AIR ENGINEPROJECT REPORT 2008-2009
Submitted by: (Team name)
Guided by:
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Award of Diploma in -----------------------------------------By the State Board of Technical Education Government of Tamilnadu, Chennai.
Department:College name:
COLLEGE LOGO
Place:
COLLEGE NAME
COIMBATORE
DEPARTMENT PROJECT REPORT-2008-2009
This Report is certified to be the Bonafide work done by
Selvan/Selvi ---------------- Reg.No. ------------ Of VI
Semester class of this college.
Guide Head of the Department
Submitter for the Practical Examinations of the board of
Examinations,State Board of Technical Education,Chennai,
TamilNadu.On -------------- (date) held at the ------------
(college name),Coimbatore
Internal Examiner External Examiner
DEDICATED TO OUR BELOVED PARENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At this pleasing movement of having successfully completed our project, we wish to convey our sincere thanks and gratitude to the management of our college and our beloved chairman------------------------.who provided all the facilities to us.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to our principal ------------------for forwarding us to do our project and offering adequate duration in completing our project.
We are also grateful to the Head of Department prof…………., for her/him constructive suggestions &encouragement during our project.
With deep sense of gratitude, we extend our earnest &sincere thanks to our guide --------------------, Department of
Mechanical for her/him kind guidance and encouragement during this project we also express our indebt thanks to our TEACHING staff of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, ---------- (college Name).
AIR ENGINE
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO TITLE
SYNOPSIS
LIST OF FIGURES
1 Introduction2 Literature review
3 Description of equipments
3.1 Compressor
3.2 Solenoid valve
3.3 Gear arrangement
3.4 Control unit
4 Design and drawing
4.1 Components
4.2 General machine Specifications
5 Working principle
6 Merits & demerits
7 Applications
8 List of materials
9 Cost Estimation
10 Conclusion
Bibliographyphotography
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF FIGURES
FigureNumber Title
1 Compressor
2 Solenoid valve
3 Spur gear
4 Overall diagram
SYNOPSIS
SYNOPSIS
This air engine is the new innovative concept to run the bicycle
by using the compressed air system. Begins with an introduction to
pneumatic it’s various applications and units and briefly explains a
few devices capable of utilizing air effectively and their relative merits.
The pneumatic operated of air engine is equipment and it is very
useful for drive the vehicle. It is operated by pneumatic system. Air is
the working substance of our machine. This system gives smooth
operation and smooth movement vehicle.
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION
Vehicles, derived from the Latin word, vehiculum, are non-living
means of transport. Most often they are manufactured (e.g. bicycles,
cars, motorcycles, trains, ships, boats, and aircraft), although some
other means of transport which are not made by humans also may be
called vehicles; examples include icebergs and floating tree trunks.
Vehicles may be propelled or pulled by animals, for instance, a
chariot, a stagecoach, a mule-drawn barge, or an ox-cart. However,
animals on their own, though used as a means of transport, are not
called vehicles, but rather beasts of burden or draft animals. This
distinction includes humans carrying another human, for example a
child or a disabled person.
A rickshaw is a vehicle that may carry a human and be powered by a
human, but it is the mechanical form or cart that is powered by the
human that is labeled as the vehicle. For some human-powered
vehicles the human providing the power is labeled as a driver.
Vehicles that do not travel on land often are called craft, such as
watercraft, sailcraft, aircraft, hovercraft, and spacecraft
Land vehicles are classified broadly by what is used to apply steering
and drive forces against the ground: wheeled, tracked, railed, or
skied.
CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE SURVEY
CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE SURVEY
HISTORY OF THE AUTOMOBILE
Although Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is often credited with building
the first self-propelled mechanical vehicle or automobile in about
1769 by adapting an existing horse-drawn vehicle, this claim is
disputed by some, who doubt Cugnot's three-wheeler ever ran or was
stable. Others claim Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit
mission in China, built the first steam-powered vehicle around 1672
which was of small scale and designed as a toy for the Chinese
Emperor that was unable to carry a driver or a passenger, but quite
possibly, was the first working steam-powered vehicle ('auto-mobile').
What is not in doubt is that Richard Trevithick built and demonstrated
his Puffing Devil road locomotive in 1801, believed by many to be the
first demonstration of a steam-powered road vehicle although it was
unable to maintain sufficient steam pressure for long periods, and
would have been of little practical use.
In Russia, in the 1780s, Ivan Kulibin developed a human-pedalled,
three-wheeled carriage with modern features such as a flywheel,
brake, gear box, and bearings; however, it was not developed further.
François Isaac de Rivaz, a Swiss inventor, designed the first internal
combustion engine, in 1806, which was fueled by a mixture of
hydrogen and oxygen and used it to develop the world's first vehicle,
albeit rudimentary, to be powered by such an engine. The design was
not very successful, as was the case with others such as Samuel
Brown, Samuel Morey, and Etienne Lenoir with his hippomobile, who
each produced vehicles (usually adapted carriages or carts) powered
by clumsy internal combustion engines.
In November 1881 French inventor Gustave Trouvé demonstrated a
working three-wheeled automobile that was powered by electricity.
This was at the International Exhibition of Electricity in Paris.
Although several other German engineers (including Gottlieb Daimler,
Wilhelm Maybach, and Siegfried Marcus) were working on the
problem at about the same time, Karl Benz generally is
acknowledged as the inventor of the modern automobile.
An automobile powered by his own four-stroke cycle gasoline engine
was built in Mannheim, Germany by Karl Benz in 1885 and granted a
patent in January of the following year under the auspices of his
major company, Benz & Cie., which was founded in 1883. It was an
integral design, without the adaptation of other existing components
and including several new technological elements to create a new
concept. This is what made it worthy of a patent. He began to sell his
production vehicles in 1888.
In 1879 Benz was granted a patent for his first engine, which had
been designed in 1878. Many of his other inventions made the use of
the internal combustion engine feasible for powering a vehicle.
His first Motorwagen was built in 1885 and he was awarded the
patent for its invention as of his application on January 29, 1886.
Benz began promotion of the vehicle on July 3, 1886 and
approximately 25 Benz vehicles were sold between 1888 and 1893,
when his first four-wheeler was introduced along with a model
intended for affordability. They also were powered with four-stroke
engines of his own design. Emile Roger of France, already producing
Benz engines under license, now added the Benz automobile to his
line of products. Because France was more open to the early
automobiles, initially more were built and sold in France through
Roger than Benz sold in Germany.
In 1896, Benz designed and patented the first internal-combustion flat
engine, called a boxermotor in German. During the last years of the
nineteenth century, Benz was the largest automobile company in the
world with 572 units produced in 1899 and because of its size, Benz
& Cie., became a joint-stock company.
Daimler and Maybach founded Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft
(Daimler Motor Company, DMG) in Cannstatt in 1890 and under the
brand name, Daimler, sold their first automobile in 1892, which was a
horse-drawn stagecoach built by another manufacturer, that they
retrofitted with an engine of their design. By 1895 about 30 vehicles
had been built by Daimler and Maybach, either at the Daimler works
or in the Hotel Hermann, where they set up shop after falling out with
their backers. Benz and the Maybach and Daimler team seem to
have been unaware of each other's early work. They never worked
together because by the time of the merger of the two companies,
Daimler and Maybach were no longer part of DMG.
Daimler died in 1900 and later that year, Maybach designed an
engine named Daimler-Mercedes, that was placed in a specially-
ordered model built to specifications set by Emil Jellinek. This was a
production of a small number of vehicles for Jellinek to race and
market in his country. Two years later, in 1902, a new model DMG
automobile was produced and the model was named Mercedes after
the Maybach engine which generated 35 hp. Maybach quit DMG
shortly thereafter and opened a business of his own. Rights to the
Daimler brand name were sold to other manufacturers.
Karl Benz proposed co-operation between DMG and Benz & Cie.
when economic conditions began to deteriorate in Germany following
the First World War, but the directors of DMG refused to consider it
initially. Negotiations between the two companies resumed several
years later when these conditions worsened and, in 1924 they signed
an Agreement of Mutual Interest, valid until the year 2000. Both
enterprises standardized design, production, purchasing, and sales
and they advertised or marketed their automobile models jointly
although keeping their respective brands.
On June 28, 1926, Benz & Cie. and DMG finally merged as the
Daimler-Benz company, baptizing all of its automobiles Mercedes
Benz as a brand honoring the most important model of the DMG
automobiles, the Maybach design later referred to as the 1902
Mercedes-35hp, along with the Benz name. Karl Benz remained a
member of the board of directors of Daimler-Benz until his death in
1929 and at times, his two sons participated in the management of
the company as well.
In 1890, Emile Levassor and Armand Peugeot of France began
producing vehicles with Daimler engines and so laid the foundation of
the automobile industry in France.
The first design for an American automobile with a gasoline internal
combustion engine was drawn in 1877 by George Selden of
Rochester, New York, who applied for a patent for an automobile in
1879, but the patent application expired because the vehicle was
never built and proved to work (a requirement for a patent). After a
delay of sixteen years and a series of attachments to his application,
on November 5, 1895, Selden was granted a United States patent
(U.S. Patent 549,160 ) for a two-stroke automobile engine, which
hindered, more than encouraged, development of automobiles in the
United States. His patent was challenged by Henry Ford and others,
and overturned in 1911.
In Britain there had been several attempts to build steam cars with
varying degrees of success with Thomas Rickett even attempting a
production run in 1860. Santler from Malvern is recognized by the
Veteran Car Club of Great Britain as having made the first petrol-
powered car in the country in 1894 followed by Frederick William
Lanchester in 1895 but these were both one-offs. The first production
vehicles in Great Britain came from the Daimler Motor Company, a
company founded by Harry J. Lawson in 1896 after purchasing the
right to use the name of the engines. Lawson's company made its
first automobiles in 1897 and they bore the name Daimler.
In 1892, German engineer Rudolf Diesel was granted a patent for a
"New Rational Combustion Engine". In 1897 he built the first Diesel
Engine. Steam-, electric-, and gasoline-powered vehicles competed
for decades, with gasoline internal combustion engines achieving
dominance in the 1910s.
Although various pistonless rotary engine designs have attempted to
compete with the conventional piston and crankshaft design, only
Mazda's version of the Wankel engine has had more than very limited
success.
CHAPTER-3
DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT
DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENTS
3.1 COMPRESSOR:
A gas compressor is a mechanical device that increases
the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. Compressors are
similar to pumps: both increase the pressure on a fluid and both can
transport the fluid through a pipe. As gases are compressible, the
compressor also reduces the volume of a gas. Liquids are relatively
incompressible, so the main action of a pump is to transport liquids.
The key part of any facility for supply of compressed air is by means
using reciprocating compressor. A compressor is a machine that
takes in air, gas at a certain pressure and delivered the air at a high
pressure.
Compressor capacity is the actual quantity of air compressed
and delivered and the volume expressed is that of that of the air at
intake conditions namely at atmosphere pressure and normal
ambient temperature.
Clean condition of the suction air is one of the factors, which
decides the life of a compressor. Warm and moist suction air will
result increased precipitation of condense from the compressed air.
Compressor may be classified in two general types.
1. Positive displacement compressor
2. Turbo compressor
Positive displacement compressors are most frequently employed for
Compressed air plant and have proved highly successful and supply
air for pneumatic control application.
The types of positive compressor
1. Reciprocating type compressor
2. Rotary type compressor
Turbo compressors are employed where large of air required at
low discharge pressures. They cannot attain pressure necessary for
pneumatic control application unless built in multistage designs and
are seldom encountered in pneumatic service.
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS:
Built for either stationary (or) portable service the reciprocating
compressor is by far the most common type. Reciprocating
compressors lap be had is sizes from the smallest capacities to
deliver more than 500m3/min.In single stage compressor, the air
pressure may be of 6 bar machines discharge of pressure is up to
15bars.Discharge pressure in the range of 250bars can be obtained
with high pressure reciprocating compressors that of three & four
stages. Single stage and 1200 stage models are particularly suitable
For applications, with preference going to the two stage design as
soon as the discharge pressure exceeds 6 bars, because it in
capable of matching the performance of single stage machine at
lower costs per driving powers in the range.
The compressibility of the air was first investigated by Robot
Boyle in 1962 and that found that the product of pressure and
volumes of particular quantity of gas.
The usual written as
PV =C (or) P1V1 =P2V2
In this equation the pressure is the absolute pressured
which for free is about 14.7Psi and is of courage capable of
maintaining a column of mercury, nearly 30 inches high in an ordinary
barometer.
3.2 SOLENOID VALVE:
The directional valve is one of the important parts of a
pneumatic system. Commonly known as DCV; this valve is used to
control the direction of air flow in the pneumatic system. The
directional valve does this by changing the position of its internal
movable parts.
This valve was selected for speedy operation and to reduce the
manual effort and also for the modification of the machine into
automatic machine by means of using a solenoid valve.
A solenoid is an electrical device that converts electrical energy
into straight line motion and force. These are also used to operate a
mechanical operation which in turn operates the valve mechanism.
Solenoid is one is which the plunger is pulled when the solenoid is
energized.
The name of the parts of the solenoid should be learned so that
they can be recognized when called upon to make repairs,to do
service work or to install them.
PARTS OF A SOLENOID VALVE
1. Coil
The solenoid coil is made of copper wire. The layers of wire are
separated by insulating layer. The entire solenoid coil is covered with
a varnish that is not affected by solvents, moisture, cutting oil or often
fluids. Coils are rated in various voltages such as 115 volts
AC,230volts AC,460volts Ac,575 Volts AC.6Volts DC,12Volts DC,
24 Volts DC,115 Volts DC &230Volts DC.they are designed for such
Frequencies as 50Hz to 60Hz.
2. FRAME
The solenoid frame serves several purposes. Since it is made
of laminated sheets, it is magnetized when the current passes
through the coil. the magnetized coils attract the metal plunger to
move. The frame has provisions for attaching the mounting. They are
usually bolted or welded to the frame. The frame has provisions for
receivers, the plunger. The wear strips are mounted to the solenoid
frame, and are made of materials such as metal or impregnated less
Fiber cloth.
3. SOLENOID PLUNGER
The solenoid plunger is the mover mechanism of the solenoid. The
plunger is made of steel laminations which are riveted together
under high pressure, so that there will be no movement of the
lamination with respect to one another. At the top of the plunger a
pin hole is placed for making a connection to some device. The
solenoid plunger is moved by a magnetic force in one direction
and is usually returned by spring action.
Solenoid operated valves are usually provided with cover either
the solenoid or the entire valve. This protects the solenoid from dirt
and other foreign matter, and protects the actuator. In many
applications it is necessary to use explosion proof solenoids.
3.2.1. WORKING OF SOLENOID VALVE:
The solenoid valve has 5 openings. These ensure easy exhausting of
5/2Valve.the spool of the 5/2 valve slide inside the main bore
according to spool position: the ports get connected and
disconnected.
The working principle is as follows.
Position-1
When the spool is actuated towards outer direction port ‘P’ gets
Connected to ‘B’ and ‘S’ remains closed while ‘A’gets connected to
‘R’.
Position-2
When the spool is pushed in the inner direction port ‘P’ and ‘A’
Gets connected to each other and ‘B’ to ‘S’ while port ‘R’remains
closed.
SOLINOID VALVE (OR) CUT OFF VALVE:
The control valve is used to control the flow direction is called cut off
valve or solenoid valve. This solenoid cutoff valve is controlled by the
electronic control unit.
In our project separate solenoid valve is used for flow direction
of vice cylinder. It is used to flow the air from compressor to the single
acting cylinder.
3.3 GEAR ARRANGEMENT:
SPUR GEAR:
Spur gears are the simplest and most common type of gear.
Their general form is a cylinder or disk. The teeth project radially, and
with these straight-cut gears, the leading edges of the teeth are
aligned parallel to the axis of rotation. These gears can only mesh
correctly if they are fitted to parallel axles. The torque ratio can be
determined by considering the force that a tooth of one gear exerts
on a tooth of the other gear. Consider two teeth in contact at a point
on the line joining the shaft axes of the two gears. The force will have
both a radial and a circumferential component. Gears are a very
useful simple machine. The torque ratio can be determined by
considering the force that a tooth of one gear exerts on a tooth of the
other gear. Consider two teeth in contact at a point on the line joining
the shaft axes of the two gears.
A gear is component within a transmission device. Transmit
rotational force to another gear or device. A gear is different from a
pulley in that a gear is a round wheel. Mesh with other gear teeth,
allowing force to be fully transferred without slippage. Depending on
their construction and arrangement, geared devices can transmit
forces at different speeds, torques, or in a different direction, from the
power source. Gears are a very useful simple machine. The most
common situation is for a gear to mesh with another gear, but a gear
can mesh with any device having compatible teeth, such as linear
moving racks.
3.4 CONTROL UNIT:
Here the compressed air form the compressor firstly enters the
Control unit. In the control unit the pressure of the air is controlled unit
the pressure of the air is controlled and sent to the solenoid valve to
supply the air to pneumatic gun for the movement of the vehicle using
the gear arrangement.
CHAPTER-4
DESIGN AND DRAWING
CHAPTER-IV
DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT AND DRAWING
4.1 COMPONENTS
The air engine is consists of the following components to full fill
the requirements of complete operation of the machine.
1. Compressor
2. Solenoid valve
3. Pneumatic gun
4. Gear arrangement
5. Control unit
DRAWING
DRAWING FOR AIR ENGINE
Chapter -5
WORKING PRINCIPLE
CHAPTER-V
WORKING PRINCIPLE
In this project we are fabricating the air engine model, it is
operated by using the air. Here we are using the bicycle model too
work with air supply using the pneumatic rotator. In this the
pressurized air is passed through the control unit and then the control
unit will gives the signal to the solenoid valve to operate the
pneumatic rotator. The pneumatic rotator are fixed in the bottom of
the bicycle which is shown in the below diagram. The pneumatic rotor
output shaft is coupled with the chain spocket with chain drive
arrangements to operate our cycle model with out using the pedaling.
The total system is controlled through the control unit. This is one of
the new innovative concepts to drive the bicycle through the
compressed air with out pedaling by just switch on the pneumatic
rotator to on it for to run the cycle.
Chapter -6
MERITS AND DEMERITS
CHAPTER-VI
MERITS AND DEMERITS
MERITS
Idle time of the machine is reduced.
In this mechanism there is no backlash
Easy to install
Low cost
Two way running of cycle
DEMIRTS
May be a choice of air leakage
Need the separate cylinder for air
CHAPTER -7
APPLICATIONS
CHAPTER-VII
APPLICATIONS
It is applicable in bicycle
Chapter-8
LIST OF MATERIALS
CHAPTER-VIII
LIST OF MATERIALS
FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS
The various factors which determine the choice of material are
discussed below.
1. Properties:
The material selected must posses the necessary properties for
the proposed application. The various requirements to be satisfied
Can be weight, surface finish, rigidity, ability to withstand
environmental attack from chemicals, service life, reliability etc.
The following four types of principle properties of materials
decisively affect their selection
a. Physical
b. Mechanical
c. From manufacturing point of view
d. Chemical
The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal
Conductivity, specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific
gravity, electrical conductivity, magnetic purposes etc.
The various Mechanical properties Concerned are strength in tensile,
Compressive shear, bending, torsional and buckling load, fatigue
resistance, impact resistance, eleastic limit, endurance limit, and
modulus of elasticity, hardness, wear resistance and sliding
properties.
The various properties concerned from the manufacturing point
of view are,
Cast ability
Weld ability
Surface properties
Shrinkage
Deep drawing etc.
2. Manufacturing case:
Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or
surface qualities obtainable by the application of suitable coating
substances may demand the use of special materials.
3. Quality Required:
This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately
the material. For example, it would never be desirable to go casting of
a less number of components which can be fabricated much more
economically by welding or hand forging the steel.
4. Availability of Material:
Some materials may be scarce or in short supply. It then
becomes obligatory for the designer to use some other material which
though may not be a perfect substitute for the material designed. the
delivery of materials and the delivery date of product should also be
kept in mind.
5. Space consideration:
Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the
forces involved are high and space limitations are there.
6. Cost:
As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of
material plays an important part and should not be ignored.
Some times factors like scrap utilization, appearance, and non-
maintenance of the designed part are involved in the selection of
proper materials.
CHAPTER-9
COST ESTIMATION
Chapter-IX
COST ESTIMATION
1. LABOUR COST:
Lathe, drilling, welding, grinding, power hacksaw, gas cutting cost
2. OVERGHEAD CHARGES:
The overhead charges are arrived by”manufacturing cost”
Manufaturing Cost =Material Cost +Labour Cost
=
=
Overhead Charges =20%of the manufacturing cost
=
3. TOTAL COST:
Total cost = Material Cost +Labour Cost +Overhead Charges
=
=
Total cost for this project =
Chapter-10
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER-X
CONCLUSION
The project carried out by us made an impressing task in the
field of automobile department. It is useful for industrial purpose etc..,
This project will reduce the cost involved in the concern. Project
has been designed to perform the entire requirement task at the
shortest time available.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Design data book -P.S.G.Tech.
2. Machine tool design handbook –Central machine tool
Institute, Bangalore.
3. Strength of Materials -R.S.Kurmi
4. Manufaturing Technology -M.Haslehurst.
5. Design of machine elements- R.s.Kurumi
PHOTOGRAPHY
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