8/6/2019 Alternative Treatment (Intro)
1/26
Biological Conversion of Cellulosic
Biomass to Ethanol
8/6/2019 Alternative Treatment (Intro)
2/26
Bioconversion, (biotransformation ) is the use oflive organisms often microorganisms to carry out achemical reaction . These organisms converts asubstance to a chemically modified form.
Example is the conversion of organic materials,such as food waste, plant or animal waste, intousable products or energy sources by biologicalprocesses or agents, such as certainmicroorganisms or the use of enzymes.
Example:- Cellulosic waste from municipalities toethanol.
8/6/2019 Alternative Treatment (Intro)
3/26
Petroleum is very expensive and valuable. It provides gas for our cars and other uses of
energy. Yet , it is a non-renewable resource.
Cellulosic are abundant, inexpensive, and
sustainable, and it can easily obtain from theagricultural waste and municipalities.
Ethanol is an sustainable product that can beused as an alternative fuel and it can also be theanswer for our municipal solid waste problems.(MSW).
Bioethanol conversion is one of the solutiontowards the 0% emission of waste.
8/6/2019 Alternative Treatment (Intro)
4/26
8/6/2019 Alternative Treatment (Intro)
5/26
1) final alternative daily cover (ADCFinal)
2) ADC Green waste
3) woody waste
4) grass waste
5) cardboard
6) mixed paper.
8/6/2019 Alternative Treatment (Intro)
6/26
8/6/2019 Alternative Treatment (Intro)
7/26
glossy paper2%
paper ledger
2%
wood
5%
envelopes
5%
newsprint
6%
grassy wastes
6%
food scrap
15%
office paper
17%
cardboard
18%
argricultural residues
24%
Organic wastes
8/6/2019 Alternative Treatment (Intro)
8/26
8/6/2019 Alternative Treatment (Intro)
9/26
Separation need to be done at source or theMRF to split recyclable waste and cellulosicwaste for bioethanol production.
A wide space need to be choose to build abioreactor for production of ethanol usingapplication of bio-conversion.
To isolate species of bacteria that is capable of
direct conversion of a cellulose substrate intoethanol. One example is Clostridiumthermocellum, (uses a complex cellulosome tobreak down cellulose and synthesize ethanol.)
8/6/2019 Alternative Treatment (Intro)
10/26
8/6/2019 Alternative Treatment (Intro)
11/26
There are several stages in ethanol productionusing a biological approach:
A "pretreatment" phase, to make thelignocellulosic material such as wood or strawamenable to hydrolysis,
Cellulose hydrolysis (cellulolysis), to break downthe molecules into sugars
Separation of the sugar solution from the residualmaterials, notably lignin.
Microbial fermentation of the sugar solution. Distillation to produce roughly 95% pure alcohol. Dehydration by molecular sieves to bring the
ethanol concentration to over 99.5%
8/6/2019 Alternative Treatment (Intro)
12/26
8/6/2019 Alternative Treatment (Intro)
13/26
Concentrated Acid Hydrolysis Process
Dilute Acid Hydrolysis
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Wet Milling Processes
Dry Milling Process
Sugar Fermentation Process
Fractional Distillation Process
8/6/2019 Alternative Treatment (Intro)
14/26
8/6/2019 Alternative Treatment (Intro)
15/26
The vessel's environmental conditions like
gas (i.e., air, oxygen, nitrogen, carbondioxide) flowrates, temperature, pH anddissolved oxygen levels, and agitationspeed need to be closely monitored and
controlled in order to get optimumproduction.
A heat exchanger is needed to maintain thebioprocess at a constant temperature.(external jacket).
8/6/2019 Alternative Treatment (Intro)
16/26
The function of aerator and agitation
system is to provide good aeration formicrobial activity to happen andhomogenize the system.
Feeding pump is used to feed the systemwith carbon sources and biomassincluding the enzyme, microorganism tothe system.
8/6/2019 Alternative Treatment (Intro)
17/26
8/6/2019 Alternative Treatment (Intro)
18/26
3-6 knowledgeable and competent engineersand researchers are needed to maintain theproduction process, and system.
A continuous research (R&D) must be done to
isolate better and good microorganisms that canproduce ethanol in high yields and goodquality.
Environmental engineer is needed in order tomonitor the reactor and environmental impactof the production to the environment andcitizens.
8/6/2019 Alternative Treatment (Intro)
19/26
8/6/2019 Alternative Treatment (Intro)
20/26
Process of building an industry of turningcellulose-containing organic matter into fuel.
Cellulosic ethanol has the potential to become a
competitive energy resource. Ethanol is use as a transportation fuel and can
be substitute for gasoline and diesel.
Estimated prices for a litre of ethanol are $0.51
for 1g and $0.71 for 2g.
8/6/2019 Alternative Treatment (Intro)
21/26
It is estimated that each person in the city throws away4.4 lb (2.0 kg) of trash each day, of which 37% contains
waste paper which is largely cellulose. Each year, it is estimated that 323 million tons of
cellulose containing raw materials that could be usedto create ethanol are thrown away.
This includes 36.8 million dry tons of urban woodwastes, 90.5 million dry tons of grass waste, 45 milliondry tons of forest residues, and 150.7 million dry tonsof mixed paper (cardbord).
Transforming them into ethanol using efficient andcost effective hemi(cellulase) enzymes or otherprocesses will provide as much as 30% of the currentfuel consumption.
8/6/2019 Alternative Treatment (Intro)
22/26
1. Firstly, it is renewable and a sustainable resource.Petroleum is very expensive ,valuable and non-renewable reources.
2. Ethanol is an sustainable product that can be usedas an alternative fuel and it can also be the answerfor our municipal solid waste problems. (MSW).
3. Cellulosic are abundant, inexpensive, andsustainable, and it can easily obtain from theagricultural waste and municipalities.
4. Interestingly, existing cars can run on1
0 percentethanol with no modifications.5. Cellulosic ethanol doesnt produce any emissions
and drastically reduces the carbon- dioxideemissions.
8/6/2019 Alternative Treatment (Intro)
23/26
Bio-conversion treatment costs usually fallsinto this categories:
Capital cost
Operating cost
Maintanance cost
Manpower cost
8/6/2019 Alternative Treatment (Intro)
24/26
Our company are building refineries that canprocess biomass and turn it intoethanol, and also producing enzymes whichcould enable a cellulosic ethanol future.
Construction of pilot scale lignocellulosicethanol plants requires considerable financialsupport through grants and subsidies.
Our company obtain financial support fromgovernment subsidies, private company and bycellulosic ethanol commercialization.
Capital costs for this alternative treatmentfacilities range from RM530,0000 toRM960,0000 per capacity.
8/6/2019 Alternative Treatment (Intro)
25/26
Paper, cardboard, and packaging comprise asubstantial part of the solid waste sent to landfills each
day which is 41.26% of all organic municipal solidwaste (MSW).
These city profiles account for accumulation of555.5 ton daily per landfill .
All these organic waste contain cellulose which istransformable into cellulosic ethanol.
This may have additional cost benefits because it willminimize the total volume of waste being sent tolandfill.
Reduction of the disposal of solid waste throughcellulosic ethanol conversion would reduce solidwaste disposal costs. Thus, the life-span of thelandfill can be extend longer.
8/6/2019 Alternative Treatment (Intro)
26/26
Thank you
Top Related