Dept. Food Science and TechnologyBogor Agricultural University
Southeast Asian Food and Agriculture Science & Technology Center, Bogor Agricultural University
SELAMAT Seminar , Bogor 25th June 2008
Aflatoxin contamination in production chain of maize product in Java and its relevance to the risk assessment
Aflatoxin contamination in production chain of maize product in Java and its relevance to the risk assessment
Harsi D. Kusumaningrum
Dept. Food Science and TechnologyBogor Agricultural University
Southeast Asian Food and Agriculture Science & Technology Center, Bogor Agricultural University
Harsi Kusumaningrum, Bogor 25th June 2008, SELAMAT Seminar
Maize utilization in IndonesiaMaize utilization in Indonesia
• The second most important cereal crop after rice• Shifting of utilization, but maize products are still popular
11 16437.534.19722.29248940.184478Average
39426598
10 71010 93711 16411 39011 617
6.016.00
34.6736.1637.5938.9640.29
23739637133955419744384680
07.56
21.8522.0822.2922.5122.71
049923402415248925642638
93.9986.4443.4841.7640.1138.5337.01
3705570346574567447843884299
1980199020002001200220032004
(000) ton(%)(000) ton(%)(000) ton(%)(000) ton
TotalFeed IndustryFood IndustryConsumptionYear
(Suryana et al. 2005)
Dept. Food Science and TechnologyBogor Agricultural University
Southeast Asian Food and Agriculture Science & Technology Center, Bogor Agricultural University
Harsi Kusumaningrum, Bogor 25th June 2008, SELAMAT Seminar Source: BPS, 2008. Available at:http://www.bps.go.idDownload at 6th June 2008
967.289969.306696.084South Sulawesi
**) First Forecast*) Preliminary13.883.19413.286.17311.609.463Indonesia
254.924258.187223.620D.I. Yogyakarta462.565406.759242.714North Sulawesi594.299579.533573.263West Java597.140513.447582.964East Nusa Tenggara626.563571.936416.222Gorontalo823.966804.651682.024North Sumatera
1.351.6241.346.8211.183.982Lampung2.355.6192.233.9921.856.023Central Java4.415.9824.252.1824.011.182East Java(Ton)(Ton)(Ton)Province2008**2007*2006
Maize Production in Indonesia by Province
Dept. Food Science and TechnologyBogor Agricultural University
Southeast Asian Food and Agriculture Science & Technology Center, Bogor Agricultural University
Harsi Kusumaningrum, Bogor 25th June 2008, SELAMAT Seminar
Moulds and mycotoxins of world-wide importance
Ochratoxin AAspergillus ochraceusOchratoxin APenicillium verrucosumFumonisin B1Fusarium moniliforme (F. verticillioides)ZearalenoneDeoxynivalenol (or nivalenol)Fusarium graminearumT-2 toxinFusarium sporotrichioidesAflatoxins B1, B2Aspergillus flavusAflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2Aspergillus parasiticus
Mycotoxins producedMould species
http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/Y1390E/y1390e00.htm#ContentsFAO, 2003
Dept. Food Science and TechnologyBogor Agricultural University
Southeast Asian Food and Agriculture Science & Technology Center, Bogor Agricultural University
Harsi Kusumaningrum, Bogor 25th June 2008, SELAMAT Seminar
A.flavus appears to have a greater capacity for survival in maize cob debris and have greater potential than A. parasiticus for natural infection of maize kernels (Zummo, 1990, Plant Dis. 74:978-981)
Dept. Food Science and TechnologyBogor Agricultural University
Southeast Asian Food and Agriculture Science & Technology Center, Bogor Agricultural University
Harsi Kusumaningrum, Bogor 25th June 2008, SELAMAT Seminar
Prevention of aflatoxin contaminationPrevention of aflatoxin contamination
Good Agricultural practices
Good Handling Practices
Genetic modification
Harvesting and Drying•Timing of harvest can have major consequences for the ultimate level of mycotoxin accumulation
•Reducing grain moisture by artificial drying is valuable tool for arresting fungal development and mycotoxin production
Storage•Grain storage practices can be altered to decrease the likelihood of postharvest mycotoxin development
PreharvestGeneral strategy to alter the conditions under which the crop is grown so that infection by the offending mold is avoided
Several well-characterized sources are identified for resistance to A. flavus infection or aflatoxin production
Dept. Food Science and TechnologyBogor Agricultural University
Southeast Asian Food and Agriculture Science & Technology Center, Bogor Agricultural University
Harsi Kusumaningrum, Bogor 25th June 2008, SELAMAT Seminar
Current conditions in Java of maize products for human consumption
Current conditions in Java of maize products for human consumption
• Sampling Location: Regency of– Bogor-West Java – Boyolali-Central Java – Bojonegoro-East Java
• Sampels: (2007-2008)– 25 samples for aflatoxin analysis– 102 samples for A. flavus analysis
Dept. Food Science and TechnologyBogor Agricultural University
Southeast Asian Food and Agriculture Science & Technology Center, Bogor Agricultural University
Harsi Kusumaningrum, Bogor 25th June 2008, SELAMAT Seminar
• 10 of 25 (40%) samples contain aflatoxin B1(4 of 25 (16%) samples exceed 20 ppb)
• 3 of 25 (12%) samples are free from aflatoxin B1• in 12 of 25 (48%) samples, aflatoxin B1 are traced (<4ppb)
Aflatoxin B1* contamination on maize products
* Method: TLC, Tropical Product Institute, 1980, BIOTROP
Dept. Food Science and TechnologyBogor Agricultural University
Southeast Asian Food and Agriculture Science & Technology Center, Bogor Agricultural University
Harsi Kusumaningrum, Bogor 25th June 2008, SELAMAT Seminar
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
Total Mold (Log CFU/g) 3.0 1 2.8 2.0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2.0
Total A.flavus (Log CFU/g) 3.0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2.0
Aflatoksin B1(ppb) 38.84 4 9.8 29.65 4 4 7.92 4 4 9.64 137.53
Corn flour
Corn snack
Grits brand 1
Grits brand 2
Maizena Brand 1
Maizena Brand 2
Maizena Brand 3 Tortila Trad
corn Trad fried
Trad puff corn
<
<< < <
<
<< <
<<
<
<<<
<
<
<
<<<
<
<< << < <
< < < < <
• No corelation between A. flavus and aflatoxin levels on processed products
• Aflatoxins most probably formed before processing step rather than after processing
A. flavus contamination on maize products
Dept. Food Science and TechnologyBogor Agricultural University
Southeast Asian Food and Agriculture Science & Technology Center, Bogor Agricultural University
Harsi Kusumaningrum, Bogor 25th June 2008, SELAMAT Seminar
Aflatoxin Control by controlling A. flavus growthAflatoxin Control by controlling A. flavus growth
At which level?
FARMER
FIRST TRADER/ COLLECTOR
CENTRAL MARKET
CONSUMER
SHELLER
DRYER
INDUSTRY
SUPERMARKET
RETAILER
Farmer
Sheller
Dryer
Collector
Central Market
Retailer
Dept. Food Science and TechnologyBogor Agricultural University
Southeast Asian Food and Agriculture Science & Technology Center, Bogor Agricultural University
Harsi Kusumaningrum, Bogor 25th June 2008, SELAMAT Seminar
Production chain of maize products
Market/place where maize grain from central market or collector are sold. This chain provides grain in a less quantitythan central market.
Retailer
Market where maize grain are sold. Central market
Traders that buy/collect maize grain from sheller/dryer. In somecases this first traders collect/accumulate the maize grain to acertain quantity before sell it to the next chain.
Collector/ first trader
Place where maize grain are dried. Some dryer are located at the same place as sheller. Samples from this level were collected after drying process.
Dryer
Location where maize on cobs are shelled to maize grain. Samples from this chain were collected before drying.
Sheller
Field location where maize are harvested. All samples were still on cobs
FarmerDescriptionChain
Dept. Food Science and TechnologyBogor Agricultural University
Southeast Asian Food and Agriculture Science & Technology Center, Bogor Agricultural University
Harsi Kusumaningrum, Bogor 25th June 2008, SELAMAT Seminar
< 1.01.9
< 1.0< 1.0
A. flavus(Log CFU/g)
4.20.254Central Market6.006Retailer
6.202Collector5.902Farm
Mould counts (Log CFU/g)
pn
Prevalence of A. flavus contamination on sweet corn, Bogor regency, West Java
n = 14, p = 0.07
Farmer
Supermarket
First trader/Collector
Central market
Retailer
Consumer
Dept. Food Science and TechnologyBogor Agricultural University
Southeast Asian Food and Agriculture Science & Technology Center, Bogor Agricultural University
Harsi Kusumaningrum, Bogor 25th June 2008, SELAMAT Seminar
4.72.713Collector4.42.616Central Market
1.7
2.61.0
A. flavus(Log CFU/g)
4.10.73Retailer
3.912Sheller/dryer5.50.52Farmer
Mould counts (Log CFU/g)
pn
Prevalence of A. flavus contamination on maize grain, Boyolali regency, Central Java
n = 16, p = 0.88 RETAILER
CENTRAL MARKET
SHELLER/DRYER
COLLECTOR
CONSUMER
FARMER
Dept. Food Science and TechnologyBogor Agricultural University
Southeast Asian Food and Agriculture Science & Technology Center, Bogor Agricultural University
Harsi Kusumaningrum, Bogor 25th June 2008, SELAMAT Seminar
Prevalence of A. flavus contamination on maize grain, Bojonegoro, East Java
• Traditional • Collaboration PEMDA-BPPT (‘binaan’)• The biggest integrated unit process of maize in Java
FARMER
FIRST TRADER/ COLLECTOR
CENTRAL MARKET
CONSUMER
SHELLER
DRYER
INDUSTRY
SUPERMARKET
RETAILER
Dept. Food Science and TechnologyBogor Agricultural University
Southeast Asian Food and Agriculture Science & Technology Center, Bogor Agricultural University
Harsi Kusumaningrum, Bogor 25th June 2008, SELAMAT Seminar
2.22.51.72.11.5
A. Flavus(Log CFU/g)
3.9 (3.5-4.8)4.1 (3.7-5.0)3.3 (1.0-4.3)3.6 (1.0-5.2)3.7 (2.6-5.0)
Mould counts(Log CFU/g)
0.508Dryer0.7010Sheller
0.7010Central Market0.888Collector
0.4010Farmer
pn
Prevalence of A. flavus contamination on maize grain, Bojonegoro, East Java
n = 46, p = 0.63
Dept. Food Science and TechnologyBogor Agricultural University
Southeast Asian Food and Agriculture Science & Technology Center, Bogor Agricultural University
Harsi Kusumaningrum, Bogor 25th June 2008, SELAMAT Seminar
0.046 (n.s)52A. flavusTemp.0.442** (signif.)52A. flavusRH
0.376* (signif.)36A. flavusLength of storage
0.277* (signif.)52A. flavusMoisture content0.427 (n.s)20AflatoxinA. flavus
Bivariate test results
NDependent parameter
Independent parameter
* signifinat at 5%** significant at 1%
Bivariate analysis on assessed parameters
Dept. Food Science and TechnologyBogor Agricultural University
Southeast Asian Food and Agriculture Science & Technology Center, Bogor Agricultural University
Harsi Kusumaningrum, Bogor 25th June 2008, SELAMAT Seminar
Center for Integrated Fungal Research, 2005
Min. Agriculture limits: 14%
Shelf Life of yellow maize grain (FAO, 2003)
• 1 month if moisture content is <16%
• 3 months if moisture content is <14%
• 3 years if moisture content is <12%
Moisture contents of Maize Grain
Dept. Food Science and TechnologyBogor Agricultural University
Southeast Asian Food and Agriculture Science & Technology Center, Bogor Agricultural University
Harsi Kusumaningrum, Bogor 25th June 2008, SELAMAT Seminar
0369
121518
0 10 20 30 40 50
Number of Sampel
Moi
stur
e co
nten
t (%
)
12.78Dryer13.910Sheller/Miller
14.210Central Market13.38Collector
14.110Farmer
Moisture content
n
• Positive correlation to A. flavus contamination
• Relatively conform to the regulatory standard (14%)
Moisture contents of Maize Grain
Dept. Food Science and TechnologyBogor Agricultural University
Southeast Asian Food and Agriculture Science & Technology Center, Bogor Agricultural University
Harsi Kusumaningrum, Bogor 25th June 2008, SELAMAT Seminar
1-3 d or until soldPlastic/jute bag on the floor/wooden pallet, at room temperature
GrainCentral Market
7 -30 d until certain quantity
Plastic bag on the floor, at room temperature
GrainCollector
3 dPlastic bag on the floor of seperate room, at room temperature
GrainDryer (BPPT and PEMDA)
3 dPlastic bag on the floor, at room temperature
GrainDryer
3 dPlastic bag on the floor, at room temperature
GrainSheller (BPPT and PEMDA)
3-7 d or until soldPlastic bag on the floor, at room temperature
GrainSheller(traditional)
3-7 d (after harvesting)
Plastic bag on the floor, some are hung at room temperature
CobFarmLength of storageStorageSampelSource
The length of storage, Bojonegoro
Dept. Food Science and TechnologyBogor Agricultural University
Southeast Asian Food and Agriculture Science & Technology Center, Bogor Agricultural University
Harsi Kusumaningrum, Bogor 25th June 2008, SELAMAT Seminar
4.14.44.73.95.5
Mould counts (Log CFU/g)
9.52.713Collector72.616Central Market
1.7
2.61.0
A. flavus(Log CFU/g)
6.40.73Retailer
2.512Sheller/dryer3.50.52Farmer
Length of storage (d)
pn
The Length of storage, Boyolali
Dept. Food Science and TechnologyBogor Agricultural University
Southeast Asian Food and Agriculture Science & Technology Center, Bogor Agricultural University
Harsi Kusumaningrum, Bogor 25th June 2008, SELAMAT Seminar
0.700.880.500.700.40
p
10881010
n
2.22.51.72.11.5
A. Flavus(Log CFU/g)
1-3 or until sold
7-30 3
1-3 1-3
Length of storage (d)
14.213.312.713.914.1
Moisture content (%)
3.3 (1.0-4.3)Dryer3.6 (1.0-5.2)Sheller
3.9 (3.5-4.8)Central Market
4.1 (3.7-5.0)Collector
3.7 (2.6-5.0)Farmer
Mould counts(Log CFU/g)
• The highest contamination was found at collector (first trader)• Probably due to the length of storage, since moisture content
<14%
Prevalence of A. flavus contamination, moisture content and length of storage of maize grain, Bojonegoro, East Java
Dept. Food Science and TechnologyBogor Agricultural University
Southeast Asian Food and Agriculture Science & Technology Center, Bogor Agricultural University
Harsi Kusumaningrum, Bogor 25th June 2008, SELAMAT Seminar
98.133.814.916Central Market2.9
4.33.92.7
A. Flavus(Log CFU/g)
19.7
15.920.322
Moisture content (%)
165.297Sheller
61.604Retailer
188.554Collector
48.054Farmer
Aflatoxin B1 (ppb)
n
There was a positive correlation between A. flavusand aflatoxin levels on maize grain (Dharmaputra et al, 1993)
Prevalence of A. flavus contamination on maize grain, Lampung
Dept. Food Science and TechnologyBogor Agricultural University
Southeast Asian Food and Agriculture Science & Technology Center, Bogor Agricultural University
Harsi Kusumaningrum, Bogor 25th June 2008, SELAMAT Seminar
Prevalence of A. flavus contamination at production chain of maize based product , n=102, p=47%
673Retailer
02Farmer02Collector254Central market
Prevalence A. flavus (%)NChainSample
618RetailerEnd product388RetailerIntermediate product
8116Central Market9111Collector508Dryer7512Sheller4212Farmer (cob)
Maize grain
06Retailer
Sweet corn (cob)
Dept. Food Science and TechnologyBogor Agricultural University
Southeast Asian Food and Agriculture Science & Technology Center, Bogor Agricultural University
Harsi Kusumaningrum, Bogor 25th June 2008, SELAMAT Seminar
RESUMERESUME
• No correlation between A. flavus and aflatoxin levels on processed products
• On maize based food products, aflatoxins are formed before processing step rather than after processing (during period of storage to consumption)
• There was found a positive correlation between A. flavusand aflatoxin levels on maize grain (Dharmaputra et al, 1993)
Dept. Food Science and TechnologyBogor Agricultural University
Southeast Asian Food and Agriculture Science & Technology Center, Bogor Agricultural University
Harsi Kusumaningrum, Bogor 25th June 2008, SELAMAT Seminar
RESUME cont’dRESUME cont’d
• Maize grain: – Positive correlation between the
moisture content as well as the length of storage to A. flavus levels
– The moisture contents were found relatively conform to the regulatory standard (14%)
– A. flavus contamination at farm and sheller/dryer were lower than that at first trader (collector)
– Handling practices at first trader (collector) need a particular attention
Dept. Food Science and TechnologyBogor Agricultural University
Southeast Asian Food and Agriculture Science & Technology Center, Bogor Agricultural University
Harsi Kusumaningrum, Bogor 25th June 2008, SELAMAT Seminar
A scientific-based approach facilitating estimation of the probability and severity of a health disturbance as a consequence of consumption of food
Microbiological Risk Assessment
to evaluate the level of micro-organisms or microbial toxins in the food at the time of consumption
Risk characterization
Dose response
assessment
Hazard identification
Exposureassessment
Modelling:•Levels at food chain•Growth at food chain•Thermal inactivation•Levels in food at consumption
Data:•Food consumption•Food contamination levels•Growth rates•Storage times•Storage temperatures
Exposure Assessment
Next work:
To find appropriate handling condition at collector level
Dept. Food Science and TechnologyBogor Agricultural University
Southeast Asian Food and Agriculture Science & Technology Center, Bogor Agricultural University
Harsi Kusumaningrum, Bogor 25th June 2008, SELAMAT Seminar
Simulation to predict the growth of A. flavus in maizeSimulation to predict the growth of A. flavus in maize
• Appropriate growth model in maize• Function of time, since one important factor is the length
of storage
• Fungal growth involves germination and hyphalextension, eventually forming mycelium
• Need some assumptions
Next work:
Dept. Food Science and TechnologyBogor Agricultural University
Southeast Asian Food and Agriculture Science & Technology Center, Bogor Agricultural University
Harsi Kusumaningrum, Bogor 25th June 2008, SELAMAT Seminar
ACKNOWLEDGMENTSACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• Directorate General for Higher Education Indonesia which provided the research funding to conduct this research through Competitive Research Grant Scheme 2007-2008
• Southeast Asian Food and Agricultural Science and Technology (SEAFAST) Center and Dept of Food Science and Technology, IPB
• The research team:Sinung J. Wartoro, Sindhu H. Putra, Aldilla S. Utami, Aris D. Toha, all respondents, and others.
Top Related