ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Chapter 1 The Sciences of Anatomy and
Physiology
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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY What do you think is the meaning of
Anatomy? What about physiology? Why are they important if they are
important at all?
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SAMPLE ASSESSMENTS
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MEET PATIENT X Patient X comes in to ER complaining of pain.
1.What are some questions you may want to ask? 2.Why would you ask
these questions? 3.What would you need to know to help you assess
this patient? 4.What would this course teach you that would help
you understand your patients needs?
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WHAT IT IS VS. HOW IT WORKS Anatomy is the study of the
structure and form of organisms. The word is derived from the Greek
word anatome, which means to cut apart and dissect. Physiology is
the study of function of the body parts. It is difficult to study
one without understanding the other.
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WHAT IT IS : SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY Microscopic anatomy:
a)Cytology b)Histology Gross anatomy: a)Systemic Anatomy b)Regional
Anatomy c) Surface Anatomy d) Comparative Anatomy e) Embryology f)
Imaging anatomy g) Pathological anatomy
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HOW IT WORKS: PHYSIOLOGY What is the definition of physiology?
Because physiology is broad like anatomy, it is also broken down
into subgroups: Branches of Physiology Neurophysiology
Endocrinology Cardiovascular physiology Immunology Respiratory
physiology Renal Physiology Exercise Physiology
Pathophysiology
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CLINICAL CONNECTION An autopsy is a postmortem (after death)
examination of the body and internal organs performed by a
pathologist. (Why is the person called a pathologist?) An autopsy
is usually done to : Determine the cause of death Identify diseases
not detected during life Determine the extent of injuries and
contribution to death Identify hereditary conditions
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COMMON PROPERTIES OF ORGANISMS *Cellular composition
Metabolism: a) anabolism b) catabolism Growth *Differentiation
Responsiveness Movement *Excretion Reproduction *Found in E.
Amerman
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION The Chemical Level is the simplest
level: Atoms (smallest unit of matter) Molecule (combination of two
or more atoms) Macromolecule (complex molecules such as proteins or
DNA molecules) Organelles (macromolecules that form specialized
subunits in cells)
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION The Cellular Level - This level consists
of cells which are the smallest living structures and basic units
of structure and function in organisms. Cells will vary in
structure based on their function. The Tissue Level Groups of
similar cells that perform common functions. -Epithelial tissue
-Connective tissue -Muscle Tissue -Nervous Tissue
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION The Organ Level consists of organs.
Organs are two or more tissue types working together to perform
specific functions. The Organ System Level consists of related
organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve
common function. The Organism level the highest level of structural
organization; all body systems function interdependently in an
organism
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ORGAN SYSTEMS Urinary System/ Tract
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TALK THE TALK Just like any group, there is a form of language
used amongst that groups members. Anatomist and physiologists have
to use a common language so there is no misunderstanding when
discussing the functions and features. The terms used have to
accurately describe location, position, and identifying structures.
You may note while studying that most terms are derived from Greek
or Latin and knowing the word origin will typically help with
understanding most anatomical terms.
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ANATOMIC POSITION Must start with a common initial point of
reference, which typically is the anatomical position standing
erect, facing directly forward, feet pointed forward and slightly
apart, and arms hanging down at the sides with palms facing
forward. This position is used as a reference to describe sites or
motions of various parts of the body.
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SECTIONS AND PLANES Sections relates to an actual cut or slice
that exposes internal anatomy Planes involve imaginary lines that
passes through the body
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SECTIONS AND PLANES Coronal plane also known as frontal plane,
is a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior
(front) and posterior (back) Transverse plane also known as
horizontal plane or cross sectional plane, divides into superior
(top) and inferior (bottom) parts.
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SECTIONS AND PLANES Midsagittal plane also known as median
plane, is a vertical plane and divides into left and right halves.
A plane that is parallel to the midsagittal plane is termed a
sagittal plane. Note: minor planes called oblique planes, which
passes through a structure at an angle.
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ANATOMIC DIRECTIONS See Table 1.2 on page 12 in your textbook
TermMeaningExample AnteriorIn front ofStomach to spinal cord
PosteriorIn back ofHeart to sternum DorsalAt the back sideSpinal
cord in body VentralAt the belly sideUmbilicus/navel to body
SuperiorCloser to the headChest to pelvis InferiorCloser to the
feetStomach to heart Cranial (cephalic)At the head endShoulders to
feet CaudalAt the rear or tail endButtocks to the head
**RostralToward the nose/mouthEyes to back of head
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ANATOMIC DIRECTIONS TermMeaningExample MedialToward
midlineLungs to shoulders LateralAway from midlineArms to heart
DeepOn the inside; internalHeart to rib cage SuperficialOn the
outsideSkin to muscle *ProximalClosest to point trunkElbow to hand
*DistalFurthest from trunkWrist to elbow * Indicates areas that
typically relate to attachment of appendage
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ANATOMIC DIRECTIONS
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REGIONAL ANATOMY Axial region: head, neck, trunk Appendicular
region: upper and lower limbs that attaches to the axial
region
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BODY CAVITIES AND MEMBRANES Internal organs and organ systems
are held in enclosed spaces called cavities. -Cranial cavity (also
known as endocranium) -Vertebral canal Cranial cavity and vertebral
canal make up the posterior aspect. Posterior Aspect Cranial Cavity
? Vertebral Cavity ?
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BODY CAVITIES AND MEMBRANES Ventral Cavity: is a cavity
anteriorly placed cavity; the ventral cavity is comprised of two
subdivisions that are separated by the diaphragm. a)Thoracic cavity
b)Abdominopelvic cavity
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BODY CAVITIES AND MEMBRANES As mentioned, the cavities within
the posterior aspect are enclosed in bone while ventral is not
completely encased by bone. The ventral cavity is lined with thin
serous membranes. Serous membranes are composed of two layers: a)
Parietal layer b) Visceral layer c) Between the two layers is a
potential space called the serous cavity. The two membranes secrete
a fluid into the serous cavity called serous fluid. What is the
purpose of this fluid?
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BODY CAVITIES AND MEMBRANES Thoracic cavity - The median space
of the thoracic cavity is called the mediastinum. The mediastinum
has the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and the major blood
vessels that connect to the heart
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BODY CAVITIES AND MEMBRANES As discussed earlier, the ventral
cavity contains serous membranes. The hearts two layered serous
membrane is called the pericardium. What would be the names of the
two layers? The pericardial cavity is the space between the two
layers. What should we find in the pericardial space? Bonus
question: What do you think would happen if there was nothing in
the pericardial space?
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BODY CAVITIES AND MEMBRANES Thoracic cavity -On the right and
left sides of the cavity are the lungs -The lungs two layer serous
membrane is called the pleura. What would the names of the two
layers of the pleura? How about the cavity between them?
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BODY CAVITIES AND MEMBRANES Abdominopelvic Cavity -Divided into
the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity, which are divided at
the superior ridges of the hip bones. -The abdominal cavity holds
most of the digestive organs and a few urinary organs. -The pelvic
cavity has the remainder of the digestive organs, urinary organs
and internal reproductive organs.
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BODY CAVITIES AND MEMBRANES The two layers surrounding the
abdominopelvic cavity is called the peritoneum. Million dollar
question: What are the names of each layer? The space between is
called the peritoneal cavity, which contains??
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ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS
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ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS
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HOME STRETCH!! Last Section of Chapter 1
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HOMEOSTASIS Your body is able to adjust and maintain a stable
internal climate. Examples: body of temperature of 37 C (98.6 F),
your heart rate, blood pressure, etc. Homeostasis is the ability of
an organism to maintain a steady state The body maintains
homeostasis by utilizing homeostatic control systems. The three
components of each system are: the receptor, control center and the
effector.
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HOMEOSTASIS Receptor Example of a stimulus is a change in
temperature. The receptor would be the skin, which has sensory
nerves that detect the change. Control Center Note: the receptor
can also be the control center depending on the stimulus. For
example, the pancreas is an endocrine organ that both detects in
blood glucose and releases the insulin hormone to regulate the
blood glucose. Effector In the example regarding temperature, if it
is too hot, the sweat glands can be signaled to produce sweat in
attempts to cool the body.
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HOMEOSTASIS Thinking as a health or medical professional, what
is something that could affect this chain and prevent stable
homeostatic conditions?
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POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK Negative feedback: system
maintains the variable within a normal range by moving the stimulus
in the opposite direction Positive feedback: system amplifies the
stimulus in the same direction. Most processes in the body are
controlled by negative feedback. The body works to maintain a
normal level also known as the set point. An example of negative
feedback: the stimulus increases, the homeostatic system will react
to decrease the stimulus until the set point is reached. See
diagrams on pages 20 and 21.
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POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK In positive feedback, the
stimulus is continued positively until the desired event occurs.
Once the event occurs, the body is then returned to homeostasis.
Examples: breast feeding and labor (giving birth)
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HEALTH AND DISEASE As mentioned before, a condition or a
disease can cause a homeostatic imbalance. When a homeostatic
imbalance is present, the individual most use external means to
regulate their body (such as medication and diet changes). A
diagnosis is the specific cause of the homeostatic imbalance. Name
of diagnoses you know about. How do you think it causes homeostatic
imbalance?
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DIAGNOSIS: DIABETES Definition: Includes a group of diseases
that result in increased levels of glucose in the blood Insulin:
peptide hormone produced in pancreas. It regulates the metabolism
of carbohydrates and fats by promoting uptake of glucose from the
blood stream.
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MEDICAL IMAGING Techniques and procedures used to create images
of the human body Allow visualization of structures inside the body
1. Radiography is done using X-rays to produce an image of interior
structures. Hollow structures appear black or gray. Do not pass
easily through dense structure (bone) 2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI) is done using an extremely powerful magnetic field. It is a
safe procedure but cannot be used on patients containing metal. 3.
Computed Tomography or CT-Scans are done using a computer to
organize x-rays to form a 3D image. It is used to visualize soft
tissue in more detail than conventional radiography. 4. Ultrasound
Scanning (sonography) is done using high frequency sound
waves.
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MEDICAL IMAGING 5. Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan) is
done by injecting a substance emitting positively charged particles
into the body. The collision between positrons and negatively
charged electron in body tissues produce gamma rays used to form a
computer assisted image. 6. Endoscopy is done using a lighted
instrument with a lens projecting an image onto a monitor.
Colonoscopy is a study ???
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QUICK REVIEW Anatomy looks at? Physiology looks at? What is the
difference between cytology and histology? What is the largest
subdivision of the chemical level? What is homeostasis? What are
the three components of a homeostatic system? What is the
difference between negative and positive feedback?
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EXAM PRACTICE 1.Homeostasis is the condition in the body
maintains ____________? a. the lowest possible energy usage b. a
relatively stable internal environment, within limits c. a static
state with no deviation from preset points d. A and C e. None of
the above
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EXAM PRACTICE 2. The parietal pleural would represent a serous
membrane a. covering individual lungs b. lining the thoracic cavity
c. lining the abdominal cavity d. covering the heart e. lining the
mediastinum
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EXAM PRACTICE 3. A structure that is composed of two or more
tissues would be _________________. a. a complex tissue b. an organ
system c. an organelle d. a complex cell e. an organ
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EXAM PRACTICE 4. Patient X is suffering from severe pain. Upon
examination the Patient complains the most when the doctor presses
superior to the left hip bone, inferior to the rib cage and to the
left of the navel. What region defines the area of pain? a.Right
Iliac Region b.Epigastric region c.Left hypochrondriac region
d.Left lumbar region e.Pain is not in the abdominal cavity