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Amaryllis andAmaryllis andAlstroemeriaAlstroemeriaOld Crops, New Potential
Alan W. Meerow
Copyright 1999 by the
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AmaryllisAmaryllis Hippeastrum, about 50 species native to
South America.
200 year breeding history. Dutch cultivars dominate market.
Henry Nehrling and Theodore Mead
hybrids developed in Florida in earlypart of the 20th century.
Much of this germplasm was lost, but some has
featured in Dutch cultivars.
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MainMainHippeastrumHippeastrumSpeciesSpecies
Represented in Modern CommercialRepresented in Modern CommercialHybridsHybrids
H. vi t tatumHerbert
H . leopoldi iDombrainH. par d inum(Hook. f.) Lemaire
H . r eginaeHerbert
H. pun iceum(Lamarck) Kuntze
H. aul ic umHerbert
After initial flurry of interspecific hybridization in Europe,
most breeding was concentrated among the [mostly
tetraploid] hybrids.
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1) Desirable characteristics of flower size, scape
number, and plant vigor are already stabilized in
the hybrid races.
2) Sterile triploid progeny result when diploidspecies are crossed with tetraploid hybrids.
3) Many of the diploid species are not readily
available.
4) Self-incompatibility, which occurs in most
diploid species and diploid hybrids, generally
breaks down in the tetraploid hybrids.
Why?
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New Directions in Breeding
The Dutch (market leaders) have realized
that the old standards need new blood.
Actively seeking new hybrids from amatuer
and professional breeders. Dwarfs (Japan), multifloras (high bud
counts), blue shades, spider types.
H ippeastrum cybister
Also, the newer Dutch cultivarsare mostly triploids.
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University of Florida BreedingUniversity of Florida Breeding
ProgramProgram Fort Lauderdale: begun in 1987.
Primary Objectives:Primary Objectives:
Novel floral form and color.
Higher bud counts.
Fragrance.
Disease resistance.
Secondary Objectives:Secondary Objectives:
Development of landscape cultivars.
Good foliage quality, high number of offsets.
Bradenton: development of landscape cultivars.
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Breeding StrategyBreeding Strategy Establish F1populations of the
target species. Selective inter-hybrid crosses. Selective sibling crosses. Introgress selected commercial
tetraploid cultivars into diploid
hybrid populations.
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Target Species
H ippeastrum
papilio
H . brasil ianum
H . reticulatum var. striatifolium
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Initial F1HybridsH-1: papi l iox l apacense
H-2: l apacensexpapi l io
H-4: v i t ta tumvar. tweed ianumxpapi l io
H-5: papi l ioxv i t ta tumvar. tweed ianum
H-7: cardenas ianumxpapi l io
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papi l ioxbras i l ianum
papi l ioxre t icu la tumvar. str iat i fo l ium
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___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Cultivar Maternal Parent Paternal Parent
_______________________________________________________________________
Rio H. papilio(Rav.) Van Scheepen H. x hybridumDutch Belle xH. ambiguum(LHer.) Herb.
Tweedianum
Sampa H. papilioxH. lapacense(Card.) H. x hybridumApple
Van Scheepen Blossom
Bahia H. pardinum(Hook. F.) Lem. H. x hybridum
xH. papilio White Christmas
First Releases from Fort
Lauderdale
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First ReleasesSampa 6-8 flowers per scape.
3-4 scapes per bulb.
Semi-dwarf.
PPAF*
*Plant Patent Applied For
Currently under evaluationby potential licensee.
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First ReleasesBahia 4 flowers per
scape.
2-3 scapes per
bulb.
Unusual color
zonation, redpicotee,
crystaline
substance to
flower.
PPAF
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First ReleasesRio
4 flowersper scape.
2 scapes
per bulb.
Intenselyfragrant.
PPAF
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Cultivar Year n Mean Number of Mean Flowers
Scapes per Bulb Per Scape (SD)
(SD)
__________________________________________________________
Rio 1994 2 2.0 (0.0) 3.5 (0.7)1995 3 2.0 (0.0) 3.6 (0.6)
1996 5 2.0 (0.0) 4.0 (0.0)
1997 5 2.0 (0.0) 4.0 (0.0)
Sampa 1994 2 3.0 (0.0) 5.2 (0.8)
1995 4 3.5 (0.6) 5.8 (0.8)
1996 6 3.5 (0.5) 6.6 (0.4)
1997 8 3.5 (0.5) 6.8 (0.3)
Bahia 1994 2 2.5 (0.7) 3.5 (0.7)
1995 3 2.7 (0.7) 3.7 (0.5)
1996 5 2.8 (0.4) 3.7 (0.5)
1997 5 3.0 (0.0) 3.8 (0.4)
Flowering performance ofHippeastrumxhybridumRio, Sampa, and Bahia
under ambient south Florida conditions.
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Table 3. Flowering performance ofHippeastrumBahia, Rio, and Sampa treated according to the forcing protocols of
Okubo (1993).
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Cultivar Yearz
n Mean number of Mean number of Days to 1stscape Days to 1
stscape anthesis
scapes per bulb flowers per scape emergence after after treatment
(SD) (SD) treatment
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Bahia 1996 2 2.8 (0.4) 3.7 (0.5) 21, 22, 26 38, 40, 44
1997 3 3.0 (0.0) 3.7 (0.5) 23, 23, 25 43, 41, 43
Rio 1996 2 2.0 (0.0) 3.8 (0.5) 18, 21 35, 41
1997 3 2.0 (0.0) 3.7 (0.5) 20, 20, 24 38, 39, 45
Sampa 1996 2 3.0 (0.0) 5.2 (0.8) 19, 23 40, 43
1997 3 3.3 (0.6) 5.6 (0.8) 21, 21, 25 39, 41, 43
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
zForcing pretreatment began Sept 15 and lasted for eight weeks.
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Amaryllis Production inAmaryllis Production in
FloridaFlorida Is it feasible?
The Theodore Mead and Henry Nehrling
efforts in the Orlando area in first third of this
century would suggest so.
Some of these old, Florida-developed varieties can
still be found in old collections and gardens,
especially in central Florida. These can be an
excellent source of starter material.
Most of the current commercial varieties are
not particularly well-adapted to Florida
conditions.
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Amaryllis Production inAmaryllis Production in
FloridaFlorida Field Production
50% shade advisable for most germplasm in
Florida.
30% was insufficient in South Florida.
Roofed shade house advisable as well.
Sandy soils must be amended with organic matter.
Greenhouse Production
Most environmental control, but not necessarily less
pest problems.
But different pests more likely.
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Amaryllis Production inAmaryllis Production in
FloridaFlorida Buying bulbs from Holland or the few
domestic producers and finishing is
another alternative.
Forcing:
1000-5000 foot candles.
24-27oC.
3-6 weeks to market stage (scape 30 cm
long).
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Amaryllis Production inAmaryllis Production in
FloridaFlorida How we do it in Fort Lauderdale:
Bulbs are taken off irrigation around mid-
October.
If leaves have not senesced by January 1, we
cut them off.
Repotting as necessary.
In mid-February, first irrigation; scapes
usually begin to emerge within 2 weeks after.
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Problems: Disease Red Scorch: Staganospora cur tisi i .
Cerscospora leaf spot.
Control: broad spectrum foliarfungicides.
Keep foliage dry; sanitation.
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Problems: Disease Bulb rots:
Fusarium: Truban.
Bacterial bulb rot: notreatment, destroy
bulbs.
Hippeastrum mosaic
virus: no treatment. Insect vectored.
Stock can be cleaned
up via tissue culture
and heat treatment.
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Problems: Pests Generalized pests (greenhouse and shadehouse
production): thrips, mealybugs, scales.
Field production (and shadehouse): lubbergrasshoppers, caterpillars, sometimes snails
and slugs.
Semaspore, a parasitic
protozoan in bait worked
great on these monsters.
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Problems: Pests A new weevil, as yet unidentifed, possibly
new genus (according to Dr. Charlie
OBrien of FAMU) which first entered
the US in Louisiana and has moved into
Florida in recent years.
Successfully controlled with imidacloprid.
Banana moth (Opogona sacchari):
possibly secondary after weevil attack?
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Propagation Seed (3 or more years).
Twin scale cuttage (2 years).
Tissue culture (2 years).
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Twin Scale Cuttage
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Bulb is sectioned.
Each wedge is then divided
longitudinally into a cutting of2 concentric bulb scales with a
small part of the basal plate left
attached.
These are then inserted intopropagating mix, covering
just slightly above the basal
plate.
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Transplant into small pots
when 1-2 leaves are formed.
Kept warm, moist and shaded,bulblets should form on the
cuttings in 6-8 weeks.
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AlstroemeriaSelection and breeding
for hot climatesw ith an emphasis on B razi l ian
germplasm
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Alstroemeria Most of the commercial cutflower varieties are
bred from Chilean species with no heat
tolerance.
Over half the genus occurs in Brazil in avariety of ecological zones.
Brazilian species, not well understood
taxonomically, are the only source of heat
tolerance in the genus. A. pulchell ahas been a successful (some say too
successful) perennial in Florida for decades.
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AlstroemeriaLas OlasA Semi-dwarf, Tetraploid Hybrid
Selection for Hot Climates
PPAF
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AlstroemeriaLas Olas
Stems are 39 to 57Stems are 39 to 57
(reproductive stems(reproductive stems
to 65) cm tall.to 65) cm tall.
InflorescencesInflorescenceswith 3-with 3-
5 rays, flowers 1 to 45 rays, flowers 1 to 4
per ray.per ray.
Individual stems willIndividual stems will
bear 3 to 17 flowers.bear 3 to 17 flowers.
PPAF
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Table 2. Container performance of Alstroemeria Las Olas, 1993, 1996.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Year No. plants Total flowering Average no. of Average no. of
stems harvested flowering stems florets per inflorescence (+ SD)
per plant (+ SD)
_______________________________________________________________________________________
1995 14 147 10.5 (5.2) 6.8 (2.7)
1996 12 95 7.9 (3.5) 7.2 (1.6)
____________________________________________________________________________________
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Alstroemeria 'Las Olas' Field Performance 1996
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Replication
Numb
erofflowering
stems April
May
June
Floral stem production is directly proportional
to plant size.
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Breeding and Selection of
Alstroemeriainodora hybrids A very variable Brazilian
species with a long
history of native
cultivation.
Initial hybrids made
with A. caryophyllaea,
and among various
forms of A. inodora. Objective:pot plants,
cutflower crops for
warm climates.
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Use Las Olas
Cutflower for local sale.
Landscape or patio perennial for 30-50% shade
(marketed in 8-10 containers).
Inodorahybrids
Winter/spring potted plants.
Landscape (not yet trialed).
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Problems Pests
Whitefly (well-
controlled by
Encarsia formosa)
As yet unidentified
tortricid moth that
feeds on shoot tips
(imidacloprid).
Disease or
physiological
problems.
No disease problems
so far.
Manganesedeficiency on high
pH soils (Las Olas).
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Inquiries about licensing should be addressed to:
Florida Foundation Seed Producers
P. O. Box 309Greenwood, FL 32443-0309
(850) 594-4721
FAX (850) 594-1068
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