AKS 30 Examine 17th century life in the early Spanish, French, Dutch and English colonies & why these colonies were founded
European Models for Colonizing America
Spain - colonization with conversionSpain - colonization with conversion 1. Earliest colonies in America (St. 1. Earliest colonies in America (St.
Augustine 1565, Santa Fe 1610), Augustine 1565, Santa Fe 1610), though most outposts were though most outposts were destroyed by Indian attacksdestroyed by Indian attacks 2. Spanish rule was cruel, used 2. Spanish rule was cruel, used slavery, and was limited, except for slavery, and was limited, except for New Mexico. California was virtually New Mexico. California was virtually ignored until the late 1700s.ignored until the late 1700s. 3. By 1560, the main goal of 3. By 1560, the main goal of Spanish colonial policy was keeping Spanish colonial policy was keeping other Europeans from establishing other Europeans from establishing colonies.colonies.
European Models for Colonizing America France--fur-trading empireFrance--fur-trading empire
1. Indian wars developed as 1. Indian wars developed as tribes fought for the French fur tribes fought for the French fur trade.trade.2. French missionaries did not 2. French missionaries did not enslave Indians and attempted enslave Indians and attempted to limit trading of alcoholto limit trading of alcohol3. Though few in number, French 3. Though few in number, French settlers brought diseases that settlers brought diseases that wiped out up to 90% of the wiped out up to 90% of the Indians in the Great Lakes Indians in the Great Lakes region.region.
European Models for Colonizing America Netherlands--commerce and farmingNetherlands--commerce and farming
1. Colonization was slow and 1. Colonization was slow and small-scale.small-scale.2. Lost the settlement of 2. Lost the settlement of New Amsterdam (New York) New Amsterdam (New York) to the British in 1664.to the British in 1664.
3. Focused on trading 3. Focused on trading mostly (Dutch West India mostly (Dutch West India Co.)Co.)
European Models for Colonizing America The English model--tobacco and settlersThe English model--tobacco and settlers
1. Causes for English Colonizing in 1. Causes for English Colonizing in America (See Colony Chart for quick-America (See Colony Chart for quick-reference guide to colonies)reference guide to colonies)a. Fall of Spanish Armada in 1588 a. Fall of Spanish Armada in 1588
opened North Atlantic to English opened North Atlantic to English expansionexpansionb. England infused with a spirit of b. England infused with a spirit of self-confidence and enthusiasm for self-confidence and enthusiasm for adventure. adventure. c. England could plant, supply, and c. England could plant, supply, and protect colonies easily.protect colonies easily.
European Models for Colonizing America The English model--tobacco and settlers cont’dThe English model--tobacco and settlers cont’d
2. Changes in English economy.2. Changes in English economy.a. Rise of merchant class to a. Rise of merchant class to
provide business leadership and provide business leadership and wealth for colonial investment.wealth for colonial investment.b. Joint-stock company allowed for b. Joint-stock company allowed for pooling of capital with limited risk.pooling of capital with limited risk.c. Surplus population in cities as c. Surplus population in cities as farmers were pushed off lands farmers were pushed off lands converted to sheep herdingconverted to sheep herding
European Models for Colonizing America The English model--tobacco and settlers cont’dThe English model--tobacco and settlers cont’d
3. Protestant Reformation 3. Protestant Reformation a. Priesthood of all believers a. Priesthood of all believers
inspired religious dissidentsinspired religious dissidentsb. Anti-"Popish" believers b. Anti-"Popish" believers (Puritans) felt that the Church of (Puritans) felt that the Church of England was not Protestant enough England was not Protestant enough in its beliefs and practices.in its beliefs and practices.c. Persecution of Puritans, c. Persecution of Puritans, Catholics, and Quakers led to Catholics, and Quakers led to conflict with religious and political conflict with religious and political authoritiesauthoritiesd. America was seen as a desirable d. America was seen as a desirable haven for these groups. haven for these groups.
30 a – locate & identify the original British Colonies New England
Colonies Massachusetts New Hampshire Connecticut Rhode Island
Middle Colonies New York New Jersey Delaware Pennsylvania
Southern ColoniesSouthern Colonies– VirginiaVirginia– MarylandMaryland– North CarolinaNorth Carolina– South CarolinaSouth Carolina– GeorgiaGeorgia
30b- Virginia’s Development
Virginia Company
English colonies were funded & maintained by Joint Stock CompaniesPrivate investors PROFITPool $, obtain charter, maintain colony make more $
Virginia Company King James I grants charter 1606April 1607- 150 people arrive in “Virginia” and claim land & name it “Jamestown” in honor of King James I
Jamestown NOT off to a great start…but TOBACCO WILL TURN IT ALL AROUND
All colonist cared about was $$$ Disease/Hunger – people refuse to work John Smith takes control
Forces people to work Gets help from Powhatan (Pocohontas’ Dad)
BUT…get freaked out by growing # & destroy farms… “Starving Time”
New Leaders, Harsh Punishment, Strict Rules
New Highly Profitable Crop… TOBACCO
Tobacco aka Brown Gold John Rolfe developed new tobacco
& England LOVES it Export $$$
By late 1620’s >1.5 million lbs/year
So now… they need LABOR
Headright System Introduced 1618 to entice settlers If you paid to get there- you automatically got
50 acres of land If you paid for someone else to get there- you
got their 50 acres too!
Obviously immigration increased & wealthy people got LOTS of land
Plantation owners used indentured servants All expenses paid trip = work for a few years
African American LaborersArrived in 1619 via the Dutch as SERVANTS
Treated as indentured servant for decades before “slave labor” WHY? B/C Slaves cost more than indentured
servants at first
Then… # of indentured servants dropped as English
economy improved Colonists' wealth had increased Slaves became a better “long-term investment”
Colonists vs. Native Americans English do not intermarry or cohabitate
with Native Americans
Colonists bitter with Powhatan over “starving time”
Continued fighting causes King James I to revoke the charter… now Royal Colony – under direct control of King
Economic Differences split Virginia Former indentured servants…
No $ to buy land, can’t vote, NO rights Constantly battling Natives Oppressed- high taxes, no protection Sir William Berkely abused power &
ignored needs of settlers
Bacon’s RebellionBacon (hates Natives) raises an army 1676
Angry that frontier colonists are NOT represented in House of Burgesses
Gov. Berkeley calls Bacon’s army “illegal” so Bacon sets fire to Jamestown
Exposed the growing power of the colony’s former indentured servants
Wealthy try to get a tighter grip on their power
C- Settlement of New England ColoniesMassachusettsNew HampshireConnecticutRhode Island
Pilgrims vs. Puritans Puritans want to PURIFY the Church of
England from all traces of Roman Catholicism
Pilgrims were SEPARATISTS- want to form independent congregations
Plymouth Colony 1620 Pilgrims fled to escape persecution
Men signed Mayflower compact which created the first government in the Colonies
Established Plymouth Colony
2nd permanent English Colony in North America
Massachusetts Bay Colony1630 John Winthrop obtained Royal Charter
for a Joint Stock Company
Boston = capital & Winthrop = Governor “City Upon a Hill”
Plymouth was incorporated into Massachusetts Bay Colony
Massachusetts Bay Winthrop didn’t establish a democracy or social equality…
but was better than England
All adult males who belonged to the church could vote – apx. 40% of population Later they had issues with the dwindling numbers in
membership so they created the Half-way covenant which was developed to allow unbaptized members (children of Puritans) to vote and thus preserve influence of Puritan authorities
Church & State TIGHT relationship Civil officials = church members – God’s “elect”
Puritans migrated to colonies as a FAMILY
Created “family communities”
Behaved in a “God Fearing” manor
Dissent in the Puritan Community = establishment of PROVIDENCE (Rhode Island)
Roger Williams = Extreme Separatist
2 Conventionalist views English settlers had NO rightful claim to land
unless PURCHASED from Natives Gov’t officials had NO business punishing
settlers for their religious beliefs – everyone should be free to worship according to their own consciences
Williams order to be arrested… he fled
Started new colony… PROVIDENCE Guaranteed separation of church & state &
religious freedom
Another Dissenter… Anne HutchinsonTaught that Church & ministers are
unnecessary to interpret the bible
Banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1638
Hutchinson, family & followers fled to Rhode Island
Then on to New Netherland – Dutch religious toleration
SalemSalem Witchcraft Crisis (1692)
Group of girls accused fellow villagers of witchcraft Trials (featuring "spectral evidence" and body
searches for birthmarks) resulted in convictions of many and executions of 20 people and 2 dogs.
Goal was restoration of the disciplined community. No confessed witches were hanged or burned.
Reaction resulted in anti-Puritan sentiment, weakening of Puritan authority, and apologies from some religious leaders
Settlers start to expand & Natives start to freak out Spread to Massachusetts, New Hampshire,
Connecticut Connecticut creates its own form of written government
called the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut – they could elect their own officials
Disputes between Puritans & Natives Native perspective- no one “owned” the land & Treaties
were just temporary agreements to share the land
Colonist perspective- Treaties were one time deal where they got the land forever
Pequot War - 1637 1st major conflict in Connecticut
Pequot took a stand against colonists & colonists formed alliance with Narragansett- enemy of Pequot
RESULT= near destruction of Pequot Nation by May 1637
King Philip’s War
Natives forced to work for English & follow puritan laws
Wampanoag Chief Metacom (English called him King Philip) organized tribes to try to wipe out settlers in 1675
Lasted over a year- fierce battle- but finally hunger, disease, and casualties led to the defeat of the tribes
Native American power in SE New England gone forever – 1/10th of colonial men of military age in New England killed
Middle Colonies
Dutch Colony- New Netherland- 1621Dutch West India Company
Diverse colony
New Amsterdam – Capital- founded 1625 – now… New York City
Settlers from other European countries & Africa were welcomed to join
Dutch more interested in trading with Natives than conquering them
English takeover & it becomes New York Dutch colonies split Northern & Southern colonies
James the Duke of York comes to take over & forces the Dutch out. Peter Stuyvesant was the Dutch governor who surrendered New Amsterdam.
1664 Duke of York is proprietor of New Netherland & renames it New York
Later… he gives part of his land to his friends… becomes NEW JERSEY
Quakers in Pennsylvania 1681 William Penn founds on Quaker Principles
Equality, Cooperation, Religious Toleration & Pacifism
“Holy Experiment” Adult males receive 50 acres of land & the right to vote Representative Assembly Freedom of Religion
“City of Brotherly Love” – Philadelphia
Penn treats Natives fairly – over 50 years no conflict
Penn recruits immigrants – Germans, Dutch, French Need settlers to be profitable Quakers become the minority – slavery is introduced
Southern Colonies Carolinas
They were created to reward the rich friends of the King.
North Carolina grew tobacco South Carolina grew rice and indigo
Southern Colonies Georgia
Georgia was created as a buffer colony between the British Carolinas and the Spanish settlements in Florida
James Oglethorpe founded it in hopes that the colony would be a place for debtors.
Georgia also grew Rice and Indigo
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