Anatomical Position
Introduction to Anatomy
• Standing erect, with palms and feet facing forward
• Is the standard reference point in which all positions, movements, and planes are described
Introduction to Anatomy
Prone : Lying face down
Supine : Lying face up
Unilateral : Pertaining to one side of the body
Bilateral : Pertaining to both sides of the body
Positions and Directions
• Fixed lines of reference along which the body is often divided or sectioned to facilitate viewing of its structures
• Allow one to obtain a three-dimensional perspective by studying the body from different views
Introduction to AnatomyAnatomical Planes
pdf file- intro to anatomyexplanation of planes of motion video
Sagittal plane– The plane dividing the
body into right and left portions
– Also anteroposterior– Midsagittal or median
are names for the plane dividing the body into equal right and left halves
Introduction to AnatomyAnatomical Planes
Sagittal Plan
Frontal plane– The plane dividing the
body into front and back portions
– Also called the Coronal plane
Introduction to AnatomyAnatomical Planes
Horizontal plane– The horizontal plane
dividing the body into upper and lower portions
– Also called the Transverse plane
Anatomical Planes
Introduction to Anatomy
Introduction to AnatomyAnatomical Axes
An axis is a straight line around which an object rotates. Movement at the joint take place in a plane about an axis. There are three axis of
rotation.
THE GENERAL RULE: The axis of rotation is perpendicular to the plane of movement.
Introduction to AnatomyRelationship Between Planes and Axes
Axis of Rotation Plane of Motion Example
Frontal Sagittal Flexion, Extension
Longitudinal(vertical)
Horizontal(Transverse)
Rotation of extremities, Axial
rotation
Sagittal Frontal (Coronal)
Abduction, Adduction
Introduction to AnatomyDescribe the following motions in terms
of its plane of motion.
CartwheelBack somersault
Head spinPirouetteSide hops
SplitFront roll
FrontalSagittal
Transverse or horizontalTransverse or horizontal
FrontalFrontalSagittal
Introduction to AnatomyDescribe the following motions in terms
of its plane of motion & axis of rotation
Shoulder flexion/extension
Hip abduction
Head rotation
Plane Axis
Sagittal frontal
Frontal sagittal
Transverse longitudinal(Horizontal)
Introduction to AnatomyMoving in the three planes of motion
How do we train our bodies?
• Think of gym equipment (machines vs free weights)•Which planes of motion?
• Function activities – daily life activities
Consider the following:
• Movements in sports
Introduction to Anatomy
Moving in the 3 planes of motion clips
Moving in the three planes of motion
Our bodies generally move in more than one plane at a time.
Which plane of movement is usually neglected in training?
Answer: Transverse (horizontal) Plane
Introduction to AnatomyAssignment:
For each plan of motion list and describe 3 exercises/ warm-ups.
Your description should include what plane(s) it is moving in and which axis (axes) is/are involved.
If you choose a multi-joint exercise you only need to describe one joint during the exercise. (Name that joint in your description)
You can include pictures in your description.
Superior (cranial) is a term used to describe a place that is toward the upper part of the body. For example the skull is superior to the shoulders. Superior can also be used to mean above.
When the lower part of the body (or below is referred to, the term inferior (caudal) is used. For example, the knees are inferior to the shoulders.
Terms of Position & Direction
Introduction to Anatomy
Lateral means towards the side of the body or away from the middle imaginary body line (the midline). For example, the humerus is lateral to the sternum
Medial is used to describe the position of a part of the body located towards the midline. For example, coccyx is medial to the carpals.
Introduction to Anatomy
Terms of Position & Direction
Anterior (ventral) is used to describe the front or towards the front of the body. For example, the sternum is anterior to the vertebrae.
Posterior (dorsal) is used to describe the back of the body. For example, the vertebral column is posterior to the sternum.
Introduction to Anatomy
Terms of Position & Direction
Proximal means closer to the center of the body. For example, the shoulder is proximal in relation to the hand.
Distal means away from the center of the body. For example, the hand is distal in relation to the head.
Introduction to Anatomy
Terms of Position & Direction
These are only used when discussing limbs
Introduction to Anatomy
Terms of Position & Direction
Ipsilateral means ‘on the same side’ of a reference point.
Contralateral means ‘on the opposite side’ of a reference point.
Introduction to Anatomy
Terms of Position & Direction
Superficial refers on the surface or exterior.
Deep refers to internal or inside.
A structure closer to the surface of the body is superficial, while a structure further away from the surface is deep.
Activity:Give an example of the use of the following terms in relation to body parts, bones or muscles:
e.g. “the patella is _________ to the scapula.” Inferior/Superior : Caudal/Cranial Proximal/Distal Medial/Lateral Posterior/Anterior : Dorsal/Ventral Superficial/Deep Ipsilateral/Contralateral
Introduction to AnatomyTerms of Position & Direction
Movements– Flexion– Extension– Hyperextension– Adduction– Abduction– Prontaion– Supination– Retraction– Protraction– Elevation– Depression– Rotation– Circumduction– External Rotation– Internal Rotation– Inversion– Eversion– Dorsiflexion– Plantarflexion– Radial Deviation– Ulnar Deviation– OppositionMovements of the body video
Flexion• Bending a joint or decreasing the
angle between two bones– In the Fetal Position we are flexing our joints
Extension• Straightening a joint or increasing
the angle between two bones– In the Anatomical Position we are extending our joints
Hyperextension• Excessive extension of the parts at a
joint beyond anatomical position.
Introduction to AnatomyMovements
Adduction• Moving a body part towards
the midline of the body
Abduction• Moving a body part away
from the midline of the body
Movements
Introduction to Anatomy
Pronation• Turning the arm or foot
downward• (palm or sole of the foot -
down)• Prone
Supination• Turning the arm or foot
upward• (palm or sole of the foot -
up)• Supine
Movements
Introduction to Anatomy
Over-pronation in the ankle
Retraction - Moving a part backward
Protraction - Moving a part forward
Elevation - Raising a part
Depression - Lowering a part
(Occurs at the shoulders as well)
Introduction to AnatomyMovements
Rotation• Turning on a single axis
Circumduction• Tri-planar, circular motion at
the hip or shoulder
Internal rotation• Rotation of the hip or
shoulder toward the midline
External rotation• Rotation of the hip or
shoulder away from the midline
Movements
Introduction to Anatomy
Inversion• Turning the sole of the foot
inward
Eversion• Turning the sole of the foot
outward
Dorsiflexion• Ankle movement bringing the
foot towards the shin
Plantarflexion• Ankle movement pointing the
foot downward
Movements of the foot
Introduction to Anatomy
Radial Deviation• Movement of the wrist towards
the radius or lateral side.
Ulnar Deviation• Movement of the wrist towards
the ulna or medial side.
Opposition• Movement of the thumb across
the palm of the hand.
Movements of the wrist & thumb
Introduction to Anatomy
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