Age of Exploration
Earlier Explorations1. Islam & the Spice Trade
Malacca2. A New Player Europe
Nicolo, Maffeo, & Marco Polo, 1271Expansion becomes a state enterprise monarchs had the authority & the resources.Better seaworthy ships.
3.Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming “Treasure Fleet”
A Map of the Known A Map of the Known World,World, pre- 1492pre- 1492
Motives for European Motives for European ExplorationExploration
1. Crusades by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.
2. Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples.
3. Reformation refugees & missionaries.
4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
5. Technological advances.6. Fame and fortune.
New Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologies
Hartman Astrolabe
(1532)
Better Maps [Portulan]
Sextant
Mariner’s Compass
New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology
Prince Henry, the Prince Henry, the NavigatorNavigator
School for Navigation, 1419
Museum of Museum of NavigationNavigationin Lisbonin Lisbon
Portuguese Maritime Portuguese Maritime EmpireEmpire1. Exploring the west coast
of Africa.2. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487.3. Vasco da Gama, 1498.
Calicut.4. Admiral Alfonso de
Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511).
Christófo Colón Christófo Colón [1451-1506][1451-1506]
Columbus and others
Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages
Other Voyages of Other Voyages of ExplorationExploration
Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & the First the First
Circumnavigation of the Circumnavigation of the World:World:Early 16cEarly 16c
Atlantic ExplorationsAtlantic Explorations
Looking for “El Dorado”Looking for “El Dorado”
Fernando CortésFernando Cortés
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs
Montezuma IIMontezuma II
vsvs..
The Death of The Death of Montezuma IIMontezuma II
Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortésCortés
Francisco Francisco PizarroPizarro
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:
The The IncasIncas
AtahualpaAtahualpa
vsvs..
The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet
Potatoes Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine Cocoa
Pineapple Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE Syphilis
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley Grape Peach SUGAR
CANE Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE Cattle Sheep Pigs
Smallpox Flu Typhus Measles Malaria Diptheria Whooping
Cough
Trinkets Liquor GUNS
Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization
Explorers Conquistadores
Mission
aries
PermanentSettlers
OfficialEuropeanColony!
TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!
Slaves Working in a Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillBrazilian Sugar Mill
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade
The Slave TradeThe Slave Trade1. Existed in Africa before the
coming of the Europeans.2. Portuguese replaced European
slaves with Africans.Sugar cane & sugar plantations.First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other countries.
3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.
Slave ShipSlave Ship
““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck
African CaptivesAfrican CaptivesThrown OverboardThrown Overboard
European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas
The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem
PeninsularPeninsulareses CreolesCreoles
MestizoMestizoss
MulattMulattosos
Native IndiansNative Indians Black SlavesBlack Slaves
Administration of the Administration of the Spanish Empire in the Spanish Empire in the
New WorldNew World1. Encomienda
or forced labor.
2. Council of the Indies.
Viceroy.New Spain and Peru.
3. Papal agreement.
The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Colonial Catholic
ChurchChurch
Guadalajara Guadalajara CathedralCathedral
Our Lady of Our Lady of GuadalupeGuadalupe
Spanish Spanish MissionMission
The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & 1494 &
The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of DemarcationDemarcation
Father Bartolomé de Father Bartolomé de Las CasasLas Casas
New Laws --> 1542New Laws --> 1542
New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals1. Portugal lacked the
numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.
2. Spain in Asia consolidated its holdings in the Philippines.
3. First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.
Surat in NW India in 1608.
4. Dutch arrive in India in 1595.
New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals
Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion
1. Native populations ravaged by disease.
2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.
3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].
4. Deepened colonial rivalries.
5. New Patterns of 5. New Patterns of World TradeWorld Trade
©20
04 W
adsw
orth
, a d
ivis
ion
of T
hom
son
Lear
ning
, Inc
. Th
omso
n Le
arni
ng™
is a
trad
emar
k us
ed h
erei
n un
der l
icen
se.