AP Biology Adapted from: Kim Foglia at Explore Biology for Northeast Kings Biology
Carbohydrates
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
AP Biology
Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O
carbo - hydr - ate
CH2O
(CH2O)x C6H12O6
Function: energy energy storage raw materials structural materials
Monomer: sugars
ex: sugars & starches
AP Biology
Sugars Most names for sugars end in -ose Classified by number of carbons
6C = hexose (glucose) 5C = pentose (fructose, ribose) 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde)
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
Glucose
CH2
OH
HO
O H
HHO
H
Fructose
CH2OH
Glyceraldehyde
H
H
H
H
OH
OH
O
C
C
C6 5 3
AP Biology
What functional groups?
carbonyl
ketone
aldehyde
carbonyl
AP Biology
Sugar structure5C & 6C sugars form rings in aqueous solutions
Carbons are numberedCarbons are numbered
Where do you find
aqueous solutions?In cells!
AP Biology
Numbered carbons
C
CC
C
CC
1'
2'3'
4'
5'
6'
O
energy stored in C-C bondsenergy stored in C-C bonds
AP Biology
Simple & complex sugars Monosaccharides
simple 1 monomer sugars glucose
Disaccharides 2 monomers sucrose
Polysaccharides large polymers starch
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
Glucose
AP Biology
Building sugars Dehydration synthesis
|glucose
|glucose
glycosidic linkage
monosaccharides disaccharide
|maltose
AP Biology
Building sugars Dehydration synthesis
|
fructose
|
glucose
glycosidic linkage
monosaccharides disaccharide
|
sucrose
structural isomers
AP Biology
Polysaccharides Polymers of sugars
costs little energy to build easily reversible = release energy
Function: energy storage
starch (plants) glycogen (animals)
structure = building materials cellulose (plants) chitin (arthropods & fungi)
AP Biology
Branched vs. linear polysaccharides
What does branching do?
AP Biology
Polysaccharide diversity Molecular structure determines function
isomers of glucose how does structure influence function…
AP Biology
Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starcheasy todigest
starcheasy todigest
cellulosehard todigest
cellulosehard todigest
enzyme
enzyme
AP Biology
Cellulose Most abundant organic compound
on Earth
BIG DEAL!I can’t eatthis stuff!
AP Biology
Cowcan digest cellulose well; no need to eat supplemental sugars
Gorillacan’t digest cellulose well; must supplement with sugar source, like fruit
Cowcan digest cellulose well; no need to eat supplemental sugars
Gorillacan’t digest cellulose well; must supplement with sugar source, like fruit
AP Biology
Glycemic index Which food will get into your
blood more quickly? apple rice cakes corn flakes bagel peanut M&M
AP Biology
Glycemic index Ranking of carbohydrates based on their
immediate effect on blood glucose (blood sugar) levels
Carbohydrate foods that breakdown quickly during digestion have the highest glycemic index. Their blood sugar response is fast & high.
AP Biology
Glycemic index Which food will get into your
blood more quickly? apple 36 rice cakes 82 corn flakes 84 bagel 72 peanut M&M33
AP Biology Adapted from: Kim Foglia at Explore Biology for Northeast Kings Biology
Let’s build some
Carbohydrates!
AP Biology Adapted from: Kim Foglia at Explore Biology for Northeast Kings Biology
Any Questions??
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