Year Scientist Animal(s)Needed ContributiontoModernMedicine1901 vonBehring GuineaPig Developmentofdiphtheriaantiserum1902 Ross Pigeon Understandingofmalarialifecycle1904 Pavlov Dog Animalresponsestovariousstimuli1905 Koch Cow,Sheep Studiesofpathogenesisoftuberculosis1906 Golgi,Cajal Dog,Horse Characterizationofthecentralnervous1907 Laveran Bird Roleofprotozoaascauseofdisease1908 Mechnikov,Ehrlich Bird,Fish,GuineaPig Immunereactionsandfunctionsofphagocytes1910 Kossel Bird Knowledgeofcellchemistrythroughworkonproteins,includingnuclearsubstances1912 Carrel Dog Surgicaladvancesinthesutureandgraftingofbloodvessels1913 Richet Dog,Rabbit Mechanismsofanaphylaxis1919 Bordet GuineaPig,Horse,Rabbit Mechanismsofimmunity1920 Krogh Frog Discoveryofcapillarymotorregulatingmechanism1922 Hill Frog Consumptionofoxygenandlacticacidmetabolisminmuscle1923 Banting,Macleod Dog,Rabbit,Fish Discoveryofinsulinandmechanismofdiabetes1924 Einthoven Dog Mechanismoftheelectrocardiogram1928 Nicolle Monkey,GuineaPig,Rat,Mouse Pathogenesisoftyphus1929 Eijkman,Hopkins Chicken Discoveryofantineuriticandgrowthstimulating1932 Sherrington,Adrian Dog,Cat Functionsofneurons1934 Whipple,Murphy,Minot Dog Livertherapyforanemia1935 Spemann Newt,Frog Organizereffectinembryonicdevelopment1936 Dale,Loewi Cat,Frog,Bird,Reptile Chemicaltransmissionofnerveimpulses1938 Heymans Dog Roleofthesinusandaorticmechinismsintheregulationofrespiration1939 Domagk Mouse,Rabbit Antibacterialeffectsofprontosil1943 Dam,Doisy Rat,Dog,Chicken,Mouse DiscoveryoffunctionofVitaminK1944 Erlanger,Gasser Cat Specificfunctionsofnervecells1945 Fleming,Chain,Florey Mouse Discoveryofpenicillinanditscurativevariousinfectiousdiseases1947 Cori,Cori,Houssay Frog,Toad,Dog Catalyticconversionglycogen,roleofpituitaryinsugarmetabolism1949 Hess,Moniz Cat Functionalorganizationofthebrainasacoordinatorofinternalorgans1950 Kendall,Hench,Reichstein Cow Antiarthriticroleofadrenalhormones1951 Theiler Monkey,Mouse Developmentofyellowfevervaccine1952 Waksman GuineaPig Discoveryofstreptomycin,thefirstantibioticeffectiveagainsttuberculosis1953 Krebs,Lipmann Pigeon Characterizationofthecitricacidcycle1954 Enders,Weller,Robbins Monkey,Mouse Cultureofpoliovirusthatledtodevelopmentofvaccine1955 Theorell Horse Natureandmodeofactionofoxidationenzymes1957 Bovet Dog,Rabbit Productionofsyntheticcompoundsandtheiractiononthevascularsystemandskeletalmuscles1960 Burnet,Medawar Rabbit Understandingofacquiredimmunologicaltolerance1961 vonBékésy GuineaPig Physicalmechanismofstimulationinthecochlea1963 Eccles,Hodgkin,Huxley Cat,Frog,Squid,Crab Mechanismsofcontrolandthecommunicationbetweennervecells1964 Block,Lynen Rat Regulationofcholesterolandfattyacidmetabolism1966 Rous,Huggins Rat,Rabbit,Hen Tumor-inducingvirusesandhormonaltreatmentofcancer1967 Hartline,Granit,Wald Chicken,Rabbit,Fish,Crab Primaryphysiologicalandchemicalprocessesofvision1968 Holley,Khorana,Nirenberg Rat Interpretationofgeneticcodeanditsroleinproteinsynthesis1970 Katz,vonEuler,Axelrod Cat,Rat Mechanismofstorageandreleaseofnervetransmitters1971 Sutherland MammalianLiver Mechanismoftheactionsofhormones1972 Edelman,Porter GuineaPig,Rabbit Chemicalstructureofantibodies1973 vonFrisch,Lorenz,Tinbergen Bee,Bird,Fish Organizationofsocialandbehaviorpatternsinanimals1974 deDuve,Palade,Claude Chicken,GuineaPig,Rat Structuralandfunctionalorganizationofcells1975 Baltimore,Dulbecco,Temin Monkey,Horse,Chicken,Mouse Interactionbetweentumorvirusesandgeneticmaterial1976 Blumberg,Gajdusek Chimpanzee Newmechanismsfortheoriginanddisseminationofdiseases1977 Gullemin,Schally,Yalow Sheep,Pig Discoveriesconcerningthepeptidehormoneproductionofthebrain1979 Cormack,Hounsfield Pig Developmentofcomputerassistedtomography(CATscan)1980 Benacerraf,Dausset,Snell Mouse,GuineaPig Identificationofhistocompatibilityantigensandmechanismofaction1981 Sperry,Hubell,Wiesel Cat,Monkey Processingofvisualinformationbythebrain1982 Bergstrom,Samuelsson,Vane Rat,Rabbit,GuineaPig Discoveryofprostaglandins1984 Millstone,Kochler,Jerne Mouse Techniquesofmonoclonalantibodyformation1985 Brown,Goldstein Rats,Mice Discoveriesconcerningtheregulationofcholesterolmetabolism1986 Levi-Montalcini Mouse,Chicken,Snake Nervegrowthfactorandepidermalgrowthfactor1987 Tonegawa Mouseembryo Discoveryofthegeneticprincipleforgenerationofantibodydiversity1988 Black,Elion Mice,Dog,Rabbit,Monkey Discoveriesofimportantprinciplesfordrugtreatment1989 Varmus,Bishop Chicken Cellularoriginofretroviraloncogenes1990 Murray,Thomas Dog Organtransplantationtechniques1991 Neher,Sakmann Frog Chemicalcommunicationbetweencells1992 Fisher,Krebs Rat,Rabbit Discoveriesconcerningreversibleproteinphosphorylationasabiologicalregulatorymechanism1993 Roberts,Sharp Rats,Mice Discoveriesofsplitgenes1994 Gilman,Rodbell Rat,Cow,Rabbit,Turkey,GuineaPig DiscoveryofG-proteinsandtheroleoftheseproteinsinsignaltransductionincells1995 Lewis,Nüsslein-Volhard,Wieschaus Fruitfly Geneticcontrolofearlyembryonicdevelopment1996 Doherty,Zinkernagel Mouse Recognitionofvirus-infectedcellsbytheimmunesystem1997 Prusiner Mouse,Hamster Discoveryofprions,anewbiologicalprincipleofinfection1998 Fuchgott,Ignarro,Murad Rabbit Regulationofbloodpressurewithnitricoxide(NO)1999 Blobel Mouse,Rat,Dog Discoverythatproteinshaveintrinsicsignalsthatgoverntheirtransportandlocalizationinthecell2000 Carlsson,Greengard,Kandel SeaSlug,Mouse Discoveriesinsignaltransductioninthenervoussystem2001 Hartwell,Hunt,Nurse SeaUrchin,Frog Discoveriesofkeyregulatorsofthecellcycle2002 Brenner,Horvitz,Sulston Roundworm Geneticregulationoforgandevelopmentandprogrammedcelldeath2003 Lauterbur,Mansfield Clam,Mouse,Dog,Rat,Chimpanzee,Pig,Rabbit,Frog Discoveriesconcerningmagneticresonanceimaging(MRI)2004 Axel,Buck Mouse,FruitFlies Discoveriesofodorantreceptorsandtheorganizationoftheolfactorysystem2005 Marshall,Warren Piglet DiscoveryofthebacteriumHelicobacterpylorianditsroleinmouse,gerbilgastritisandpepticulcerdisease2006 Fire,Mello Roundworm DiscoveryofRNAinterference—genesilencingbydouble-strandedRNA2007 Capecchi,Evans,Smithies Mouse,Chick Developmentofknock-outmice2008 zurHausen Hamster,Mouse,Cow Discoveryofhumanpapillomaviruses(HPV)causingcervicalcancer2008 Barre-Sinoussi,Montagnier Monkey,Chimpanzee,Mouse Discoveryofhumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV)2009 Blackburn,Greider,Szostak Frog,Mouse Discoveryofakeymechanisminthegeneticoperationsofcells2010 Edwards Rabbit,Rat,Mouse,Hamster Developmentofinvitrofertilization

AnimalRolesinMedicalDiscoveriesA look at the Nobel Prizes for Medicine and Physiology awarded from 1901 to the present shows that animal research played a key role in these important discoveries.

Animal research must continue for similar medical advances to occur in the future.

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