An Age of Explorations and An Age of Explorations and IsolationIsolation

1400-18001400-1800

Chapter 19Chapter 19

BackgroundBackgroundBy 1400, Europeans By 1400, Europeans

were ready to were ready to venture venture beyond their bordersbeyond their borders

• Renaissance encouraged a new Renaissance encouraged a new

spirit of adventure and curiosityspirit of adventure and curiosity

• Printing press spread ideas and Printing press spread ideas and

new maps and chartsnew maps and charts

I. Causes of European I. Causes of European ExplorationExploration

#1- New Trade Routes#1- New Trade Routes• People want People want wealthwealth; achieve that ; achieve that

through tradethrough trade Traded spices (nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon, Traded spices (nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon,

pepper)pepper) Introduced during Crusades; people still Introduced during Crusades; people still

demanded goods once wars endeddemanded goods once wars ended Demand greater than supply= high pricesDemand greater than supply= high prices

Causes of European Causes of European Exploration (cont’d)Exploration (cont’d)

#2- Spread Christianity#2- Spread Christianity• Crusades left hostility between Crusades left hostility between

Christians and MuslimsChristians and Muslims• Europeans believed they Europeans believed they

had a sacred duty to had a sacred duty to

continue fighting Muslims continue fighting Muslims

and to convert non-Christiansand to convert non-Christians

Causes of European Causes of European Exploration (cont’d)Exploration (cont’d)

#3- New Exploration Technologies#3- New Exploration Technologies• CaravelCaravel: stronger, sturdier ship with triangular : stronger, sturdier ship with triangular

sails (adopted from Arabs); made it possible to sails (adopted from Arabs); made it possible to sail against the windsail against the wind

• AstrolabeAstrolabe: brass circle w/ carefully : brass circle w/ carefully adjusted rings marked off in adjusted rings marked off in degrees; used to calculate latitude degrees; used to calculate latitude (perfected by Muslims)(perfected by Muslims)• Compass: Compass: magnetically tracked magnetically tracked direction (Chinese invention)direction (Chinese invention)

II. Portugal leads the wayII. Portugal leads the way

A.A. Portugal was 1Portugal was 1stst to to establish trading outposts establish trading outposts along the west coast of along the west coast of AfricaAfrica

B.B. Prince HenryPrince Henry: son of : son of Portugal’s kingPortugal’s king

• Nation’s most enthusiastic Nation’s most enthusiastic supporter of explorationsupporter of exploration

• Conquered Muslim city in Conquered Muslim city in North Africa where he North Africa where he discovered exotic wealth discovered exotic wealth never found in Europe never found in Europe (cinnamon, cloves, (cinnamon, cloves, pepper, silver, gold, pepper, silver, gold, jewels.jewels.

III. Spain also makes claimIII. Spain also makes claim

A.A. Christopher Christopher ColumbusColumbus• 1492 he convinced 1492 he convinced

Spain (although he Spain (although he was Italian) to pay was Italian) to pay for his plan to find for his plan to find a trade route to a trade route to Asia by sailing Asia by sailing west across the west across the Atlantic OceanAtlantic Ocean

Spain also makes claim Spain also makes claim (cont’d)(cont’d)

• October 1492: landed on a Caribbean October 1492: landed on a Caribbean Island which he mistook for the East Island which he mistook for the East Indies (AKA -Indonesia.) Indies (AKA -Indonesia.)

Immediate impact of Columbus:Immediate impact of Columbus: Increased Increased tension between Spain and Portugal.tension between Spain and Portugal.

Spain also makes claim Spain also makes claim (cont’d)(cont’d)

• He drew the He drew the Line of DemarcationLine of Demarcation: : imaginary North/South line that gave imaginary North/South line that gave lands on the east to Portugal (light green) lands on the east to Portugal (light green) and the lands on the west to Spainand the lands on the west to Spain

• 1494 1494 SpainSpain and and PortugalPortugal signed the signed the Treaty of TordesillasTreaty of Tordesillas: they agreed to : they agreed to honor the line.honor the line.

IV. Trading Empires in the IV. Trading Empires in the Indian OceanIndian Ocean

With new trade routes came With new trade routes came conflict. European nations conflict. European nations scrambled to establish profitable scrambled to establish profitable trading posts as they battle natives trading posts as they battle natives and each otherand each other

Trading Empires in the Indian Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean (cont’d)Ocean (cont’d)

A.A. PortugalPortugal• Built huge trading empire by capturing many Built huge trading empire by capturing many

Muslim owned lands (w/ help from cannons Muslim owned lands (w/ help from cannons mounted on their ships)mounted on their ships)

B.B. English and DutchEnglish and Dutch• 1600 they began to challenge Portugal1600 they began to challenge Portugal• Dutch owned the largest fleet of ships with 20,000 Dutch owned the largest fleet of ships with 20,000

vesselsvessels• Both formed East India Company to establish and Both formed East India Company to establish and

direct trade throughout Asia. Also could mint direct trade throughout Asia. Also could mint money, make treaties, and raise armies.money, make treaties, and raise armies.

V. China: Ming DynastyV. China: Ming Dynasty

Europeans had ports all over the Indian Europeans had ports all over the Indian and Asian coasts and were now and Asian coasts and were now looking for more sources of wealth. looking for more sources of wealth.

They found it in China, then Japan.They found it in China, then Japan.

By 1514 the Chinese had driven out the By 1514 the Chinese had driven out the Mongol rulers and had united under Mongol rulers and had united under new leadership: the Ming Dynastynew leadership: the Ming Dynasty

China: Ming Dynasty China: Ming Dynasty (cont’d)(cont’d)

A.A. Ming DynastyMing Dynasty: dominant power in : dominant power in Asia from 1368-1644Asia from 1368-1644

• HongwuHongwu: commanded a rebel army : commanded a rebel army that drove out the Mongols in 1368 that drove out the Mongols in 1368 and became the 1and became the 1stst Ming Emperor Ming Emperor

Promoted reforms to restore agricultural Promoted reforms to restore agricultural lands destroyed by war, erase all trace of lands destroyed by war, erase all trace of Mongols, & promote China’s power and Mongols, & promote China’s power and prosperityprosperity

China: Ming Dynasty China: Ming Dynasty (cont’d)(cont’d)• Hongwu eventually dies, his son Hongwu eventually dies, his son

((YongloYonglo) takes over. He was very ) takes over. He was very curious of the world so he launched 7 curious of the world so he launched 7 voyages of exploration.voyages of exploration.

• Zheng HeZheng He led all 7 voyages led all 7 voyages 40 to 300 ships made the voyages: fighting 40 to 300 ships made the voyages: fighting

ships, storage vessels, and “treasure” ships ships, storage vessels, and “treasure” ships (400 ft long!)(400 ft long!)

Carried soldiers, sailors, interpreters, Carried soldiers, sailors, interpreters, accountants, doctors, and religious leaders.accountants, doctors, and religious leaders.

China: Ming Dynasty China: Ming Dynasty (cont’d)(cont’d)

B.B. China’s trade policies reflected China’s trade policies reflected isolationisolation

• Only government officials were Only government officials were allowed to conduct foreign trade allowed to conduct foreign trade through 3 coastal portsthrough 3 coastal ports

• However, smuggling went on up However, smuggling went on up and down the portsand down the ports

VI. China: Qing DynastyVI. China: Qing Dynasty

A.A. Manchus:Manchus: people of Manchuria (west people of Manchuria (west of the Great Wall) invaded China and of the Great Wall) invaded China and took over the Ming (had ruled for 200 took over the Ming (had ruled for 200 yrs)yrs)

• Qing DynastyQing Dynasty: name taken of the : name taken of the Manchus as they ruled for 260 yrsManchus as they ruled for 260 yrs

• Expanded China’s borders to include Expanded China’s borders to include Taiwan, Chinese central Asia, Mongolia, Taiwan, Chinese central Asia, Mongolia, and Tibetand Tibet

The Atlantic WorldThe Atlantic World

Objectives:

• Know who Christopher Columbus was and what he did.

• Know who Cortes was and what he did.

• Know who Pizarro was and what he did.

• Describe how the English and the French split up North America and how the English won the French and Indian War.

• Know the effect of colonization on the Native Americans.

• Know what the nature of the slave trade was and how horrific it was.

Christopher Columbus

• You may have heard how in 1492, he sailed the ocean blue.

• He also sailed it in 1493, 1498, and 1502.

• While he was Italian (and may even have been Jewish), he was working for the Spanish, specifically the monarchs King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella.

Both Spain and Portugal start exploring the Americas in earnest.

• Spain claims a bunch.

• Portugal takes modern-day Brazil. As we know, the Treaty of Tordesillas settles out their claims.

Aztecs

• Existed from the 1300’s to the 1500’s.

• Based their empire in the city of Tenochtitlan – modern day Mexico City.

• It was at this location that the Aztecs supposedly saw a vision of an eagle holding a snake while perched on a prickly pear cactus. Sound familiar?

The Incas

• The Incan civilization was located in modern-day Peru.

• They lasted from about 1200 to 1550.

Spanish Conquest

• The Incas are eventually conquered by the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro in 1532, not long after Cortez took out the Aztecs.

North America

• The English and the French just ignored the Treaty of Tordesillas and started colonizing in what was supposed to be Spanish land.

• The French mainly colonized up in the Canada region, hence founding Montreal and Quebec.

• They also claimed land down the Mississippi River.

English

• They founded the colony of Jamestown in Virginia that was nearly a complete disaster.

• The English Puritans/Pilgrims founded Plymouth in now Massachusetts.

• It’s often said they were looking for religious freedom. Kinda true… they were looking for religious freedom for themselves, not for anyone else. They weren’t pluralists and weren’t religiously tolerant.

Slave trade

• Lasted from about the 1500’s until 1870, when it was officially ended.

• Some estimates say the Atlantic slave trade transported up to 40 million Africans to places elsewhere.

• Generally what happened is that the Europeans or African tribes would capture other Africans. They would then sell the captured people to the Europeans. They’d get guns or some such in return.

• Slavery was fairly common in both Africa and the world at the time. The institution had a long tradition in world history. Therefore, it wasn’t seen for being as abhorrent as it actually was.

• Making the journey was extremely hazardous.

• Slaves were packed shoulder to shoulder in tightly-packed compartments.

• The Atlantic trade is sometimes known as the triangle trade.

Ch. 21Ch. 21

Absolute Monarchs of Absolute Monarchs of EuropeEurope

Philip IIPhilip II

• Son of Charles VSon of Charles V

• Took power after Charles V divided his empire into 5 Took power after Charles V divided his empire into 5 parts and retired to a monastery.parts and retired to a monastery.– Inherited Spain, Spanish Netherlands, and the American Inherited Spain, Spanish Netherlands, and the American

Colonies. Colonies.

• PhilipPhilip was considered shy, serious, and deeply was considered shy, serious, and deeply religious.religious.

• Philip’s guarded personality left many people Philip’s guarded personality left many people suspicious of him, and he was equally suspicious of suspicious of him, and he was equally suspicious of other people.other people.– His court historian wrote, “His smile and his dagger were very His court historian wrote, “His smile and his dagger were very

close.” close.”

Philip’s EmpirePhilip’s Empire

• Thanks to the American Colonies, Thanks to the American Colonies, Spain was becoming very rich.Spain was becoming very rich.– Between 1550 and 1650, Spain had Between 1550 and 1650, Spain had

imported 339,000 pounds of gold and imported 339,000 pounds of gold and 16,000 tons of silver from the Americas.16,000 tons of silver from the Americas.

– Free money, thanks to mercantilism!!!Free money, thanks to mercantilism!!!

Defender of CatholicismDefender of Catholicism

Philip II took the throne while Europe was Philip II took the throne while Europe was experiencing many religious wars.experiencing many religious wars.1571, Philip sent the Spanish Armada to fight against 1571, Philip sent the Spanish Armada to fight against

the Ottoman Empire’s Navythe Ottoman Empire’s NavyThe Battle at Lepanto was one of the world most decisive The Battle at Lepanto was one of the world most decisive

battles, with the Spanish Armada completely destroying battles, with the Spanish Armada completely destroying the Ottoman Empire’s Navy.the Ottoman Empire’s Navy.

Later, he battled against Protestant England.Later, he battled against Protestant England.Didn’t fare as well. His fleet was defeated.Didn’t fare as well. His fleet was defeated.

These many religious battles, along with rising These many religious battles, along with rising inflation from all of that free money from the inflation from all of that free money from the American Colonies, would eventually cause the American Colonies, would eventually cause the Spanish state to declare bankruptcy!Spanish state to declare bankruptcy!

King Louis XIVKing Louis XIV

His reign, from 1643 to his death in 1715, lasted seventy-His reign, from 1643 to his death in 1715, lasted seventy-two years, three months, and eighteen days. two years, three months, and eighteen days. longest documented reign of any European monarch.longest documented reign of any European monarch. Became ruler when he was only 5Became ruler when he was only 5

When he first became king, the true ruler of France was When he first became king, the true ruler of France was Cardinal Mazarin. Cardinal Mazarin. Many nobles hated Mazarin because he increased taxes and Many nobles hated Mazarin because he increased taxes and

strengthened the central government.strengthened the central government. During many of the riots, Louis’ young life was threatened by the During many of the riots, Louis’ young life was threatened by the

upset nobles.upset nobles.Louis remembered this and determined to become so powerful that he Louis remembered this and determined to become so powerful that he

could never be threatened again.could never be threatened again.His hatred of the nobles would later affect France’s balance of power.His hatred of the nobles would later affect France’s balance of power.

When Cardinal Mazarin died in 1661, the 23 year-old Louis When Cardinal Mazarin died in 1661, the 23 year-old Louis took control of the government.took control of the government.

Louis: Smart guy, bad Louis: Smart guy, bad decisionsdecisions

WarWarResultResult

1667- invaded Spanish 1667- invaded Spanish NetherlandsNetherlands

1672-invaded Dutch 1672-invaded Dutch NetherlandsNetherlands

1680’s- many other 1680’s- many other minor wars with small minor wars with small European countriesEuropean countries

1689- Many European 1689- Many European countries joined countries joined together to defeat together to defeat France. Now, even the France. Now, even the small countries had the small countries had the protection of the protection of the powerful nations.powerful nations.

• Frequent wars, massive Frequent wars, massive taxation, and a series of taxation, and a series of poor harvests brought poor harvests brought great suffering to the great suffering to the French people.French people.

• The people were tired of The people were tired of the King Louis.the King Louis.

• When he died in 1715, When he died in 1715, the people of France the people of France rejoiced.rejoiced.

Ivan Ivan

• Became ruler when he was only 3.Became ruler when he was only 3.

• The The boyarsboyars, or nobles, tried to control Ivan when he , or nobles, tried to control Ivan when he was young.was young.

• At the age of 16, he claimed the throne and crowned At the age of 16, he claimed the throne and crowned himself czar. himself czar. – A Czar is an absolute ruler, taken from the A Czar is an absolute ruler, taken from the RomanRoman “Caesar” “Caesar”

• Married the beautiful AnastasiaMarried the beautiful Anastasia

• From 1547 to 1560 were known as Ivan’s good From 1547 to 1560 were known as Ivan’s good period.period.– Won great war victories, passed many good laws, and ruled Won great war victories, passed many good laws, and ruled

justlyjustly

Rise of the RomanovsRise of the Romanovs

• Ivan’s son was both physically and Ivan’s son was both physically and mentally incapable of ruling over mentally incapable of ruling over Russia.Russia.– After he died without an heir, Russia went After he died without an heir, Russia went

through the “Time of Troubles” in which through the “Time of Troubles” in which many boyars were fighting for the throne.many boyars were fighting for the throne.

• Eventually, representatives met and Eventually, representatives met and chose Michael Romanov, grandnephew chose Michael Romanov, grandnephew of Anastasia, as the next leader.of Anastasia, as the next leader.

Peter the GreatPeter the Great

• A descendant of Michael Romanov, Peter A descendant of Michael Romanov, Peter at first had to share the throne with his at first had to share the throne with his feeble- minded half brother.feeble- minded half brother.– Eventually, Peter became the sole ruler of Eventually, Peter became the sole ruler of

Russia.Russia.

• Came to be known as Peter the Great Came to be known as Peter the Great because he was one of Russia’s greatest because he was one of Russia’s greatest leaders and reformers.leaders and reformers.

• He was a big man, over 6’6” tall!!!He was a big man, over 6’6” tall!!!

Peter visits the WestPeter visits the West

• 1 year after becoming czar, he embarked on the 1 year after becoming czar, he embarked on the “Grand Embassy”, a long visit to Western Europe.“Grand Embassy”, a long visit to Western Europe.– His goal was to learn more about Western Europe’s customs His goal was to learn more about Western Europe’s customs

and industrial techniques.and industrial techniques.

• On his journey, he insisted on keeping his identity On his journey, he insisted on keeping his identity secret.secret.– This was hard to conceal, considering he traveled with 200 This was hard to conceal, considering he traveled with 200

servants and 55 boyars.servants and 55 boyars.– Still, he dressed in plain clothes and would rebuke anyone Still, he dressed in plain clothes and would rebuke anyone

who addressed him as “Sire” or “Your Majesty.”who addressed him as “Sire” or “Your Majesty.”

• He visited England and Austria before returning He visited England and Austria before returning home.home.

A New CapitalA New Capital

Peter believed Russia’s future depended on having a Peter believed Russia’s future depended on having a warm-water seaport.warm-water seaport.

To promote education and growth, Peter wanted a To promote education and growth, Peter wanted a seaport that would make it easier to travel to the seaport that would make it easier to travel to the West.West.

He began building the new capital on the swampy, He began building the new capital on the swampy, unhealthy lands close to the Baltic Sea.unhealthy lands close to the Baltic Sea.

An estimated 25,000 to 100,000 died from disease An estimated 25,000 to 100,000 died from disease and poor working conditions while building and poor working conditions while building St. St. PetersburgPetersburg, which is named after Peter’s patron , which is named after Peter’s patron saint.saint.

When it was finished, he ordered many of the Russian When it was finished, he ordered many of the Russian nobles to leave the comforts of Moscow and relocate to nobles to leave the comforts of Moscow and relocate to St. Petersburg.St. Petersburg.