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AMMAR AKHTARAMMAR AKHTAR
ROLL NO.176ROLL NO.176
11stst
YEARYEARM.B.B.SM.B.B.S
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GOLGIGOLGIAPPARATUSAPPARATUS
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DISCOVERYDISCOVERYTheThe Golgi apparatusGolgi apparatus (also called the(also called the GolgiGolgi
bodybody,, Golgi complexGolgi complex, or, or dictyosomedictyosome) is an) is anorganelleorganelle found in mostfound in most eukaryoticeukaryotic cells. It wascells. It wasidentified inidentified in 18981898 by the Italian physicianby the Italian physician
Camillo GolgiCamillo Golgi and was named after him. Theand was named after him. Theprimary function of the Golgi apparatus is toprimary function of the Golgi apparatus is toprocess and package theprocess and package the macromoleculesmacromoleculessuch assuch as proteinsproteins andand lipidslipids that arethat aresynthesized by the cell. It is particularlysynthesized by the cell. It is particularlyimportant in the processing of proteins forimportant in the processing of proteins forsecretionsecretion. The Golgi apparatus forms a part of. The Golgi apparatus forms a part ofthethe endomembrane systemendomembrane system of eukaryotic cellsof eukaryotic cells
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organellehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organellehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1898http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1898http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromoleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromoleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endomembrane_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endomembrane_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endomembrane_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromoleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1898http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organelle8/14/2019 AMMAR AKHTAR
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The Golgi is composed of membrane-The Golgi is composed of membrane-
bound stacks known asbound stacks known as cisternaecisternae..
Between five and eight are usuallyBetween five and eight are usually
present; however, as many as sixtypresent; however, as many as sixty
have been observed.have been observed.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisternaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisternaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisternae8/14/2019 AMMAR AKHTAR
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TheThe Trans faceTrans face of the trans-Golgiof the trans-Golgi
network is the face of Golginetwork is the face of Golgi
apparatus from which vesicles leaveapparatus from which vesicles leave
the Golgi apparatus and proceed tothe Golgi apparatus and proceed to
further compartmentsfurther compartments
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AA cisternacisterna (plural(plural cisternaecisternae) comprises a) comprises a
flattened membrane disk that makes up theflattened membrane disk that makes up the GolgiGolgi
apparatusapparatus. A typical Golgi has anywhere from 3. A typical Golgi has anywhere from 3
to 7 cisternae stacked upon each other like ato 7 cisternae stacked upon each other like a
stack of dinner plates, but there are usuallystack of dinner plates, but there are usuallyaround 6. The cisternae carry Golgi enzymes toaround 6. The cisternae carry Golgi enzymes to
help or to modify cargo proteins traveling throughhelp or to modify cargo proteins traveling through
them destined for other parts of the cell.them destined for other parts of the cell.
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FUNCTIONFUNCTION
The cisternae carry Golgi enzymes toThe cisternae carry Golgi enzymes to
help or to modify cargo proteinshelp or to modify cargo proteins
traveling through them destined fortraveling through them destined for
other parts of the cellother parts of the cell
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Enzymes within theEnzymes within the cisternaecisternae are able toare able tomodify substances by the addition ofmodify substances by the addition ofcarbohydrates (carbohydrates (glycosylationglycosylation) and) andphosphate (phosphate (phosphorylationphosphorylation) to them. In) to them. In
order to do so the Golgi transportsorder to do so the Golgi transportssubstances such as nucleotide sugars intosubstances such as nucleotide sugars intothe organelle from the cytosol. Proteins arethe organelle from the cytosol. Proteins arealso labeled with aalso labeled with a signal sequencesignal sequence ofof
molecules which determine their finalmolecules which determine their finaldestination. For example, the Golgidestination. For example, the Golgiapparatus adds aapparatus adds a mannose-6-phosphatemannose-6-phosphatelabel to proteins destined forlabel to proteins destined for lysosomeslysosomes..
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisternahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisternahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosylationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosylationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_targetinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_targetinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_targetinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosylationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisterna8/14/2019 AMMAR AKHTAR
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The Golgi also plays an importantThe Golgi also plays an important
role in the synthesis ofrole in the synthesis ofproteoglycansproteoglycans
, molecules present in the, molecules present in the
extracellular matrixextracellular matrix ofofanimalsanimals, and it, and itis a major site ofis a major site ofcarbohydratecarbohydratesynthesissynthesis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteoglycanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteoglycanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_matrixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_matrixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_matrixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteoglycans8/14/2019 AMMAR AKHTAR
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VesicularVesicular
transporttransport
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Exocytotic vesiclesExocytotic vesicles VesicleVesiclecontains proteins destined forcontains proteins destined forextracellular release. After packagingextracellular release. After packaging
the vesicles bud off and immediatelythe vesicles bud off and immediatelymove towards themove towards the plasma membraneplasma membrane,,where they fuse and release thewhere they fuse and release thecontents into the extracellular spacecontents into the extracellular spacein a process known asin a process known as constitutiveconstitutivesecretionsecretion..AntibodyAntibodyrelease byrelease byactivatedactivated plasma B cellsplasma B cells
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretory_pathwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretory_pathwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretory_pathwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretory_pathwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_B_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_B_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_B_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretory_pathwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretory_pathwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_membrane8/14/2019 AMMAR AKHTAR
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Secretory vesiclesSecretory vesicles Vesicle containsVesicle containsproteins destined for extracellularproteins destined for extracellularrelease. After packaging the vesicles budrelease. After packaging the vesicles bud
off and are stored in the cell until a signaloff and are stored in the cell until a signalis given for their release. When theis given for their release. When theappropriate signal is received they moveappropriate signal is received they movetowards the membrane and fuse totowards the membrane and fuse to
release their contents. This process isrelease their contents. This process isknown asknown as regulatedregulatedsecretionsecretion..NeurotransmitterNeurotransmitter release fromrelease from neuronsneurons
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretory_pathwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretory_pathwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretory_pathwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretory_pathwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretory_pathwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretory_pathway8/14/2019 AMMAR AKHTAR
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Lysosomal vesiclesLysosomal vesiclesVesicle contains proteins destined forVesicle contains proteins destined for
thethe lysosomelysosome, an organelle of, an organelle ofdegradation containing many aciddegradation containing many acid
hydrolaseshydrolases, or to lysosome-like, or to lysosome-like
storage organelles.Digestivestorage organelles.Digestive
proteasesproteases destined for thedestined for the lysosomelysosome
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosome8/14/2019 AMMAR AKHTAR
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GAGA SS