & S. Davies (Eds). Research into practice (pp.1-22). London: Bailliere Tindall.
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Journal articlesIn- textThe in-text citation for a journal article
is the same as for a book and includes the surname of the author and the date of publication of the edition of journal.
Reference listWilliams, A.M., & Irurita, V. F. (1998).
Important aspects of nursing care. Australian journal of Advanced Nursing, 16 (2), 36-44.
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Electronic Journal articlesIn- textThe in-text citation for a electronic journal
article retrieved from a database is same as that for a book and includes the surname of the author and the date of publication of the edition of journal.
Reference listWilliams, A.M., & Irurita, V. F. (1998).
Important aspects of nursing care. Australian journal of Advanced Nursing, 16 (2), 36-44. Retrieved November 17, 2004, from PubMed database
Newspapers and magazinesNewspaperTrillin, C. (1993, February 15). Culture
shopping. New Yorker, pp. 48-51.
MagazineKanfer, S. (1986, July 21). Heard any good
books lately? Time, 113, 71-72.
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Non-Print published materialsIn-textComputer programs, and all audio-visual
materials should be treated in the same way as books for in-text citations.
Reference listMaas, J.B. (Producer), & Gluck, D.H.
(Director). (1997). Deeper into hypnosis (Film). Englewood Cliff, NJ: Prentice Hall.
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Information on WWWDirect quotation: Example“It’s essential you learn how to reference”
(Dawson, Smith, Deubert & Gery-Smith, 2002, p.1).
“It’s essential you learn how to reference” (Dawson, Smith, Deubert & Gery-Smith, 2002, paragraph 2).
Reference list entryDawson, J., Smith, L., Deubert, K., & Gery-
Smith, S. (2002). ‘S’ Trek 6: Referencing, not plagiarism. Retrieved October 31, 2002, from, http://www.studytrekk.lis.curtin.edu.au.
How do I reference an image?
Images from sources other than clip art must be acknowledged usually with a
note under the image, whether this be in an essay, report, presentation or web page
From: Cartoon. (2000). Ariadne, (24). Retrieved on August 1, 2001 from http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue24/cartoon/
How do I quote in APA? Include all of the elements of a citation that you use for
a paraphrase and in addition, provide a page number. Make stem phrases work grammatically with quotes. Put any words in brackets that don’t appear in the quote. Indicate any omissions with an ellipsis, using four dots for omissions between sentences.
Examples: In his study of the long-term effects of cognitive
therapy, Crowder (1998) states, “…personnel who were given a six week, specialized course in cognitive therapy demonstrated…” (p. 287).
Researchers in one study (Crowder & Marsh, 1998) concluded that “…personnel who were given a six week, specialized course…” (p. 287).
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Omitting material in the Quotation Three ellipsis points (…) within a sentence
indicate that you have omitted material from the original source. A fourth ellipsis point (….) is used to indicate any omission between two sentences.
Ellipsis points are used at the beginning and/or end of a quote, only if you need to emphasize that the quote begins and/or end mid-sentence to prevent misinterpretation.
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Example – Omitting Materials
Johns (1998, p.1) states, when discussing reflective
practice, that the “…influence of Patrecia Benner
must be acknowledged in focusing attention on the
nature of expertise… . The expert responds
intuitively to situations, responding to the whole
situation.”
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Accuracy of the quotation
Any incorrect spelling, punctuation or grammar in
the original should be reproduced in your
quotation and followed by the word ‘sic’,
underlined or in italics and in brackets [], that is,
[sic] or [sic]
[Sic] is a Latin word meaning ‘thus’ – in a quotation, it means it's not a typo, that's
really what the original said.
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Example – Incorrect quotationsEvans (1995, p. 72) reminds us that “ when reading
for a semester essay, a student is trying to find
relevant sources and extend their knowledge of
the topic. In contrast, revising foe [sic] exams, they
are trying to consolidate and clarify the knowledge
already acquired.”
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Paraphrasing If you do not quote directly from the
work but express the ideas in your own words, then you are paraphrasing.
The name and date of publication of the source is placed in-text in these instances.
Paraphrasing
How do I integrate a quote?
Integrate the quote into a sentence; don’t make it stand alone.
Integrate the quote into a sentence grammatically.
Make sure the sentences before the quote prepare the reader for its meaning.
When do I indent a quote? Indent when, and only when it is
over 40 words: do a word count to be sure.
Do not use quotation marks in a block quotation
When do I indent a quote?The APA manual, sixth edition (2010), gives this advice on
block quotations:
If the quotation comprises 40 or more words, display
it in a freestanding block of text and omit the
quotation marks. Start such a block quotation on a
new line and indent the block about a half inch from
the left margin (in the same position as a new
paragraph). If there are additional paragraphs within
the quotation, indent the first line of each an
additional half inch. Double space the entire
quotation. At the end of a block quotation, cite the
quoted source and the page or paragraph number in
parentheses after the final punctuation mark. (p. 171)
How do I format a reference list entry? Reference list entry components:
-author information-date of publication-title of the source-publication information
Example of a reference entry for a book: Brown, C. (2005). Learning styles: A
resource book for teachers. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Macmillan.*
How do I format some of the more common source types?
Entry in a reference book (e.g. encyclopedia): Harris, H. S., Perry, T., & Foubert, J. (1967). Italian
philosophy. In P. Edwards (Ed.), The encyclopedia of philosophy (Vol. 3-4, pp.225-234). London, England: Collier, Macmillan.*
Journal: Albertson, J. (2000). The greatest comic book hero ever.
Popular Culture, 51(3), 23-40. Two authors with the same surname:
Thompson, M.A. (2003). The history of the Spanish in Los Angeles. New York, NY: Macmillian.
Thompson, P.R. (2003). The history of the Irish in Boston. Boston, MA: Macmillan.**
How do I cite electronic sources? Online journal article retrieved from a URL:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Online Periodical, volume number (issue number if available). Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/ *
Thompson, A. & Wendell, P. T. (2010). Cognitive therapy as an adjunct to psychotropics. Journal of Psychiatric Therapy, 12(2). Retrieved from http://journalofpsychtherapy.com/url
Online journal article with a DOI: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of
article. Title of Journal, volume number, page range. doi:0000000/000000000000
Thompson, A. & Wendell, P. T. (2010). Cognitive therapy as an adjunct to psychotropics. Journal of Psychiatric Therapy, 12(2), 28-54. doi:10.3102/00346543074001029
How do I cite electronic sources?
Newsgroup, online forum, discussion group: Rampersay, T. (2011, June 8). Traditional
knowledge and traditional cultural expressions [online forum comment]. Retrieved from http://www.wipo.int/roller/comments/iposforum/Weblog/theme_eight_how_can_cultural#comments *
Blog post Meyers, P.Z. (2011, June 8). The unfortunate
prerequisites and consequences of partitioning your mind [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2011/06/the_unfortunate_prerequisites.php
How do I cite electronic sources?
Blog comment LindyLou (2011, June 8). The unfortunate
prerequisites and consequences of partitioning your mind [Web log comment]. Retrieved from http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2011/06/the_unfortunate_prerequisites.php
Tips on citing e-sources: If you have a choice between html and PDF, choose
PDF. It will have page #s. Save a copy on your hard drive Note the date you retrieved the article, especially if it
is in html If there are no page #s, use paragraph #s with the
abbreviation “para.” If there is no date, use n.d.
Example: (Thompson,n.d., para. 14) If there are no paragraphs or page #s, reference the
heading and the paragraph # following it. Example: (Thompson, n.d., “Cognitive Therapy:
History,”para. 2) If headings are too long, use a shortened version.
Example:: (Thompson, n.d., “Cognitve Therapy can be traced,” para 2.)
The original heading was: Cognitive Therapy’s history can be traced back to Hippocrates’ definitions of health.
Questions When do I use italics?
Titles of books, periodicals, films, videos, etc. in the text (APA, p. 104)
What is the correct way to format a running head? APA official corrections site:
http://supp.apa.org/style/PM6E-Corrected-Sample-Papers.pdf
Use the header function on the “View” menu to create a running head.
When do I footnote? Use only for content notes or copyright acknowledgement.
(APA p.37-38) How do I reference myself?
Consider the type of source—published, etc. (APA, p.16) Assignments: check with your professor
How do I use referencing software? Contact Elaine Fabro at the AU Library for more about
downloading RefWorks
Other things to remember: When you use ideas that are not
your own, you must document. Always think of making it easy for
the reader to find your sources. Check all in-text citations and
reference entries for punctuation, formatting, and all elements for the type of source you’re dealing with.
Questions??
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