Common namesCrawdads, crayfish, or
crawfish?English sparrow, barn
sparrow, or a house sparrow?
Problem with common names
Vary from region to region
Common names often does not specify particular species
Binomial system of Nomenclature
Universal Clearly indicates the
level of classificationNo two kinds of
animals have the same binomial name
Every animal has one correct name International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
Brings order to a chaotic world of common names
Binomial nomenclature rules
Genus begins with a Capital letter
Entire name italicized or underlined
Homo sapien or H. sapien
Kingdom of Life
1969 R. Whittaker- five kingdom classification
System of classification that distinguished b/w kingdoms according to cellular organization mode of nutrition (Heterotroph or Autotroph)
Kingdom Plantae
eukaryotic, multicellular, and photosynthetic.
Have cell wall, and usually non-motile
Kingdom Fungi
eukaryotic and multicellular.
Have cell wall and non-motile.
Mode of nutrition distinguishes fungi from plant- fungi digest extra-
cellularly and absorb the breakdown products
Kingdom Animalia
eukaryotic and multicellular
usually feed by ingesting other organisms
cell lack cell wallsusually motile (at least
during some part of life cycle)
Challenge of the five class system
Ribosomal RNA excellent for studying evolution
rRNA changes very slow (evolutionary conservation)
Closely related organisms have similar rRNAs
Comparison of rRNA of different organisms concludes All life shares a common
ancestorThree major evolutionary
lineage (domains) and supersedes the kingdom as the broadest taxonomic grouping
The Three Domains
1. Archaea- prokaryotic microbes live in extreme environments that reflect the conditions of early life
the most primitive life form
gave rise to the two other domains
2. Eubacteria- true bacteria and are prokaryotic microorganisms
3. Eukarya- include all eukaryotic organisms, (protists, fungi, plants and animals)
Text devoted to animals
Except for Chapter 8 Animal like protists (Amoeba and Paramecium)
The inclusion of protozoa is part of a tradition
Once considered a phylum (Protozoa) in the animal kingdom
Patterns of Organization
Symmetry: Has a pattern to the body plan
Asymmetry: no pattern to body plan
Draw examples of each in your notes:
1.Radial symmetry2.Bilateral symmetry
Bilateral Symmetry
Divided along sagittal plane into two mirror images Divided into right
and left halvesAnterior= head
endPosterior= tail endDorsal= back sideVentral= belly side
Bilateral Symmetry Adaptation
Important evolutionary advancement Important for active,
directed movement Anterior, posterior
ends One side of body
kept up (dorsal) vs. down (ventral)
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