Aim: Why was there a clash of culture between Americans and Native Americans on the Great
Plains?
Do Now: Should Native Americans assimilate into American culture?Homework: Read Ch. 13, sect.2 and answer ques. #3 and #5* Due TuesdayDate: 12/17/10
“The Great Plains”
After Civil War Americans turn attention westwardAfter Civil War Americans turn attention westward
Why?Why?
Many believed the great plains were vast deserts where little fertile land Many believed the great plains were vast deserts where little fertile land was available. They were incorrect.was available. They were incorrect.
What states make up the region know as the Great plans?What states make up the region know as the Great plans?
The Culture of the Plains Indians
Used guns and horses introduced by Spanish to help nomadic culture survive
Would wander and hunt Buffalo
Relied on Buffalo for:
1. Teepee’s made from Buffalo hide
2. Food
3. Clothing
4. Shoes
5. Tools made from the horns & bones
Conflict Between Natives & Settlers
In the 1830’s- U.S. govt. designated the entire Great Plains for Native Reservations
In the 1850’s- policy changes. Gov’t. establishes certain areas for certain tribes in the Plains
Why might there be a change of heart in the U.S. govt.?
Conflict erupts between Natives and Americans
Natives forced to sign the Treaty of Laramie- designating certain areas for the Sioux tribe- Sitting Bull does not sign
Was this a good idea?Sioux Chief Sitting Bull
The Battle of Wounded Knee U.S. soldiers round up
350 starving and freezing Sioux and forced them to give up their weapons
A shot was fired and the U.S. soldiers killed nearly 300 Sioux members
This event brought the Indian wars and the Native Americans way of life to an end
Native Americans still living in poverty on Reservations today
Painting depicting the scene at Camp Wounded Knee Creek, S.D.
Assimilation Assimilation- a plan in
which Native Americans would give up their beliefs and way of life and become part of the American culture.
Dawes Act of 1887- attempt to “Americanize” Natives
1. broke up reservations and distributed land to Natives
2. the rest of the land was sold to settlers
Is this a good plan?
Natives at an American schoolWhat do you think they were learning?
Assimilation Debate
New York Times Indian Reservation Gangs Video
After watching this video …
What are some signs that Native Americans have assimilated?
What are some signs that they have not?
Chief Washakie and his tribe in front of their Teepee’s
Aim Revisited: Why was there a clash of culture between
Americans and Native Americans on the Great
Plains? Americans begin to move West in search of
new land and new beginning
U.S. gov’t changes terms of former treaties and break up Natives into smaller reservations
Battle of Wounded Knee devastates Sioux tribe and marks beginning of end for Natives normal way of life on the plains
Dawes Act tries to force assimilation on Natives with some success but mostly failure
Aim: What Opportunities were there for Americans
moving west? Do Now: Now that more Americans are
moving west what are some opportunities and challenges to be faced?
Homework: Read Ch. 14, sect.1 and answer ques. #5
Date: 12/21/10
Why Settle in the Great Plains?
1. Business Opportunity
2. Fertile Farm Land
3. Gold & Silver
4. Railroad Production
Who would want to go?
The Age of the “Cowboy”
Americans remove Natives and Buffalo from the Great Plains
Open it up to Cattle Ranching
What do you know about cowboys?
Growing demand for Beef leads to the development of “Cow Towns”
25% of cowboys African-American, 12% Mexican
Railroads “open” the
Frontier
What does the term frontier mean to you?
1870-1900 : Railroads help Americans settle nearly 400 million acres
The govt. issued millions of acres of land to Railroad companies to lay Transcontinental Track
“American social development has been continually beginning over again on the frontier. This perennial rebirth, this fluidity of American life, this expansion westward with its new opportunities, its continuous touch with the simplicity of primitive society, furnish the forces dominating American character.”- Frederick Jackson Turner
Do you agree that the frontier is important in American life?
1890s map of US railroads
Railroads Lead to Immigration Cheap labor to build
railroads: 90% Chinese immigrants, 10% Irish, Mexican, African-American
Railroad Companies would sell excess land to farmers for little money
Some companies would recruit buyers from overseas
Why might the railroad companies be willing to get rid of the land for such a cheap price?
Men of all different races and ethnicbackgrounds participated in the layingof transcontinental railroad tracks
The Homestead
Act Homestead Act- govt. offered 160 acres of free land to any citizen who was head of a household
Why might the federal govt. pass such a proposal?
Opportunity for Exodusters- African Americans who left the south after reconstruction and headed west
Oklahoma Land Rush= 2 million acres claimed in one day
The Challenges of the Plains
Frontier families were forced to become self-sufficient
Women worked along side the men in the fields
Unpredictable weather
Threat of snake and insect bites
Droughts, floods and fires
Attacks from Natives
Frontier Family in their Soddy- a homemade of sod and prairie turf. They wereoften dug into small hills or ravines.
Homesteader Women
Read the document, “Letter from a Woman Homesteader” and answer the following questions…
1. What was her attitude about being a homesteader?
2. What was the point she was trying to prove? And did she prove it?
Aim Revisited: What Opportunities were there for Americans moving
west? Americans begin moving west for new
opportunities
Land opens up to cattle ranching and farming
U.S. gov’t sells land to railroad companies who sell excess to farmers
Homestead Act provides free land to Americans willing to settle the West
Aim: How did oil, steel and electricity change American
Industry?
Do Now: Make a list of the most important uses of oil or steel that you can think of?
Homework: Read Ch. 14, sect. 3 and answer ques. #3 and #4
Date: 12/22/10
“Black Gold” 1859- Steam engine
is first used to drill for oil
Oil was used to develop Kerosene to light lamps
Set off Oil boom in many states including Ohio, Illinois and Texas, among others
Where do we mostly get oil from today? Oil Derrick
Steel Steel ProductionProduction Iron- soft, breaks and tends to
rust
Bessemer Process- removed carbon to make iron into steel
Steel- lighter, flexible, & rust resistant
What can be made from steel?
Brooklyn Bridge, completed in 1883 was America’s finest exampleof steel architecture of the time
1.railroads2.farm equipment3.barbed wire4.architectural structures• How did this contribute to the industrial boom?
What U.S. city was the steel making capitol?
New Inventions
Important new inventions included:
The Light Bulb, and production and distribution of electrical power- Thomas Edison
The Typewriter- Christopher Sholes
The Telephone- Alexander Graham Bell
How would these inventions change the face of America?
Who would they effect mostly?
Thomas Edison “Wizard of Menlo Park” with light bulb
Railroads Contribute to Growth Transcontinental Railroads-
linked east and west coast cities and industries
Brings about the creation of the time zones by 1883
Explain why this might be…
Farmers being overcharged by railroads and banks and go into debt
Not being represented by Dems. or Reps.
Interstate Commerce Act of 1887- established the right of the federal govt. to supervise railroad activities with ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission)
Birth of the Populist Party
Populism- the political movement rejecting traditional governing philosophies in favor of policies to benefit working class
Platform included…
1. Use of gold and silver backed money=more money for poor workers/farmers
2. Graduated income tax
3. Single term limits for President
4. 8 hour workday
5. Restrictions on immigrationWilliam Jennings Bryan
William Jennings Bryan and the “Cross
of Gold” Read the document, William Jennings Bryan’s
Cross of Gold Speech and answer the following questions…
1. What were his arguments against gold and for silver?
2. Where do we see examples of or need for populism today?
Aim Revisited: How did oil, steel and electricity
change American Industry? Oil becomes valuable resource for kerosene lamps
Bessemer process allows steel to be made from iron making for a better building material
Inventions like light bulb, typewriter and telephone improve lives and economy for Americans
Growth of railroads requires government to create Interstate Commerce Commission and time zones
Populist party rejects traditional governing philosophies in favor of policies to benefit average Americans
Aim: What was the “Gilded Age”?
Do Now: What does it mean when something is gilded?
Homework: None- Enjoy the break!!!
Date: 12/23/10
Gilded Age Video
Watch the Gilded Age video and complete the worksheet given.
NOTE: THIS WILL BE COLLECTED AND GRADED AS CLASSWORK!!!!!!
Aim: How did the expansion of industry result in the growth of
big business?Do Now: Should tax cuts go to wealthy people who control industries or working people?
Homework: Read Ch. 15, sect. 1 and answer ques. #3 and #4
Date: 1/4/11
Captains of Industry Steel and oil in high
demand
Industrialists like Carnegie and Rockefeller became wealthy with new business strategies
1. offered stock to employees
2. searched for cheaper, more efficient techniques
3. encouraged competition among employees
4. Practiced both horizontal and vertical integration
Why were these helpful?
J.P. Morgan
John D. Rockefeller
Andrew Carnegie
Horizontal and Vertical Integration
Vertical Integration
Buy out suppliers
1) To control the raw materials and…
2) The transportation systems
Horizontal Integration
Buy out the competition
Smaller competitors will merge limiting the competition
How can this cause a major growth of someone’s business?
Robber Barons Created mergers- a company
buys all the stock of another
Created monopolies- one company completely controls an industry
Created trusts- several companies controlled by one large corporation
Charged lower prices then once the market is controlled, you drive the prices up above the original levels
Are these fair business practices?
Sherman Anti-Trust Act- made it illegal to form a trust or merger that interfered with free trade between the states or with other countries
J.P. Morganbanker
“Social Darwinism”
The process of “natural selection” (Only the strong survive) applies to business as well
Do you agree that this works with humans?
What does this say about poor people?
Promotes the idea of rags-to-riches in America
Justifies laissez-faire economics from Gov’t
John D. RockefellerNOT “Roc-a-fella”Oil business man
“Wealth and Its Uses”
Read Andrew Carnegie’s “Wealth and Its Uses” and answer the following questions…
1. What did Carnegie say are 3 ways to use wealth?
2. Do you think that wealth should be controlled by wealthy?
Andrew Carnegie: Mr. Cremeans’ Top 10 American
Heroes #4 Grew up poor in Scotland and moved here at 12
Grew to create Carnegie Steel Co.- largest steel manufacturer in the world
Founded 2,509 libraries
Founded Carnegie Mellon University
Founded Carnegie Hall
Donated 90% of his wealth -$350 mil.“If I raised your wages, where would they go? They would go to better cuts of meat, to drink, to clothing, to things of the flesh, to things of the body. That's not what the working people need. What they need are things of the spirit: libraries, concert halls, schools. And you wouldn't pay for that yourselves, so you need me to take it out of your paychecks and give it back to you.”
“The man who dies rich dies disgraced”
The Labor Union List with
your group as many reasons as you can as to what unions fight for.
Long Hours
Low Wages
Dangerous Conditions
Poor Benefits
7 day work weeks
12 + hour days
The New York City Teachers Unionhold a demonstration
• No vacation time
•No sick days
•No unemployment compensation
•No reimbursement for on-the-job injuries
•Dangerous equipment
•Extremely low wages
•Child Labor
Aim Revisited: How did the expansion of industry
result in the growth of big business? Industrialization leads to large gains of wealth
for “robber barons” or “captains of industry” like Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller and J.P. Morgan
Used new business practices like vertical and horizontal integration and creating mergers, trusts and monopolies
Believed in theories like Social Darwinism that the rich were more able
Believed in idea of Gospel of Wealth to donate money to society
Aim: Why did immigration hit a new high in the U.S. in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
Do Now: What are your immigration stories? i.e. how many of you are immigrants? Parents are immigrants?
Homework: Read Ch.15, sect 2 and answer ques. #3 and #4
Date: 1/5/11
Note: Unit test Monday on Ch. 13-15
Why Come to America??? With your partner list
and discuss as many reasons as you can as to why people would immigrate to the U.S. in the late 1800’s.
Reasons Included:
1. Hunger
2. Unemployment
3. Increased Population=Land Shortages
4. Religious and/or Political Persecution
Where were they coming from? Most immigrants were
arriving from Northern and Western Europe
English, German & Irish were the majority
Others came from China, Japan, Mexico, Italy, Russia
Most settled in the Northeast (NYC, Boston, Philly)
Why there?
Moved into homogeneous neighborhoods- same country, language, culture
Why would they do this?
Less in the Midwest & West (California, Illinois, Ohio) Ellis Island Inspection Center
Why do you suppose there was such a dramatic drop in immigration from 1930-1940?
We are currently at another high in immigration in the United States. Do you suppose that immigrants are coming for the same reasons they did in the 19th century? Why or why not?
Are today’s immigrants coming from the same parts of the world as they were in the 19th century?
Immigration Restrictions Many view America as
a Melting Pot- mixture of people from different cultures who blended together by abandoning their native language and cultures
Do you agree?
Nativism was common- favoritism towards native-born Americans
Chinese Exclusion Act- from 1892-1943 Chinese immigration was restricted due to a lack of jobs out west
What is the message of this cartoon?
What is so ironic about the use of a “wall” to illustrate the treatment of the Chinese in America during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
Not Everyone Saw Immigration as a Benefit ...
What’s the message here?
The Know Nothing Movement
What’s ironic here?
Nativism and
Poverty
What is the cartoonist’s message?
Nativism and Politics
What’s the message?
Shantytowns before Central
Parkwas built
Central Park farmsHow does this picture perfectly illustrate the Gilded Age?
Do you recognize that building?
Aim Revisited: Why did immigration hit a new high in the U.S. in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries? Immigrants came to U.S. throughout mid to late 1800’s for jobs, religious freedom or to avoid famine
Came from Ireland, Germany, Italy, China, Mexico and Russia and moved to Northeast cities
Nativism increased during the period and Chinese Exclusion Act limited immigration
Aim: How did immigration affect American cities?
Do Now: What do you know about what life was like for immigrants in New York in the late 1800s- early 1900’s, jot down some ideas.
Homework: Read Ch. 15, sect. 3 and answer ques. #3 and #4
Date: 1/6/11
Urbanization People began moving
into cities for better job opportunities like…
Immigrants
People from rural areas
African-Americans from the South
Cities became overcrowded
What do you think would be some problems?
OvercrowdingHousing• Immigrants lived in a small attached houses called tenements• Rooms were overcrowded• No ventilation• Very infrequent garbage pick up• Garbage piled up attracting mice and bugs
•Crime• Thievery became common even among children
Sanitation• Tenements had no plumbing• Dirty water sources would cause outbreaks of cholera and typhoid• Human waste dumped into streets• Very few places to access clean drinking water
•Fires• Many cities burned like Chicago and San Fran.• No paid Fire Dept.
Reformers
Social Gospel Movement- preached salvation through helping the poor
Created Settlement Houses- community centers offering education, health care and language classes
Who would work at these?
Jane Adams- founder: Hull House settlement
“How the Other Half Lives”
Read document, “How the Other Half Lives” and answer the following questions
What problems did Jacob Riis point out?
What were the effects of poverty on the children?
What stands out to you the most from this?
What are your thoughts of this?
What problems can you predict?
How many people can you count here?
Imagine you are an immigrant living in a tenement in NYC at this time. Write a few sentences describing your conditions and feelings.
Aim Revisited: How did immigration affect American cities?
Migration of people into cities leads to massive overcrowding
Overcrowding in cities leads to problems with sanitation, disease, fires and crime
Reformers like Jane Adams follow the social gospel movement and create settlement houses to help poor immigrants adjust to American life
Aim: How did the Gilded Age’s gap between rich and poor
lead to governmental corruption?
Do Now: Do you think politicians today are corrupt? Jot down some examples.
Homework: Study for test on Monday, Chapters 13-15
Date: 1/7/11
The Political Machine Political Machine- organized
group that controlled a political party in a city
Offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for votes and political support
Which groups of people might support these machines the most?
Supported by immigrants, the machine provided:
1) Naturalization
2) Housing
3) Jobs
…In exchange for votes
Why do you think the political machines were so successful in the bigger cities of the northeast?
New York City’s infamous Boss Tweed
The Shame of the Cities
Read the document, “The Shame of the Cities” and answer the following questions…
1. How did the political machine control voting?
2. Why did Steffens claim that the people do not vote?
3. Why did these political machines work?
Corruption of the Machine
Graft- illegal use of political influence for personal gain
Boss Tweed becomes head of Tammany Hall- NYC’s democratic political machine in 1868
Indicted on 120 counts of fraud and extortion
Brings political corruption to the front page of national attention
Boss Tweed
Under the Tammany tiger is a torn piece of paper that reads “LAW”. What is it’s significance?
What is point is the illustrator making with this cartoon?
Reform Takes Shape
Problem:
Patronage- giving govt. jobs to people who helped get candidate elected
Solution:
All Civil Service Jobs should go to the most qualified person
Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883- created a commission to appoint people to jobs based on merit and examinations
President James M. Garfield2nd President to be assassinated,killed over refusal to use patronage system
Aim Revisited: How did the Gilded Age’s gap between rich and poor lead to governmental
corruption? Political machines controlled politics and
government and were often corrupt
Helped immigrants but used illegal actions to spread influence
Patronage was used to secure votes and lead to laws meant to stop corruption