AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION AND THE ROLE OF TRACTORS
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of Bologna
The 25 years of the Club of BolognaEvolution and prospects of agricultural mechanization in the world
12-13 November 2016
EIMA INTERNATIONAL – Bologna, Italy Sinfonia Hall
Karl Th. Renius, Germany – [email protected]
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Content
1 Ag mechanization – general importance2 Tractor technology transfer3 Strategies of global tractor product planning4 Examples of technology developments
. . . with references to Club of Bologna activities
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
1 Agricultural mechanization– general importance
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
The three roles
1. The classical role: Sustainable mechanization of plant and animal production, storage and processing in order to feed the planet – even in 2050
2. The environmental role: Sustainable mechaniza-tion of raw material, energy production and landscape maintenance
3. The strategic role: Sustainable mechanization of agriculture to free working people for other areas of national economy achieving welfare and prosperity
Source: Renius VDI-MEG 2008 and Club of Bologna at EXPO 2015
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Feeding the world in 2050
About 60-80% plant production increase*) needed for food, raw material and energy.
Contributions of agricultural mechanization address
a) land productivityb) labour productivity
*) Gavioli (Club of Bologna) stated in his EXPO 2015 presentation„some 50%“, if wasted food can be dramatically reduced.
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Contributions of the tractor to land productivity
- Powerful land reclamation, better possible at the right time
- Precision intillage, surface preparation, seeding,fertilizing, plant protection, transports
- Irrigation by PTO driven pumps- Reduced yield losses . . .
Agricultural and biological factors also very important
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Contributions of the tractor to labor productivity
- Very high power per worker- Implements with high speeds- Very high number of functions- Automation of tractor functions- Automation of tractor-implement functions- Precision of processes by closed loop control - Globally standardized interfaces- Learning from process documentation
Agricultural and biological factors not so important
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Global viewaddressingagriculturalproductivityand GDP
Source:ReniusEXPO 2015, based on FAO, AMA,World Bank,Club of Bologna, Publications,Interviews.
GDP per capita and % peopleemployed in griculture
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Source: Renius 2015 EXPO Milano
a high level of poverty low food quality, high prices low fresh water availability/quality low level of infrastructure high illiteracy, low education level low expectation of life high infant mortality low interest of investors high risks of emigration
A low level in GDP due to poor agriculturalmechanization usually means
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Source: Renius EXPO 2015
Population benefits of ag mechanization also within the industrialized countries:
Food has never been that cheap in % of income Product quality has never been that high
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Tractor value for the farmer
Source: Renius 1981, Grundl. Landt. 31, No. 6, 212-217 - updated
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Global view of the related industry:Total global sales of agricultural machinery(average 2013-15): about 110bn US $ p. a.
Tractor sales among all:- In the first mechanization period often above 50%- After achieving full mechanzation often about 35%
due to introduced self propelled machinery
Source: Estimations based on information of VDMA, Germany
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
2 Tractor technology transfer bythe Club of Bologna
Typical subjects within the recent 25 years- International publications and translations- International networking and co-operation- International standards and regulations
Some examples follow
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Source: CIGR Handbook Vol. III, ASABE, USA 1999 – China 2005
- Two-Wheel Tractors for Wet Land Farmingby J. Sakai, Japan
- Two-Wheel Tractors for Dry Land Farmingby A. Lara-Lopez, Mexico & W. J. Chancelor, USA
- Two-axle Tractorsby K. T. Renius, Germany.
Technology transfer by publications:Tractor design fundamentals have beenpresented in the CIGR Handbook, Vol.III in English and Chinese:
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Source: Picture along with Firodia-Bacher-Renius, Club of Bologna 10th Meeting 1999
Example of technology transfer by co-operation:The Bajaj Tempo (FORCE) tractor project in India
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Source: Renius along with Firodia-Bacher-Renius, Club of Bologna 10th Meeting 1999
The Bajaj Tempo (FORCE) tractor project in India:Transmission design based on a ZF licence
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
The FORCE Motorstractor project in India:Engine design based on a Mercedes car licence
Source: FORCE Motors, India, 2016
Moderate injection pressure,sulfur tolerant
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Sources: Alt, Gasparetto, Pessina - Club of Bologna 24th Meeting 2013
Technology transfer by standards- 1950s: Reduction of design variety- 1952 Beginning of ISO tractor standards- 1960s: Interchange ability and usability- 1970s: Ergonomics and operator safety- 1980s: Tractor and implement interfaces- 1990s: Safety (CEN) and electronics (ISO)- 2000s: Systems and processes
Operator seating and tractor controls received high credits although „only“ based on ISO 4252
Benefits, example FORCE tractor:
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Regulation benefits: Clean engines
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
3 Strategies of global tractor product planning
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Global strategy of tractor product planningby technology levels
Source: Renius originally 1999/2002, EXPO 2015 with minor updating
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Technology levels
Same principle recommended for components as for example outlined for transmissions in the manuscript
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Risc reduction by realistic project foundation
Source: Renius 1st Club of Bologna Meeting 1989, original Diagram
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Tractor families: Cost reduction by a minimized total number of parts/components
Source: Welschof, Renius, Jenkins – principle presented and discussed at the 1st Club of Bologna Meeting 1989
Example (model) for technology levels III-IV-V
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Cost reduction by simultaneous engineering
Source: Renius 1st Club of Bologna Meeting 1989, confirmed by Harms 14th Meeting 2003
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
4 Examples of technology developments
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
CARRARO transmission family for India, level I, II.Version T3-0 basic (level I), nom. power up to 25kW
Source: Renius, based on information of CARRARO, Italy-India
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Fendt new CVT family VarioDrive for new series 1000,technology level V including a „pull-in-turn“ 4WD
Source: Renius Jahrbuch Agrartechnik 2015 and AGCO-Fendt
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Galileo Galilei addressedenlargement mechanicsin his Discorsi 1638.
Tractor weight increases by power 3 but contact area only by power 2 of scaling factor.Law: tire dimensionss mustoverproportionally increaseto keep the average contactpressure constant.
Sources: Söhne 1964, Renius 1987at Symposio Internationale Bologna
Limits to growth
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Limits to tractor growth: Progressive increase of weights
Source: Dissertation Rempfer TUM, Dep. of Agric. Machinery 1999
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Source: Own material along with supported development of Fendt TriSix
Limits to tractor growth: Alternative ground drives
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Source: Maxwell 1867 and Isidori at 18th Club of Bologna Meeting 2012
Closed loop control convinces open loop control and improves internal and external tractor process management
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Source: John Deere and Pöttinger 2009, cited at EXPO 2015
Implement controls tractor via ISOBUS, using the tractor CVT for speed adjustment and the tractor hydraulics for optimum wagon filling
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Source: Courtesy CNH
Combine controls tractor via radio communicationin order to fill the waggon perfectly on the go.
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
The Auernhammer-Schueller vision 1999
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